Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:51:11.114Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

THE MAKING OF THE MAP: THE ORIGIN AND LESSONS OF THE TEOTIHUACAN MAPPING PROJECT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 August 2015

René Millon
Affiliation:
The Hurlbut, 1177 East Henrietta Road, Rochester, New York 14623
Jeffrey H. Altschul*
Affiliation:
Statistical Research, Inc. P.O. Box 31865, Tucson, Arizona 85751
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]

Abstract

The mapping of the ancient city of Teotihuacan was an archaeological project of singular importance in the history of archaeology. In this paper, we discuss the origin and history of the Teotihuacan Mapping Project (TMP) through a series of personal vignettes written by the project's leader, René Millon, which are put into larger context by Jeff Altschul, one of the many students who worked on the project. We examine the characteristics that led to the TMP's successes and its shortcomings and discuss lessons learned that may be of value to planning future big, complex archaeological projects. We argue that above all, a big project needs a big problem to solve. In the case of the TMP, the problem was the origin of the city. Marshaling a team of diverse talents, Millon and his colleagues were able to make many key decisions in ways that successfully overcame problems that had not been heretofore confronted by archaeologists. These decisions include the use of low-altitude aerial photography, the definition of sites to include nonliving urban spaces, the sampling of surface artifacts, strategic test excavations, computerized data management and sophisticated statistical analyses, and a unique manner of publication. Less successful was the project's record in publishing descriptive data. The project's success lay in its ability to take on an important problem and to follow through, even though some tasks required decades to complete and others remain to be completed.

Type
Special Section: Taking Stock of Basin of Mexico Archaeology in The Early Twenty-First Century
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Achbar, Mark (editor) 1996 Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media. Black Rose Books, Montreal.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert McCormick 1966 The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mexico. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Altschul, Jeffrey H. 1981 Spatial and Statistical Evidence for Social Grouping in Teotihuacan, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Altschul, Jeffrey H. 1997 The Lower Verde Archaeological Project, Big Projects, and Cultural Resource Management. In Overview, Synthesis, and Conclusions, edited by Whittlesey, Stephanie M., Ciolek-Torrello, Richard, and Altschul, Jeffrey H., pp. 639659. Vanishing River: Landscapes and Lives of the Lower Verde Valley, The Lower Verde Archaeological Project. SRI Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Andrews, Bradford 1999 Craftsman Skill and Specialization: Investigating the Craft Production of Prehispanic Obsidian Blades at Xochicalco and Teotihuacan. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Andrews, Bradford 2002 Stone Tool Production at Teotihuacan: What More Can We Learn from Surface Collections? In Pathways to Prismatic Blades: A Study in Mesoamerican Obsidian Core-Blade Technology, edited by Hirth, Kenneth and Andrews, Bradford, pp. 4760. The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Barbour, Warren D. 1976 The Figurines and Figurine Chronology of Ancient Teotihuacan, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Rochester, Rochester. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Bennyhoff, James A. 1967 Chronology and Periodization: Continuity and Change in the Teotihuacan Ceramic Tradition. In Teotihuacan: Onceava Mesa Redonda, pp. 1929. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Biskowski, Martin F. 1986 Metates and the Teotihuacan Socioeconomic System: A Preliminary Analysis. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Biskowski, Martin F. 1997 The Adaptive Origins of Prehispanic Markets in Central Mexico: The Role of Maize-Grinding Tools and Related Staple Products in Early State Economies. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1978 Monte Albán: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Blucher, Darlena K. 1971 Late Preclassic Cultures in the Valley of Mexico: Pre-Urban Teotihuacan. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Cabrera Castro, Rubén 1986 La verificación de algunos de los resultados del Mapping Project en recientes excavaciones en Teotihuacan. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 32:127146.Google Scholar
Cortés, Cabrera, Oralia, Mercedes 2011 Craft Production and Socio-Economic Marginality: Living on the Periphery of Urban Teotihuacan. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Carr, Robert F., and Hazard, James E. 1961 Map of the Ruins of Tikal, El Peten, Guatemala. Tikal Report No. 11. Museum Monograph No. 21, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Castañeda Saldaña, Hilda 1976 Utensilios de molienda de Teotihuacan. Unpublished Master's thesis, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon 1936 Man Makes Himself. Watts, London.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon 1950 The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review 21:317.Google Scholar
Clayton, Sarah C. 2003 Interregional Relationships in Mesoamerica: Interpreting Maya Ceramics at Teotihuacan. Unpublished Master's thesis, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Clayton, Sarah C. 2009 Ritual Diversity and Social Identities: A Study of Mortuary Behaviors at Teotihuacan. Ph.D. dissertation, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1967 Evaluación preliminar de la aplicación de métodos de máquinas computadoras a los datos del mapa de Teotihuacan. In Teotihuacan: Onceava Mesa Redonda, pp. 95112. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1968 Computer Analysis of Archaeological Data from Teotihuacan, Mexico. In New Perspectives in Archaeology, edited by Binford, Sally R. and Binford, Lewis R., pp. 143150. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1974 Quantitative Studies of Urbanization at Teotihuacan. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 363396. Duckworth, London.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1977 Processes of Growth and Decline at Teotihuacan: The City and the State. In Los procesos de cambio en mesoamerica y areas circunvecinas: XV Mesa Redonda, Vol. 1, pp. 183193. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1979 Teotihuacan, Internal Militaristic Competition, and the Fall of the Classic Maya. In Maya Archaeology and Ethnohistory, edited by Hammond, Norman and Willey, Gordon R., pp. 5162. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1983 Rulership and the Ciudadela: Political Inferences from Teotihuacan Architecture. In Civilization in the Ancient Americas: Essays in Honor of Gordon R. Willey, edited by Leventhal, Richard M. and Kolata, Alan L., pp. 313343. University of New Mexico Press and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Albuquerque and Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1992a Social Differentiation at Teotihuacan. In Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment, edited by Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F., pp. 206220. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1992b Toward a Political History of Teotihuacan. In Ideology and Pre-Columbian Civilizations, edited by Demarest, Arthur A. and Conrad, Geoffrey W., pp. 87114. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1993 What We Still Don't Know About Teotihuacan. In Teotihuacan: Art from the City of the Gods, edited by Berrin, Kathleen and Pasztory, Esther, pp. 116125. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 1997 State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:129161.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2000 Intentionality and Meaning in the Layout of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10:358361.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2003a Teotihuacan: Cosmic Glories and Mundane Needs. In The Social Construction of Ancient Cities, edited by Smith, Monica L., pp. 3755. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2003b Some Recent Data and Concepts about Ancient Urbanism/Algunos conceptos y datos recientes sobre el urbanismo antiguo. In El urbanismo en mesoamérica/Urbanism in Mesoamerica, Vol. 1, edited by Sanders, William T., Mastache, Alba Guadalupe, and Cobean, Robert H., pp. 119. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and Pennsylvania State University, Mexico City and University Park.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2003c Teotihuacan and Early Classic Interaction: A Perspective from Outside the Maya Region. In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 315335. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2004 Origins and Development of Urbanism: Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 33:525549.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2005 Planeamiento a gran escala en Teotihuacan: Implicaciones religiosos y sociales. In Arquitectura y urbanismo: Pasado y presente de los espacios en Teotihuacan, edited by Gallut, Maria Elena Ruiz and Peralta, Jesús Torres, pp. 2140. Memoria de la Tercera Mesa Redonda de Teotihuacan. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2006 Using Numerous Cases to Extract Valid Information from Noisy Surface Data at Teotihuacan. In Managing Archaeological Data: Essays in Honor of Sylvia W. Gaines, edited by Hantman, Jeffrey L. and Most, Rachel, pp. 147154. Anthropological Research Papers No. 57. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2007 The Urban Organization of Teotihuacan, Mexico. In Settlement and Society: Essays Dedicated to Robert McCormick Adams, edited by Stone, Elizabeth C., pp. 261295. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Los Angeles and Chicago.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2008a An Update on Teotihuacan. Antiquity 82:962975.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2008b Teotihuacan as an Urban Place. In El urbanismo en mesoamérica/ Urbanism in Mesoamerica, Vol. 2, edited by Mastache, Alba Guadalupe, Cobean, Robert H., Cook, Ángel García, and Hirth, Kenneth G., pp. 85112. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and Pennsylvania State University, Mexico City and University Park.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2009a Une introduction à Teotihuacan et à sa culture. In Teotihuacan: Cité des Dieux:20–27. Musée de Quai Branly, Paris.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2009b La cite de Teotihuacan: Croissance, développements architecturaux et culture materielle. In Teotihuacan: Cité des Dieux, pp. 8289. Musée de Quai Branly, Paris.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2015 Ancient Teotihuacan: Early Urbanism in Central Mexico. Case Studies in Urban Societies Series. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L., Altschul, Jeffrey H., and Sload, Rebecca S. 1984 Spatial Analysis of Teotihuacan: A Mesoamerican Metropolis. In Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, edited by Hietala, Harold J., pp. 154195. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L., Robertson, Ian G., and Sload, Rebecca S. 2003 Electronic Results from the Teotihuacan Mapping Project. Unpublished manuscript on file, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Crider, Destiny 2002 Coyotlatelco Phase Community Structure at Teotihuacan. Unpublished Master's thesis, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Drewitt, Bruce 1967 Planeación en la antigua ciudad de Teotihuacan. In Teotihuacan: Onceava Mesa Redonda, pp. 7994. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Drewitt, Bruce 1987 Measurement Units and Building Axes at Teotihuacan. In Teotihuacan: Nuevos datos, nuevas síntesis, nuevos problemas, edited by de Tapia, Emily McClung and Rattray, Evelyn C., pp. 389398. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Drucker, R. David 1974 Renovating a Reconstruction: The Ciudadela at Teotihuacan, Mexico: Construction Sequence, Layout, and Possible Uses of the Structure. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Rochester, Rochester. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Ester, Michael R. 1976 The Spatial Allocation of Activities at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Garraty, Christopher P. 1998 Political Organization, Settlement, and the Cosmological Landscape of Aztec Teotihuacan: An Archaeological Perspective. Unpublished Master's thesis, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Garraty, Christopher P. 2006 The Politics of Commerce: Aztec Pottery Production and Exchange in the Basin of Mexico, a.d. 1200–1650. Ph.D. dissertation, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Godelier, Maurice 1978 Infrastructures, Societies and History. Current Anthropology 19:763771.Google Scholar
Godelier, Maurice 1979 On Infrastructures, Society and History: Reply. Current Anthropology 20:108111.Google Scholar
Godelier, Maurice 1988 The Mental and the Material: Thought, Economy, and Society. Translated by Thom, Martin. Verso, London.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, Kim C. 2000 Forgotten Images: A Study of the Ceramic Figurines from Teotihuacan, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Gómez Chávez, Sergio 2000 La Ventilla: Un barrio de la antigua ciudad de Teotihuacan. Unpublished Master's thesis, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Hardoy, Jorge E. 1971 Pre-Columbian Cities. Translated by Judith Thorne. Walker, New York.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., Heizer, Robert F., and Graham, John A. 1975 Field Methods in Archaeology. 6th ed. Mayfield, Mountain View, California.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Mary R. 1995 Teotihuacan Cooking Pots: Scale of Production and Product Variability. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Jones, Morris R. 1952 Map of the Ruins of Mayapan, Yucatan, Mexico. Current Reports No. 1. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
McClung de Tapia, Emily 1979 Plants and Subsistence in the Teotihuacan Valley, a.d. 100–750. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
McClung de Tapia, Emily, and Rattray, Evelyn C. (editors) 1987 Teotihuacan: Nuevos datos, nuevas síntesis, nuevos problemas. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1946a Facism, Philippine Style I. The Nation. 21 September:320322.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1946b Facism, Philippine Style II. The Nation. 19 October:432434.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1957 Irrigation Systems in the Valley of Teotihuacan. American Antiquity 23:160166.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1960 The Beginnings of Teotihuacan. American Antiquity 26:110.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1964 The Teotihuacan Mapping Project. American Antiquity 29:345352.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1967a Teotihuacan. Scientific American 216(6):3848.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1967b Extensión y población de la ciudad de Teotihuacan en sus diferentes períodos: Un cálculo provisional. In Teotihuacan: Onceava Mesa Redonda, pp. 5778. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1967c Urna de Monte Albán IIIA encontrada en Teotihuacan. Boletín Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 29:4244.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1967d Cronología y periodificación: Datos estratigráficos sobre períodos y sus relaciones con la pintura mural en Teotihuacan. In Teotihuacan: Onceava Mesa Redonda, pp. 118. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1967e El problema de integración en la sociedad teotihuacana. In Teotihuacan: Onceava Mesa Redonda, pp. 149155. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1968a Teotihuacán: Primera metrópoli prehispánica. Gaceta Médica de México 98:339350.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1968b Urbanization at Teotihuacan: The Teotihuacan Mapping Project. Actas y Memorias del XXXVII Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, 1966, Mar del Plata, Argentina 1:105120.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1970a Teotihuacan: Completion of Map of Giant Ancient City in the Valley of Mexico. Science 170:10771082.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1970b The Internal Structure of Pre-Columbian Cities: The Case of Teotihuacan. Paper presented at the 39th International Congress of Americanists, Lima, Peru.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1973 The Teotihuacan Map. Part 1: Text. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1974 The Study of Urbanism at Teotihuacan, Mexico. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 335362. Duckworth, London.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1976 Social Relations in Ancient Teotihuacan. In The Valley of Mexico: Studies in Pre-Hispanic Ecology and Society, edited by Wolf, Eric R., pp. 205248. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1981 Teotihuacan: City, State, and Civilization. In Archaeology, edited by Bricker, Victoria R. and Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 198243. Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 1. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1988a The Last Years of Teotihuacan Dominance. In The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, edited by Yoffee, Norman and Cowgill, George L., pp. 102164. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1988b Where Do They All Come From? The Provenance of the Wagner Murals from Teotihuacan. In Feathered Serpents and Flowering Trees, edited by Berrin, Kathleen, pp. 78113. The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1991 Descubrimiento de la procedencia de las pinturas murales saqueadas con representaciones de personajes que llevan el Tocado de Borlas. In Teotihuacan 1980–1982: Nuevas interpretaciones, edited by Castro, Rubén Cabrera, García, Ignacio Rodríguez, and García, Noel Morelos, pp. 185192. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1992 Teotihuacan Studies: From 1950 to 1990 and Beyond. In Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan, edited by Berlo, Janet Catherine, pp. 339429. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Millon, René 1993 The Place Where Time Began: An Archaeologist's Interpretation of What Happened in Teotihuacan History. In Teotihuacan: Art from the City of the Gods, edited by Berrin, Kathleen and Pasztory, Esther, pp. 1643. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Millon, René 2008 Studying Teotihuacan. Unpublished manuscript on file, Statistical Research, Inc., Tucson.Google Scholar
Millon, René, Drewitt, R. Bruce, and Cowgill, George L. 1973 The Teotihuacan Map. Part 2: Maps. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Millon, René, and Sugiyama, Saburo 1991 Concentración de pinturas murales en el Conjunto Arquitectónico Grande, al este de la Plaza de la Luna. In Teotihuacan 1980–1982: Nuevas interpretaciones, edited by Castro, Rubén Cabrera, García, Ignacio Rodríguez, and García, Noel Morelos, pp. 211231. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Rattray, Evelyn C. 1973 The Teotihuacan Ceramic Chronology: Early Tzacualli to Early Tlamimilolpa Phases. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Rattray, Evelyn C. 2001 Teotihuacan: Ceramics, Chronology and Cultural Trends. The University of Pittsburgh and the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Pittsburgh and Mexico City.Google Scholar
Robertson, Ian G. 1999 Spatial and Multivariate Analysis, Random Sampling Error, and Analytical Noise: Empirical Bayesian Methods at Teotihuacan, Mexico. American Antiquity 64:137152.Google Scholar
Robertson, Ian G. 2001 Mapping the Social Landscape of an Early Urban Center: Socio-Spatial Variation in Teotihuacan. Ph.D. dissertation, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Robertson, Ian G. 2015 Investigating Teotihuacan through TMP Surface Collections and Observations. Ancient Mesoamerica 26:XX–XX.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1953 Anthropogeography of Veracruz. In Huastecos, totonacos y sus vecinos, edited by Bernal, Ignacio and Hurtado, Eusebio Davalos, pp. 2778. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sempowski, Martha L. 1983 Mortuary Practices at Teotihuacan, Mexico: Their Implication for Social Status. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Rochester, Rochester. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Sempowski, Martha L., Spence, Michael W., and Storey, Rebecca 1994 Mortuary Practices and Skeletal Remains at Teotihuacan. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Sload, Rebecca S. 1982 A Study of Status and Function in the Xolalpan-Metepec Community at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Southall, Aiden 1956 Alur Society: A Study in Types and Processes of Domination. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Southall, Aiden 1988 The Segmentary State in Africa and Asia. Society for Comparative Studies in Society and History 30:5282.Google Scholar
Southall, Aiden 1998 The City in Time and Space. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1967a Los talleres de obsidiana de Teotihuacan. In Teotihuacan: Onceava Mesa Redonda, pp. 213218. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1967b The Obsidian Industry of Teotihuacan. American Antiquity 32:507514.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1971 Skeletal Morphology and Social Organization in Teotihuacan, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1981 Obsidian Production and the State in Teotihuacan. American Antiquity 46:769788.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1984 Craft Production and Polity in Early Teotihuacan. In Trade and Exchange in Early Mesoamerica, edited by Hirth, Kenneth G., pp. 87114. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1986 Locational Analysis of Craft Specialization Areas in Teotihuacan. In Economic Aspects of Prehispanic Highland Mexico, edited by Isaac, Barry L., pp. 75100. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement No. 2. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1987 The Scale and Structure of Obsidian Production in Teotihuacan. In Teotihuacan: Nuevos datos, nuevas síntesis, nuevos problemas, edited by de Tapia, Emily McClung and Rattray, Evelyn C., pp. 429450. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W., Kimberlin, Jerome, and Harbottle, Garman 1984 State-Controlled Procurement and the Obsidian Workshops of Teotihuacan, Mexico. In Prehistoric Quarries and Lithic Production, edited by Ericson, Jonathon E. and Purdy, Barbara A., pp. 97105. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Starbuck, David R. 1975 Man-Animal Relationships in Pre-Columbian Central Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Steward, Julian H. 1949 Cultural Causality and Law: A Trial Formulation of the Development of Early Civilizations. American Anthropologist 51:127.Google Scholar
Strong, William Duncan 1947 Finding the Tomb of a Warrior-God. National Geographic 91:453482.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Kristin 2005 Making and Manipulating Ritual in the City of the Gods: Figurine Production and Use at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Unpublished Master's thesis, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Turner, Margaret H. 1987 The Lapidary Industry of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Rochester, Rochester. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Van de Mieroop, Marc 1997 The Ancient Mesopotamian City. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Wheatley, Paul 1971 The Pivot of the Four Quarters: A Preliminary Enquiry into the Origin and Character of the Ancient Chinese City. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Mortimer 1954 Archaeology from the Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1953 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Virú Valley, Peru. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 155. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Wittfogel, Karl A. 1963 Theorie der orientalischen Gesellschaft (English translation: The Theory of Oriental Society). Reprinted. In Readings in Anthropology, 2nd ed., edited by Fried, Morton, pp. 179188. Crowell, New York. Originally published 1938 in Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 7:90–122.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. 1959 Sons of the Shaking Earth. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar