Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:50:09.812Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

SCULPTING THE PAST IN PRECLASSIC MESOAMERICA: OLMEC STONE MONUMENTS AND THE PRODUCTION OF SOCIAL MEMORY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2014

Jillian Mollenhauer
Jillian Mollenhauer*
Affiliation:
Metropolitan State University of Denver, Department of Art, Campus Box 59, P.O. 173362, Denver, CO 80217-3362, USA
*
Email correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Scholars encountering the monolithic sculptures of the Gulf lowland Olmec since the early twentieth century have frequently employed the term “monument” to describe these works. Often the word has been applied in reference to the formal qualities of the sculptures as well as to their antiquity. The function of monuments as sites of public remembering, however, has never been fully explored in relation to these works. This article discusses the evidence for, and implications of, viewing certain Olmec sculptures as public monuments intended to generate, transform, and erase the social memory of Olmec populations. Case studies of sculptural contexts suggest that such monuments were subject to diachronic transpositions and transformations in order to affect shifts in the collective memory over time. They remain as physical testaments to the maneuverings of Olmec elites within complex and ever-changing power relations that relied on the process of memory-making as part of the political stratagem.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , Spring 2014 , pp. 11 - 27
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alcock, Susan E. 2002 Archaeologies of the Greek Past: Landscape, Monuments, and Memories. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, and Knapp, A. Bernard (editors) 1999 Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA.Google Scholar
Bender, Barbara 1998 Stonehenge: Making Space. Berg, Oxford and New York.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans Ferdinand, and Farge, Oliver La 1926 Tribes and Temples: A Record of the Expedition to Middle America. Middle American Research Institute Publication No. 1. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Boone, Elizabeth 2000 Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Borgstede, Greg 2010 Social Memory and Sacred Sites in the Western Maya Highlands: Examples from Jacaltenango, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:385–392.Google Scholar
Bradley, Richard 1998 The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of the Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe. Routledge, London and New York.Google Scholar
Brüggemann, Jürgen, and Hers, Marie-Areti 1970 Exploraciones Arqueológicas en San Lorenzo Tenochitlán. Boletín del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 39:18–23.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter. 1989 History as Social Memory. In Memory: History, Culture and the Mind, edited by Butler, Thomas, pp. 97–113. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford and New York.Google Scholar
Cattell, Maria G., and Climo, Jacob J. 2002 Meaning in Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives. In Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives, edited by Climo, Jacob J. and Cattell, Maria G., pp. 1–36. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Choay, Françoise 2001 The Invention of the Historic Monument. Translated by O'Connell, Lauren M.. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Clark, John E. 1990 Olmecas, olmequismo y olmequización. Arqueología 3:49–56.Google Scholar
Clark, John E. 1997 The Arts of Government in Early Mesoamerica. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:211–234.Google Scholar
Clark, John E. 2004 The Birth of Mesoamerican Metaphysics: Sedentism, Engagement, and Moral Superiority. In Rethinking Materiality: The Engagement of the Mind with the Material World, edited by DeMarrais, Elizabeth, Gosden, Chris, and Renfrew, Colin, pp. 205–224. Oxbow Books, Oakville, CT.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Colman, Arlene 2008 Time Reckoning and Memorials in Mesoamerica. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18:93–99.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., Guernsey, Julia, and Arroyo, Barbara 2010 Stone Monuments and Preclassic Civilization. In The Place of Stone Monuments: Context, Use, and Meaning in Mesoamerica's Preclassic Transition, edited by Guernsey, Julia, Clark, John E., and Arroyo, Barbara, pp. 1–26. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Pye, Mary E. (editors) 2000 Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Pye, Mary E. 2000 The Pacific Coast and the Olmec Question. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John and Pye, Mary, pp. 217–251. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
Clewlow, C. William Jr. 1968 Comparación de dos extraordinarios monumentos olmecas. Boletín del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 34:37–41.Google Scholar
Clewlow, C. William Jr. 1974 A Stylistic and Chronological Study of Olmec Monumental Sculpture. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 19:1–229.Google Scholar
Clewlow, C. William Jr., and Corson, Christopher R. 1968 New Stone Monuments from La Venta, 1968. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 5:171–203.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1965 The Olmec Style and Its Distribution. In Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, Part 2, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 739–775. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 3, Robert Wauchope, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1977 Olmec and Maya: A Study in Relationships. In The Origins of Maya Civilization, edited by Adams, Richard E. W., pp. 183–195. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D., and Diehl, Richard A. 1980 In the Land of the Olmec. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Connerton, Paul 1989 How Societies Remember: Themes in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Covarrubias, Miguel 1946 Mexico South: The Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 1992a Escenas escultóricas olmecas. Antropológicas 6:47–52.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 1992b Investigaciones recientes en San Lorenzo, Tenochitlán, Veracruz, 1990–1992. Anales de Antropología 29:37–93.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 1996 Reconstructing Olmec Life at San Lorenzo. In Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, edited by Benson, Elizabeth and de la Fuente, Beatríz, pp. 61–72. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 1997 Olmec Architecture at San Lorenzo. In Olmec to Aztec: Settlement Pattern in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands, edited by Stark, Barbara L. and Arnold, Philip J., pp. 96–114. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 1999 From Stones to Symbols: Olmec Art and Social Context at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 9 and 10 October 1993, edited by Grove, David and Joyce, Rosemary, pp. 155–181. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 2004a Escultura olmeca de San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. Coordinacion de Humanidades, Programa Editorial, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, and the Instituto de Investigaciones Antropologicas, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 2004b Emergency Funding for the Protection of Monuments 112 from San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Report to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/03102/index.html, accessed March, 2014.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann (editor) 1997 Población, subsistencia y medio ambiente en San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann, and Botas, Fernando 1994 An Olmec Feline Sculpture from El Azuzul, Southern Veracruz. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 138:273–283.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann, and Di Castro, Anna 2009 Early Olmec Architecture and Imagery. In The Art of Urbanism, edited by Fash, William and Luján, Leonardo López, pp. 21–52. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann, Hernández-Portilla, Alejandro, Varela-Gómez, Marisol, and Grégoz-López, Lilia 2006 Cosmological and Sociopolitical Synergy in Pre- Classic Architectural Complexes. In Pre-Columbian Water Management: Ideology, Ritual, and Power, edited by Lucero, Lisa Joyce and Fash, Barbara, pp. 18–32. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann, and Zurita-Noguera, Judith 2006 A Land that Tastes of Water. In Pre-Columbian Water Management: Ideology, Ritual, and Power, edited by Lucero, Lisa Joyce and Fash, Barbara, pp. 33–50. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Diehl, Richard A. 1981 Olmec Architecture: A Comparison of San Lorenzo and La Venta. In The Olmec and Their Neighbors: Essays in Memory of Matthew W. Stirling, edited by Benson, Elizabeth, pp. 69–82. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip, Heizer, Robert, and Squier, Robert 1959 Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco, 1955. U.S. Government Printing Offices, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Elsner, Jaś 2003 Iconoclasm and the Preservation of Memory. In Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade, edited by Nelson, Robert S. and Olin, Margaret, pp. 209–231. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Fowler, William R., Borgstede, Greg, and Golden, Charles W. 2010 Introduction: Maya Archaeology and Social Memory. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:309–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuente, Beatríz de la 1977 Los Hombres De Piedra: Escultura Olmeca, 1st ed.Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Fuente, Beatríz de la 1981 Toward a Conception of Monumental Olmec Art. In The Olmec and Their Neighbors, edited by Benson, Elizabeth, pp. 83–94. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Fuente, Beatríz de la 1994 Arte Monumental Olmeca. In Los Olmecas en Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E., pp. 203–222. Citibank, Mexico.Google Scholar
Fuente, Beatríz de la 1996 Homocentrism in Olmec Monumental Art. In Olmec Art in Ancient Mexico, edited by Benson, Elizabeth and Fuente, Beatríz de la, pp. 41–19. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Gell, Alfred 1998 Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan 1994 Llano del Jícaro: An Olmec Monument Workshop. Ancient Mesoamerica 5:231–242.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan 2008 History in Practice: Ritual Deposition at La Venta Complex A. In Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practice, edited by Mills, Barbara J. and Walker, William H., pp. 109–136. SAR Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan 2010 Maya Memory Work. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:401–414.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles 2010 Frayed at the Edges: Collective Memory and History on the Borders of Classic Maya Polities. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:373–384.Google Scholar
González-Lauck, Rebecca B. 1991 Algunas consideraciones sobre los monumentos 75 y 80 de La Venta, Tabasco. Anales de Investigaciones Estéticas 16:163–174.Google Scholar
González-Lauck, Rebecca B. 1996 La Venta: An Olmec Capital. In Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, edited by Benson, Elizabeth and Fuente, Beatríz de la, pp. 73–81. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
González-Lauck, Rebecca B. 2004 Observaciones en torno a los contextos de la escultura olmeca en La Venta. In Acercarse y Mirar: Homenaje a Beatríz de la Fuente, edited by Uriarte, María Teresa and Cicero, Leticia Staines, pp. 75–106. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
González-Lauck, Rebecca B. 2007 Complex A: La Venta, Tabasco. Arqueologia Mexicana 15:49–54.Google Scholar
Graham, John 1989 Olmec Diffusion: A Sculptural View from Pacific Guatemala. In Regional Perpectives on the Olmec, edited by Sharer, Robert and Grove, David C., pp. 227–246. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Graham, John 2008 Leyendo el Pasado: la Arqueología Olmeca y el Curioso Caso de la Estela C de Tres Zapotes. In Olmeca: Balance y Perspectivas. Memoria de la Primera Mesa Rodonda, Vol. I, edited by Uriarte, Mara Teresa and González-Lauck, Rebecca B., pp. 39–64. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. 1973 Olmec Altars and Myths. Archaeology 26:128–135.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. 1981 Olmec Monuments: Mutilation as a Clue to Meaning. In The Olmec and Their Neighbors, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 49–68. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. 1989 Olmec: What's in a Name? In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, edited by Sharer, Robert and Grove, David C., pp. 8–16. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. 1999 Public Monuments and Sacred Mountains: Observations on Three Formative Period Sacred Landscapes. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 9th and 10th of October 1993, edited by Grove, David and Joyce, Rosemary, pp. 255–299. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Halbwachs, Maurice 1980 The Collective Memory. Translated by Ditter, Francis J. Jr. and Ditter, Vida Yazdi. Harper and Row, New York.Google Scholar
Hoskins, Janet 2006 Agency, Biography and Objects. In Handbook of Material Culture, edited by Tilley, Christopher, Keane, Webb, Küchler, Susanne, Rowlands, Michael, and Spyer, Patricia, pp. 74–84. SAGE Publications, London and Thousand Oaks, CA.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen, and Stuart, David 1998 The Ancient Maya Self: Personhood and Portraiture in the Classic Period. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 33:73–101.Google Scholar
Hutton, Patrick 1993 History as an Art of Memory. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary 2003 Concrete Memories: Fragments of the Past in the Classic Maya Present (500–1000 AD). In Archaeologies of Memory, edited by Van Dyke, Ruth and Alcock, Susan, pp. 104–126. Blackwell, Laden, MA.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary 2008 Practice in and as Deposition. In Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices, edited by Mills, Barbara J. and Walker, William H., pp. 25–39. SAR Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary, and Lopiparo, Jeanne 2005 PostScript: Doing Agency in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12:365–374.Google Scholar
Just, Bryan R. 2005 Modifications of Ancient Maya Sculpture. RES: Athropology and Aesthetics 48:69–82.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Henri 1992 The Production of Space. Translated by Smith, Donald Nicholson. Wiley-Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, and Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Leibsohn, Dana 2009 Script and Glyph: Pre-Hispanic History, Colonial Bookmaking and the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1976 Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands: An Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1992 Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Medellín Zeñil, Alfonso 1968 El Dios Jaguar de San Martín. Boletín del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 33:9–16.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 2008 Remembering while Forgetting: Depositional Practices and Social Memory at Chaco. In Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices, edited by Mills, Barbara J. and Walker, William H., pp. 81–108. SAR Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., and Walker, William H. (editors) 2008 Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices. SAR Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., and Walker, William H. 2008 Introduction: Memory, Materiality, and Depositional Practice. In Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices, edited by Mills, Barbara J. and Walker, William H., pp. 3–23. SAR Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Nelson, Robert S., and Olin, Margaret 2003 Introduction. In Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade, edited by Nelson, Robert S. and Olin, Margaret, pp. 1–10. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Nora, Pierre 1989 Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire. Representations 26:7–24.Google Scholar
Olick, Jeffrey K., and Robbins, Joyce 1998 Social Memory Studies: From “Collective Memory” to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices. Annual Review of Sociology 24:105–140.Google Scholar
O'Neil, Megan E. 2005 Making Visible History: Engaging Ancient Maya Sculpture. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
O'Neil, Megan E. 2010 The Material Evidence of Maya Sculpture. Journal of Visual Culture 9:316–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Neil, Megan E. 2011 Object, Memory, and Materiality at Yaxchilan: The Reset of Lintels of Structures 12 and 22. Ancient Mesoamerica 22:245–269.Google Scholar
Osborne, Harold 1970 Oxford Companion to Art. Clarendon Publishing, Oxford.Google Scholar
Pohorilenko, Anatole 1996 Portable Carvings in the Olmec Style. In Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P. and Fuente, Beatríz de la, pp. 119–131. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Pollard, Joshua 2008 Deposition and Material Agency in the Early Neolithic of Southern Britain. In Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices, edited by Mills, Barbara J. and Walker, William H., pp. 41–59. SAR Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Pool, Christopher 2007 Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge University Press, NewYork.Google Scholar
Porter, James B. 1990 Las cabezas colosales olmecas como altares reesculpidos: Mutilación, revolución y reesculpido. Arqueología 3:91–97.Google Scholar
Rowlands, Michael 1993 The Role of Social Memory in the Transmission of Culture. World Archaeology 25:141–151.Google Scholar
Schwake, Sonja A., and Iannone, Gyles 2010 Ritual Remains and Collective Memory: Maya Examples from West Central Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:331–339.Google Scholar
Staller, John E. 2008 Pre-Columbian Landscapes of Creation and Origin. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., Balderas, Ximena Chávez, and Fowler, William R. 2011 Special Section: Archaeology and Memory in Middle America: Introduction. Ancient Mesoamerica 22: 389–391.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara 1999 Commentary: Ritual, Social Identity, and Cosmology: Hard Stone and Flowing Water. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, edited by Grove, David C. and Joyce, Rosemary, pp. 301–317. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1940 Great Stone Faces of the Mexican Jungle. National Geographic Magazine 78(3):309–334.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1943 Stone Monuments of Southern Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 138:iii–84Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1955 Stone Monuments of the Río Chiquíto, Veracruz. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 157:1–23.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1965 Monumental Sculpture of Southern Veracruz and Tabasco. In The Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 716–738. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 3, Robert Wauchope, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1968 Three Sandstone Monuments from La Venta Island. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 5:35–39.Google Scholar
Stocker, Mark 1996 Monument, Public. In The Grove Dictionary of Art, Vol. 22, edited by Turner, Jane, pp. 41–49. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stockett, Miranda 2010 Sites of Memory in the Making: Political Strategizing in the Construction and Deconstruction of Place in Late to Terminal Classic Southeastern Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica 21:315–330.Google Scholar
Symonds, Stacey C. 2000 The Ancient Landscape of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, Veracruz, Mexico: Settlement and Nature. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary P., pp. 55–73. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Tate, Carolyn E. 1995 Art in Olmec Culture. In The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership, edited by Guthrie, Jill, pp. 47–67. The Art Museum, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Tedlock, Dennis 1996 Popol Vuh: The Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life. Simon and Schuster, New York.Google Scholar
Tilley, Christopher Y. 1994 A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths, and Monuments, Explorations in Anthropology. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Tilley, Christopher Y., and Bennett, Wayne 2004 The Materiality of Stone: Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology, Vol. 1. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Urcid, Javier 2004 Sacred Landscapes and Social Memory: The Ñuiñe Inscriptions in the Ndaxagua Natural Tunnel, Tepelmeme, Oaxaca. Report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/03068/, accessed April, 2014.Google Scholar
Urcid, Javier 2005 Zapotec Writing: Knowledge, Power, and Memory in Ancient Oaxaca. Report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/zapotecwriting/ accessed April, 2014.Google Scholar
Vail, Gabrielle, and Hernández, Christine 2011 The Construction of Memory: The Use of Classic Period Divinatory Texts in the Late Postclassic Maya Codices. Ancient Mesoamerica 22:449–462.Google Scholar
Van Dyke, Ruth M., and Alcock, Susan E. (editors) 2003 Archaeologies of Memory. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Williams, Howel, and Heizer, Robert F. 1965 Sources of Rocks Used in Olmec Monuments. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 1:1–39.Google Scholar
Winter, Marcus 2011 Social Memory and the Origins of Monte Alban. Ancient Mesoamerica 22:393–409.Google Scholar
Yates, Francis 1966 The Art of Memory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Young, James E. 2003 Memory/ Monument. In Critical Terms for Art History, edited by Nelson, Robert S. and Shiff, Richard, pp. 234–247. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar