Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T04:16:51.437Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

THE NORTHERN MAYA COLLAPSE AND ITS AFTERMATH

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 July 2003

Anthony P. Andrews
Affiliation:
Division of Social Sciences, New College of Florida, Sarasota, FL 34243-2197, USA
E. Wyllys Andrews
Affiliation:
Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
Fernando Robles Castellanos
Affiliation:
Centro INAH Yucatán, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Apartado 1015, Mérida, Yucatán, México

Abstract

Recent adjustments to the chronology of the northern Maya Lowlands have brought about a closer alignment of the decline of Terminal Classic/Early Postclassic Yucatecan polities with the collapse of the southern Maya states. The collapse of the entire Classic-period societal structure throughout the lowlands can now be compressed into a 200- or 250-year period and seen as a progressive chain of events that began in the south and culminated with the fall of Chichen Itza in the eleventh century. This new reconstruction has led us to propose eliminating the Early Postclassic period, the existence of which was based largely on a purportedly late occupation of Chichen Itza. We assign this final occupation of the Itza capital to the Terminal Classic period, which ended sometime in the eleventh century in the northern Maya Lowlands.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2003 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Richard E.W. 1973 The Collapse of Maya Civilization: A Review of Previous Theories. In The Classic Maya Collapse, edited by T. Patrick Culbert, pp. 2134. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Anderson, Patricia K. 1998 Yulá, Yucatan, Mexico: Terminal Classic Maya Ceramic Chronology for the Chichen Itza Area. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:151165.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1990 The Fall of Chichen Itza: A Preliminary Hypothesis. Latin American Antiquity 1:258267.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1993 Late Postclassic Lowland Maya Archaeology. Journal of World Prehistory 7:3569.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P., Tomás Gallareta Negrón, Fernando Robles Castellanos, Rafael Cobos Palma, and Pura Cervera Rivero 1988 Isla Cerritos: An Itzá Trading Port on the North Coast of Yucatán, Mexico. National Geographic Research 4:196207.Google Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys IV, and E. Wyllys Andrews V 1980 Excavations at Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico. Middle American Research Institute, Publication No. 48. Tulane University, New Orleans.
Andrews, E. Wyllys V 1979 Some Comments on Puuc Architecture of the Northern Yucatan Peninsula. In The Puuc: New Perspectives, edited by Lawrence Mills, pp. 117. Scholarly Studies in the Liberal Arts, No. 1. Central College, Pella, IA.
Andrews, E. Wyllys V 1994 The Classic Maya Collapse Seen Through a Wide Angle Lens. Paper presented at the 93rd Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Atlanta.
Andrews, E. Wyllys V, and Jeremy A. Sabloff 1986 Classic to Postclassic: A Summary Discussion. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and E.W. Andrews, pp. 433456. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Andrews, George F. 1994 Architectural Survey of the Rio Bec, Chenes and Puuc Regions: Progress and Problems. In Hidden among the Hills: Maya Archaeology of the Northwest Yucatan Peninsula. First Maler Symposium, Bonn 1989, edited by Hanns J. Prem, pp. 93120. Acta Mesoamericana 7. Verlag von Flemming, Möckmühl.
Ball, Joseph W. 1979 Ceramics, Culture History, and the Puuc Tradition: Some Alternative Possibilities. In The Puuc: New Perspectives, edited by Lawrence Mills, pp. 117. Scholarly Studies in the Liberal Arts, No. 1. Central College, Pella, IA.
Bey, George J., Craig A. Hanson, and William M. Ringle 1997 Classic to Postclassic at Ek Balam, Yucatan: Architectural and Ceramic Evidence for Defining the Transition. Latin American Antiquity 8:237254.Google Scholar
Bey, George J., Tara M. Bond, William M. Ringle, Craig A. Hansen, Charles W. Houck, and Carlos Peraza Lope 1998 The Ceramic Chronology of Ek Balam, Yucatan, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:10120.Google Scholar
Brown, Clifford T. 2001 Mayapán. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures: The Civilizations of Mexico and Central America, vol. 2, edited by Davíd Carrasco, pp. 193196. Oxford University Press, New York.
Carrasco Vargas, Ramón 1996 Los Ultimos Gobernantes de Kabah. Eighth Palenque Round Table, 1993, edited by Martha J. Macri, J. McHargue, and M.G. Robertson, pp. 297307. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.
Chung, Heajoo Seu 2000 Chichén Itzá de 800 a 1200 dC. Ph.D. thesis, Estudios Mesoamericanos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, DF.
Cobos Palma, Rafael 1997 Katún y Ahau: Fechando el Fin de Chichén Itzá. In Identidades Sociales en Yucatán, compiled by María Cecilia Lara Cebada, pp. 1740. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida.
Cobos Palma, Rafael 1998 Chichén Itzá y el clásico terminal en las tierras bajas mayas. XI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala (1997), pp. 791801. Guatemala.
Cobos Palma, Rafael 1999 Fuentes históricas y arqueología: Convergencias y divergencias en la reconstrucción del período clásico terminal de Chichén Itzá. Mayab 12:5870. Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick (editor) 1973 The Classic Maya Collapse. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Dahlin, Bruce H. 1988 An Ecological Approach to Northern Plains Archaeology. Manuscript on file, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Howard University, Washington, DC.
Dunning, Nicholas P., and Timothy Beach 2000 Stability and Instability in Prehispanic Maya Landscapes. In Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Precolumbian Americas, edited by David L. Lentz, pp. 179202. Columbia University Press, New York.
Fash, Barbara W., William L. Fash_Jr., Sheree Lane, Rudy Larios, Linda Schele, Jeffrey Stomper, and David Stuart 1992 Investigations of a Classic Maya Council House at Copán, Honduras. Journal of Field Archaeology 19:419442.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 2001 Scribes, Warriors and Kings: The City of Copán and the Ancient Maya, revised ed. Thames and Hudson, London.
Fash, William L., E. Wyllys Andrews, and T. Kam Manahan 2003 Political Decentralization, Dynastic Collapse, and the Early Postclassic in the Urban Center of Copán, Honduras. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Don S. Rice, Prudence M. Rice, and Arthur A. Demarest. University Press of Colorado, Niwot. In press.
Folan, William J., Joel Gunn, Jack D. Eaton, and Robert W. Patch 1983 Paleoclimatic Patterning in Southern Mesoamerica. Journal of Field Archaeology 10:453468.Google Scholar
Fox, John W. 1989 On the Rise and Fall of Tuláns and Maya Segmentary States. American Anthropologist 91:656681.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A. 1986 Terminal Classic Lowland Maya: Successes, Failures, and Aftermaths. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and E. Wyllys Andrews, pp. 409430. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Freidel, David A., and Linda Schele 1989 Dead Kings and Living Temples: Dedication and Termination Rituals among the Ancient Maya. In Word and Image in Maya Culture, edited by William F. Hanks and Don S. Rice, pp. 233243. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
García Campillo, José Miguel 2000 Estudio introductorio del léxico de las inscripciones de Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, México. BAR International Series 831. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, England.
García Campillo, José Miguel 2001 Santuarios urbanos. Casas para los antepasados en Chichén Itzá. In Reconstruyendo la Ciudad Maya: El Urbanismo en las Sociedades Antiguas, edited by Andrés Ciudad Ruiz, María Josefa Iglesias Ponce, and María del Carmen Martínez Martínez, pp. 40323. Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.
Gill, Richardson B. 2000 The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life and Death. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Graña-Behrens, Daniel, Christian Prager, and Elisabeth Wagner 1999 The Hieroglyphic Inscription of the “High Priest's Grave” at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico. Mexicon 21:6166.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai 1994 Hieroglyphic Sources for the History of Northwest Yucatán. In Hidden among the Hills: Maya Archaeology of the Northwest Yucatan Peninsula. First Maler Symposium, Bonn 1989, edited by Hanns J. Prem, pp. 316358. Acta Mesoamericana 7. Verlag von Flemming, Möckmühl.
Hodell, David A., Jason H. Curtis, and Mark Brenner 1995 Possible Role of Climate in the Collapse of Classic Maya Civilization. Nature 375:391394.Google Scholar
Hodell, David A., Mark Brenner, Jason H. Curtis, and Thomas Guilderson 2001 Solar Forcing of Drought Frequency in the Maya Lowlands. Science 292:13671370.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K. 1994 The Puuc as Seen from Uxmal. In Hidden among the Hills: Maya Archaeology of the Northwest Yucatan Peninsula. First Maler Symposium, Bonn 1989, edited by Hanns J. Prem, pp. 93120. Acta Mesoamericana 7. Verlag von Flemming, Möckmühl.
Kowalski, Jeff K., Alfredo Barrera Rubio, Heber Ojeda Más, and José Huchím Herrera 1996 Archaeological Excavations of a Round Temple at Uxmal: Summary Discussion and Implications for Northern Maya Cultural History. In Eighth Palenque Round Table, 1993, edited by Martha J. Macri, Jan McHargue, and Merle Greene Robertson, pp. 281296. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.
Krochock, Ruth J. 1988 The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions and Iconography of the Temple of the Four Lintels and Related Monuments, Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Texas, Austin.
Krochock, Ruth J. 1998 The Development of Political Rhetoric at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.
Krochock, Ruth J., and David A. Freidel 1994 Ballcourts and the Evolution of Political Rhetoric at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico. In Hidden among the Hills: Maya Archaeology of the Northwest Yucatan Peninsula. First Maler Symposium, Bonn 1989, edited by Hanns J. Prem, pp. 359375. Acta Mesoamericana 7. Verlag von Flemming, Möckmühl.
Lincoln, Charles E. 1983 Chichén Itzá: clásico terminal o postclásico temprano? Boletín de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán 10:329.Google Scholar
Lincoln, Charles E. 1986 The Chronology of Chichén Itzá: A Review of the Literature. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and E. Wyllys Andrews, pp. 141196. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Lincoln, Charles E. 1988 Ethnicity and Social Organization at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Ochoa Rodríguez, Virginia Josefina 1999 Spatial Distribution of Peto Cream Ware in the Yucatan Peninsula. Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Milbrath, Susan, and Carlos Peraza Lope 2001 Revisiting Mayapan: Mexico's Last Maya Capital. Manuscript in possession of the authors.
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1962 Civic and Religious Structures of Mayapan. In Mayapan, Yucatan, Mexico, edited by H.E.D. Pollock, Ralph L. Roys, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, and A. Ledyard Smith, pp. 87163. Carnegie Institution Publication No. 619. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.
Ringle, William M. 1990 Who Was Who in Ninth-Century Chichen Itza. Ancient Mesoamerica 1:233243.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M., George J. Bey, and Carlos Peraza L. 1991 An Itzá Empire in Northern Yucatán? A Neighboring View. Paper presented at the Symposium Chichén Itzá: The Site and Its Environs, 47th International Congress of Americanists, New Orleans.
Ringle, William M., Tomás Gallareta Negrón, and George J. Bey 1998 The Return of Quetzalcoatl: Evidence for the Spread of a World Religion during the Epiclassic Period. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:183232.Google Scholar
Robles Castellanos, Fernando 1987 La secuencia cerámica preliminar de Isla Cerritos, costa norte-centro de Yucatán. Maya Ceramics: Papers from the 1985 Maya Ceramic Conference, Part 1, edited by Prudence M. Rice and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 99109. BAR International Series 345(i). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
Robles Castellanos, Fernando 1988 Ceramic Units from Isla Cerritos, North Coast of Yucatan. Cerámica de Cultura Maya 15:6571.Google Scholar
Robles Castellanos, Fernando, and Anthony P. Andrews 1986 A Review and Synthesis of Recent Postclassic Archaeology in Northern Yucatán. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and E. Wyllys Andrews, pp. 5398. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1990 The New Archaeology and the Ancient Maya. W.H. Freeman, New York.
Schele, Linda, and David A. Freidel 1990 A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. William Morrow, New York.
Schele, Linda, and Peter Mathews 1998 The Code of Kings: The Language of Seven Sacred Maya Temples and Tombs. Scribner, New York.
Smith, Robert Eliot 1971 The Pottery of Mayapan, Including Studies of Ceramic Material from Uxmal, Kabah, and Chichen Itza. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 66. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Stuart, David 1993 Historical Inscriptions and the Maya Collapse. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century a.d., edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and John S. Henderson, pp. 321354. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.
Suhler, Charles K., and David A. Freidel 1995 The Sack of Chichén Itzá: Reinterpreting the Early Stratigraphic Excavations. Paper presented at the Maya Meetings, March 9–18, University of Texas, Austin.
Suhler, Charles K., Traci Ardren, and David Johnstone 1998 The Chronology of Yaxuna: Evidence from Excavation and Ceramics. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:167182.Google Scholar
Toscano Hernández, María de Lourdes 1994 Secuencia arqueológica de la arquitectura pública de Xelhá, Quintana Roo. Tesis de Licenciatura en Antropología, Facultad de Antropología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico.
Webster, David 2002 The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. Thames and Hudson, New York.
Wren, Linnea H., and Peter J. Schmidt 1991 Elite Interaction during the Terminal Classic Period: New Evidence from Chichen Itza. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence, edited by T. Patrick Culbert, pp. 199225. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.