Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T05:52:52.980Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

CONTROL, COLLAPSE, AND RESILIENCE AT RÍO AMARILLO IN THE COPAN VALLEY, HONDURAS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2022

Cameron L. McNeil Open the ORCID record for Cameron L. McNeil [Opens in a new window] ,
Edy Barrios Open the ORCID record for Edy Barrios [Opens in a new window] ,
Zachary X. Hruby ,
Nathan J. Meissner ,
Alexandre Tokovinine ,
Mauricio Díaz García  and
Walter Burgos Morakawa
Cameron L. McNeil*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
Edy Barrios
Affiliation:
Proyecto Arqueológico Río Amarillo, Copán, Barrio La Tejera, Copan Ruinas, Departamento de Copan, Honduras
Zachary X. Hruby
Affiliation:
Anthropology Department, North Kentucky University, Louie B Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United States
Nathan J. Meissner
Affiliation:
Anthropology and Sociology Program, Centre College, 600 West Walnut Street, Danville, Kentucky 40422, United States
Alexandre Tokovinine
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, The University of Alabama, Box 870210, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
Mauricio Díaz García
Affiliation:
Anthropology Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
Walter Burgos Morakawa
Affiliation:
Anthropology Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article documents the transition from the Late Classic to Postclassic periods at Río Amarillo, a hinterland outpost of the Copan polity, and at an associated residential group, Site 5, in the Río Amarillo East Pocket of the Copan Valley. Late Classic period evidence indicates that the site of Río Amarillo operated as an administrative center for the Copan polity with the likely objective of increased agricultural production for the burgeoning population in the Copan Pocket. In the Terminal Classic period, Río Amarillo shared the fate of Copan, with evidence indicating it was burned and sacked. However, unlike the Copan Pocket, many residential groups remained occupied during the Early Postclassic. Here we focus on Site 5. An unbroken occupation from the Late Classic through to the end of the Early Postclassic period, as this site provides a window into an existence without the requirements of tribute given to their western neighbor. We hypothesize that the smaller settlement size and higher amount of rainfall in this valley pocket, as well as a richer and more diversified environment, were important factors in the survival of some of its population.

Type
Special Section: Rethinking Rurality in Ancient Maya Studies
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 33 , Issue 1 , Spring 2022 , pp. 62 - 82
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aimers, James J. 2007 What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands. Journal of Archaeological Research 15:329–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys, V. 1976 Archaeology of Quelepa, El Salvador. Middle American Research Institute Publication No. 42. Tulane University, Middle American Research Institute, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys, and Bill, Cassandra R. 2005 A Late Classic Royal Residence at Copan. In Copan: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by Wyllys Andrews, E. and Fash, William L., pp. 239–314. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Aoyama, Kazuo 1999 Ancient Maya State, Urbanism, Exchange, and Craft Specialization. Chipped Stone Evidence from the Copan Valley and the La Entrada Region, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Arts and Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Barrios, Edy, Velásquez, Antolín, McNeil, Cameron L., Díaz, Mauricio, and Elías, Silvia 2019 Definiendo los límites entre dos pueblos: Río Amarillo y Quebrada Piedras Negras, Copan, Honduras. In XXXII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2018, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara, Méndez, Luis, and Ajú, Gloria, pp. 37–50. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Barrios, Edy, McNeil, Cameron L., and Díaz, Mauricio 2018 Río Amarillo y sus contactos foráneos: Evidencias de relaciones interculturales en un poblado prehispánico en el valle de Copan, Honduras. In XXXI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara, Méndez, Luis and Ajú, Gloria, pp. 81–90. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Barrios, Edy, McNeil, Cameron, Burgos, Walter, Landau, Kristin, Macario, Raquel, Ramírez, Roberto, and Bracken, Justin 2013 La vida en la vega del Río Copan: Investigaciones en áreas residenciales de Río Amarillo, Copan, Honduras. In XXVI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2012, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara and Salinas, Luis Méndez, pp. 405–420. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Baudez, Claude F., and Becquelin, Pierre 1973 Archaeologie de Los Naranjos, Honduras. Mission Archaeologique et Ethnologique Française au Mexique, Mexico.Google Scholar
Beaudry, Marilyn P. 1984 Ceramic Production and Distribution in the Southeastern Maya Periphery: Late Classic Painted Serving Vessels. BAR International Series 203. Archaeopress, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Begley, Christopher 2021 Ancient Mosquito Coast: Why Only Certain Material Culture Was Adopted from Outsiders. In Southeastern Mesoamerica: Indigenous Interaction, Resilience and Change, edited by Goodwin, Whitney A., Johnson, Erlend, and Figueroa, Alejandro J., pp. 157–178. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Bill, Cassandra R. 1997 Patterns of Variation and Change in Dynastic Period Ceramics and Ceramic Production at Copan, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Bill, Cassandra R. 2005 Análisis de Laboratorio. In Informe Preliminar, 2005: Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP), Departamento de Copan, Honduras, edited by Canuto, Marcello A. and Bell, Ellen E., pp. 62–91. Report on file with the Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Bill, Cassandra R. 2014 Shifting Fortunes and Affiliations on the Edge of Ruin: A Ceramic Perspective on the Classic Maya Collapse and Its Aftermath at Copan. In The Maya and Their Central American Neighbors, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 83–111. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Brady, James E., and Prufer, Keith M. 1999 Caves and Crystalmancy: Evidence for the Use of Crystals in Ancient Maya Religions. Journal of Anthropological Research 55:129–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2008 The Ties that Bind. Mexicon 30:10–20.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2013 Archaeological Investigations in the El Paraíso Valley: The Role of Secondary Centers in the Multiethnic Landscape of Classic Period Copan. Ancient Mesoamerica 24:1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Card, Jeb J., and Zender, Marc 2016 A Seventh-Century Inscribed Miniature Flask from Copan Found at Tazumal, El Salvador. Ancient Mesoamerica 27:279–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis-Salazar, Karla L., and Bell, Ellen E. 2000 Una comparación de los depósitos funerarios de dos mujeres élites en la Acrópolis de Copan, Honduras. In XIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1999, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Escobedo, Héctor, Arroyo, Barbara, and de Suasnávar, Ana Claudia Monzón, pp. 921–935. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence, and Rice, Don (editors) 2004 The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Fash, Barbara W. 2011 The Copan Sculpture Museum: Ancient Maya Artistry in Stucco and Stone. Peabody Museum Press and David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 1983 Maya State Formation: A Case Study and Its Implications. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 2001 Scribes, Warriors and Kings. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., Fash, Barbara W., and Ramos, Jorge 2016 New Approaches to Community Stewardship, Education, and Sustainable Conservation of Cultural Heritage at Rastrojón, Copan, Honduras. In Finding Solutions for Protecting and Sharing Archaeological Heritage Resources, edited by Underhill, Anne P. and Salazar, Lucy, pp. 135–152. Springer, City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fash, William L., Andrews, E. Wyllys, and Manahan, T. Kam 2004 Political Decentralization, Dynastic Collapse, and the Early Postclassic in the Urban Center of Copan, Honduras. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 260–287. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
William J., Folan, Mathryn Josserand, J., and Hopkins, Nicolas A. 1983 Una nota sobre paleoclimatología, prehistoria y diversificación lingüística de los mayas a través de los tiempos. Información 7:3–18. Centro de Estudios Históricos y Sociales. Universidad Autónoma del Sudeste, Campeche.Google Scholar
Fox, John Gerald 1996 Playing with Power: Ballcourts and Political Ritual in Southern Mesoamerica. Current Anthropology 37:483–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franco, David 2019 Una fecha problemática del Altar 1 de Río Amarillo, Copán. Apuntes Arqueológicos 8:111–131.Google Scholar
Freter, AnnCorinne 1988 The Classic Maya Collapse at Copan, Honduras: A Regional Settlement Perspective. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Freter, AnnCorinne 1994 The Classic Maya Collapse at Copan, Honduras: An Analysis of Maya Rural Settlement Trends. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies, edited by Schwartz, Glenn M. and Falconer, Steven E., pp. 160–176. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, and London.Google Scholar
Gerstle, Andrea I. 1988 Maya-Lenca Ethnic Relations in Late Classic Period Copan, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Gill, Richardson B. 2000 The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Gonlin, Nancy 1994 Rural Household Diversity in Late Classic Copan, Honduras. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies, edited by Schwartz, Glenn M. and Falconer, Steven E., pp. 177–197. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC and London.Google Scholar
Gonlin, Nancy 2012 Production and Consumption in the Countryside. In Ancient Households of the Americas: Conceptualizing What Households Do, edited by Douglass, John G. and Gonlin, Nancy, pp. 79–116. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth 2004 Lamanai Reloaded: Alive and Well in the Early Postclassic. In Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology, Vol. 1, edited by Awe, Jaime, Morris, John, and Jones, Sherilyne, pp. 223–241. Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan.Google Scholar
Groark, Kevin P. 2010 The Angel in the Gourd: Ritual Therapeutic, and Protective Uses of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Among the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of Enthnobiology 30:5–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin, Rhoda H. 1990 The Livelihood of Kin: Making Ends Meet the Kentucky Way. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haug, Gerald H., Günther, Detlef, Peterson, Larry C., and Sigman, Daniel M. 2003 Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization. Science 299:1731–1735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendon, Julia A. 2010 Houses in a Landscape: Memory and Everyday Life in Mesoamerica. Duke University Press, Durham.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A., Joyce, Rosemary A., and Lopiparo, Jeanne 2014 Material Relations: The Marriage Figurines of Prehispanic Honduras. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Hodell, David A., Brenner, Mark, and Curtis, Jason H. 2005 Terminal Classic Drought in the Northern Maya Lowlands Inferred from Multiple Sediment Core in Lake Chichancanab (Mexico). Quaternary Science Reviews 24:1413–1427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodell, David A., Brenner, Mark, Curtis, Jason H., and Guilderson, Thomas 2001 Solar Forcing of Drought Frequency in the Maya Lowlands. Science 292:1367–1370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
House, Paul, Rivera, Iliam, Vilchez, Lucila, and Soler, Katya 2012 Estudio florístico del sitio arqueológico Río Amarillo, Copan y sus alrededores. In Informe final de la 1era. Temporada de investigaciones en Río Amarillo: Proyecto Arqueológico Río Amarillo, Copan, PARAC, edited by McNeil, Cameron L. and Barrios, Edy, pp. 275–305. Proyecto Arqueológico Río Amarillo and Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Copan Ruinas.Google Scholar
Hull, Kerry 2019 The Smoking Bones: Ch'orti’ Maya Use of Tobacco and Ritual Tobacco Substitutes. In Breath and Smoke: Tobacco Use among the Maya, edited by Loughmiller-Cardinal, Jennifer A. and Eppich, Keith, pp. 126–156. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Iannone, Gyles (editor) 2014 The Great Maya Droughts in Cultural Context: Case Studies in Resilience and Vulnerability. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Iannone, Gyles, Prufer, Keith, and Chase, Diane Z. 2014 Resilience and Vulnerability in the Maya Hinterlands. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 24:155–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iannone, Gyles, and Connell, Samuel V. 2003 Perspectives on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity: An Introduction. In Perspectives on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity, edited by Iannone, Gyles and Connell, Samuel V., pp. 1–6. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Monograph 49. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 1991 Cerro Palenque: Power and Identity on the Maya Periphery. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 2017 Painted Pottery of Honduras: Object Lives and Itineraries. Koninklijke Brill, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennett, Doughlas J., Breitenbach, Sebastian F.M., Aquino, Valorie V., Asmerom, Yemane, Awe, Jaime, Baldini, James, Barlein, Patrick, Culleton, Brendan, Ebert, Claire, Jazwa, Christopher, Macri, Martha, Marwan, Norbert, Polyak, Victor, Prufer, Keith, Ridley, Harriet, Sodemann, Harald, Winterhalder, Bruce, and Haug, Gerald 2012 Development and Disintegration of Maya Political Systems in Response to Climate Change. Science 338:788–791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komar, Oliver, Arce, Juan P., Begley, Christopher, Castañeda, Franklin E., Eisermann, Knut, Gallardo, Robert J., and Marineros, Leonel 2006 Evaluación de la biodiversidad del Parque Arqueológico y Reserva Forestal Río Amarillo (Copan, Honduras). Informe de Consultoría para el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. SalvaNATURA Programa de Ciencias para la Conservación, San Salvador, and Nature Serve, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Lamb, Céline C. 2020 Ancient Maya Rurality: Old Assumptions, Current Research, and New Directions. In The Maya World, edited by Hutson, Scott R. and Ardren, Traci, pp. 307–327. Routledge, London and New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longyear, John M. III 1952 Copan Ceramics: A Study of Southeastern Maya Pottery. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 597. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Maca, Allan L. 2015 Tomb 68-I, Copan: Deducing Polity Dynamics during the Early Classic Period and Beyond. In Classic Maya Politics of the Southern Lowlands, edited by Marken, Damien B. and Fitzsimmons, James L., pp. 167–193. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam 2003 The Collapse of Complex Society and its Aftermath : A Case Study from the Classic Maya Site of Copan, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam 2004 The Way Things Fall Apart: Social Organization and the Classic Maya Collapse of Copan. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:107–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam 2008 Anatomy of a Post-Collapse Society: Identity and Interaction in Early Postclassic Copan. In Ruins of the Past: The Use and Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Stanton, Travis W. and Magnoni, Aline, pp. 171–192. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam, and Canuto, Marcello A. 2009 Bracketing the Copan Dynasty. Latin American Antiquity 20:553–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. 2nd ed. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia, and Negrón, Tomás Gallareta 2009 Bellicose Rulers and Climatological Peril? Retrofitting Twenty-First Century Woes on Eighth Century Maya Society. In Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability & the Aftermath of Empire, edited by McAnany, Patricia A. and Yoffee, Norman, pp. 142–175. Cambridge University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarlane, William J. 2005 Power Strategies in a Changing World: Archaeological Investigations of Early Postclassic Remains at El Coyote, Santa Barbara, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo.Google Scholar
McNeil, Cameron 2006 Maya Interactions with the Natural World: Landscape Transformation and Ritual Plant use at Copan, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, City University of New York, New York.Google Scholar
McNeil, Cameron, Barrios, Edy, Bill, Cassandra, Burgos, Walter, and Macario, Raquel 2013 Investigando el colapso maya y período postclásico en Río Amarillo, Copan, Honduras. In XXVI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2012, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara and Salinas, Luis Méndez, pp. 421–432. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
McNeil, Cameron L., Burney, David, and Burney, Lida Pigott 2010 Evidence Disputing Deforestation as the Cause for the Collapse of the Ancient Maya Polity of Copan, Honduras. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:1017–1022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeil, Cameron L., Barrios, Edy, Meissner, Nathan, and Velásquez, Antolín 2017 Arqueología y medio ambiente en Río Amarillo, Copan: Avances de investigaciones multidisciplinarias. In XXX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara, Salinas, Luis Méndez, and Álvarez, Gloria Ajú, pp. 1069–1080. Asociación Tikal and Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
McNeil, Cameron L., Barrios, Edy, and Burgos, Walter 2015 Río Amarillo: Un pueblo en la Cercanías de Copan. In V Congreso Centroamericano de Arqueología en El Salvador, edited by Erquicia, Heriberto and Shibata, Shione, pp. 54–70. Secretaría de Cultura de la Presidencia, San Salvador.Google Scholar
McNeil, Cameron L., Barrios, Edy, Burgos, Walter, Velásquez, Antolín, and Díaz, Mauricio 2021 Río Amarillo: A Community on the Margins of Ancient Copan. In Southeastern Mesoamerica: Indigenous Interaction, Resilience and Change, edited by Goodwin, Whitney A., Johnson, Erlend, and Figueroa, Alejandro J., pp. 78–101. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
McNeil, Cameron L., Barrios, Edy, Burgos, Walter, Rodríguez, Roberto, Macario, Raquel, Landau, Kristin, Bracken, Justin, Maher, Ruth, House, Paul, Wolf, Marc, Iliam Rivera, Katya, Soler, Lucila Vilchez 2012 Informe Final de la 1era Temporada de Investigaciones en Río Amarillo. Proyecto Arqueológico Río Amarillo, Held Copan (PARAC). Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Meehan, Pascale 2019 Rural Responses Following Collapse: Insights from Monte El Santo, Oaxaca, Mexico. World Archaeology 51:328–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meissner, Nathan J. 2018 Analysis of Chert Artifacts from the Classic Maya Site of Rastrojón, Copan Valley, Honduras. Technical report to Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Meissner, Nathan J., Marino, Marc, and Gomberg, Emmalea 2017 Political Dynamics and the Organization of Chert Production in the Copán Valley. Paper presented at the 82nd meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Nakamura, Seiichi, Aoyama, Kazuo, and Uratsuji, Eiji (editors) 1991 Investigaciones Arqueológicas en la Región de La Entrada. Proyecto Arqueológico La Entrada, Primera Fase. Servicio de Voluntarios Japoneses para la Cooperación con el Extranjero (JOCV). Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Organización Integral de Desarrollo de Honduras (OIDH) 2010 Investigación y Puesta en Valor del Sitio Arqueológico Río Amarillo: Informe Final. Programa Nacional de Turismo Sostenible-Honduras, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Pahl, Gary W. 1975 Field Notes. Survey and Excavation of the Río Amarillo West Pocket. Manuscript in possession of the author.Google Scholar
Pahl, Gary W. 1987 Survey and Excavation of La Canteada, Copan, Honduras: Preliminary Report, 1975 Season. In The Periphery of the Southeastern Classic Maya Realm, edited by Pahl, Gary, pp. 227–261. UCLA Latin American Publications, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Pearson, Leonie J., and Pearson, Craig J. 2012 Societal Collapse or Transformation, and Resilience. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109:E2030–E2031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plank, Shannon 2004 Maya Dwellings in Hieroglyphs and Archaeology: An Integrative Approach to Ancient Architecture and Spatial Cognition. BAR International Series 1324. John and Erica Hedges, Oxford.Google Scholar
Price, T. Douglas, Burton, James H., Sharer, Robert J., Buikstra, Jane E., Wright, Lori E., Traxler, Loa P., and Miller, Katherine A. 2010 Kings and Commoners at Copan: Isotopic Evidence for Origins and Movement in the Classic Maya Period. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29:15–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos Gomez, Jorge Humberto 2006 The Iconography of Temple 16: Yax Pasaj and the Evocation of a “Foreign” Identity at Copan. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside.Google Scholar
Ramsey, Bronk 2009 Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates. Radiocarbon 51:337–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfield, Robert 1953 The Primitive World and Its Transformations. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Reimer, Paula J., Austin, William E. N., Bard, Edouard, Bayliss, Alex, Blackwell, Paul G., Bronk Ramsey, Christopher, Butzin, Martin, Cheng, Hai, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Friedrich, Michael, Grootes, Pieter M., Guilderson, Thomas P., Hajdas, Irka, Heaton, Timothy J., Hogg, Alan G., Hughen, Konrad A., Kromer, Bernd, Manning, Sturt W., Muscheler, Raimund, Palmer, Jonathan G., Pearson, Charlotte, van der Plicht, Johannes, Reimer, Ron W., Richards, David A., Scott, E. Marian, Southon, John R., Turney, Christian S. M., Wacker, Lukas, Adolphi, Florian, Büntgen, Ulf, Capano, Manuela, Fahrni, Simon M., Fogtmann-Schulz, Alexandra, Friedrich, Ronny, Köhler, Peter, Kudsk, Sabrina, Miyake, Fusa, Olsen, Jesper, Reinig, Frederick, Sakamoto, Minoru, Sookdeo, Adam, and Talamo, Sahra 2020 The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age of Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62:725–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 1984 Approaches to Social Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence 1999 Rethinking Classic Lowland Maya Pottery Censers. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:25–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., Demarest, Arthur A., and Rice, Don S. 2004 The Terminal Classic and the “Classic Maya Collapse” in Perspective. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don A., pp. 1–11. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Riese, Berthold 1988 Epigraphy of the Southeast Zone in Relation to Other Parts of the Maya Realm. In Southeast Classic Maya Zone: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 6th and 7th October 1984, edited by Boone, Elizabeth Hill and Willey, Gordon R., pp. 67–94. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Saturno, William A. 2000 In the Shadow of the Acropolis: Río Amarillo and Its Role in the Copan Polity. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda 1987 Notes on the Río Amarillo Altars. Copan Note 37. Copan Archaeological Project and Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Austin.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward, and Urban, Patricia 2011 Networks of Power: Political Relations in the Late Postclassic Naco Valley. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., Urban, Patricia, and Ausec, Marne T. 2001 Politics with Style: Identity Formation in Prehispanic Southeastern Mesoamerica. American Anthropologist 103:312–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, Kevin 2013 Through the Rearview Mirror: Rethinking the Classic Maya Collapse in the Light of Postclassic Rural Social Transformation. Journal of Social Archaeology 13:242–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 2009 The Ch'orti’ Past: An Archaeological Perspective. In The Ch'orti’ Maya Area: Past and Present, edited by Metz, Brent E., McNeil, Cameron L., and Hull, Kerry M., pp. 124–133. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2011 Before the Classic in the Southeastern Area: Issues of Organization and Ethnic Diversity in the Copan Region, Western Honduras. In The Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic: The Rise and Fall of an Early Mesoamerican Civilization, edited by Love, Michael and Kaplan, Jonathan, pp. 317–344. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson (editor) 2002 Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Cerén Village in Central America. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sion, Julien, Arguijo, Jennifer, Rodas, Ricardo, and Velásquez, Antolín 2020 El Postclásico Temprano en el noroeste de Honduras: Un acercamiento desde Los Naranjos. In XXXIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala 2019, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara, Méndez, Luis, and Ajú, Gloria. pp. 447–461. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Spink, Mary L. 1983 Metates as Socioeconomic Indicators During the Classic Period at Copan, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2000 “The Arrival of Strangers”: Teotihuacan and Tollan in Classic Maya History. In Mesoamerican's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, David, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 465–514. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2004 The Beginnings of the Copan Dynasty: A Review of the Hieroglyphic and Historical Evidence. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 215–248. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2007a The Birth Date of Copan's Ruler 12? Electronic document, https://mayadecipherment.com/2007/04/08/the-birth-date-of-copans-ruler-12/, accessed June 1, 2021.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2007b The Origin of Copan's Founder. Electronic document, http://decipherment.wordpress.com/2007/06/25/the-origin-of-copans-founder/, accessed June 1, 2021.Google Scholar
Tokovinine, Alexandre 2010 The Western Sun: An Unusual Tzolk'in-Haab Correlation in Classic Maya Inscriptions. PARI Journal 11:17–21.Google Scholar
Turner, B.L. II, Johnson, William, Mahood, Gail, Wiseman, Frederick M., Turner, B.L., and Poole, Jackie 1983 Hábitat y agricultura en la región de Copan. In Introducción a la Arqueología de Copan, Honduras, pp. 35–142. Proyecto Arqueológico Copan, Tomo I. Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, Sander 2007 Information Processing and Its Role in the Rise of the European World System. In Sustainability or Collapse? An Integrated History and Future of People on Earth. edited by Costanza, Robert, J. Graumlich, Lisa, and Steffan, Will, pp. 213–241. MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Vlcek, David 1978 Cuaderno, notas de informe de campo. Reconocimiento Op. IV. PAC I. Manuscript on file at the Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Vlcek, David T., and Fash, William L. Jr. 1986 Survey in the Outlying Areas of the Copan Region, and the Copan-Quirigua Connection. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Urban, Patricia A. and Schortman, Edward M., pp. 102–113. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, David L. 2002 The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Webster, David, Freter, AnnCorine, and Gonlin, Nancy 2000 Copan: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordan R., Leventhal, Richard M., Demarest, Arthur A., Fash, William L. Jr. 1994 The Copan Residential Zone. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 80. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. 1955 Types of Latin American Peasantry: A Preliminary Discussion. American Anthropologist 57:452–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, Michael 2011 Rural. Routledge, London.Google Scholar