Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T06:48:11.614Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE EL PARAÍSO VALLEY: THE ROLE OF SECONDARY CENTERS IN THE MULTIETHNIC LANDSCAPE OF CLASSIC PERIOD COPAN

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2013

Marcello A. Canuto*
Affiliation:
Middle American Research Institute, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118-5698
Ellen E. Bell*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Geography, and Ethnic Studies, California State University, Stanislaus, 1 University Circle, Turlock, CA 95382
*
E-mails correspondence to: [email protected], [email protected]
E-mails correspondence to: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Investigations of Classic period (a.d. 400–900) settlement in the El Paraíso Valley, western Honduras, have identified a pattern of paired centers that suggests a previously unrecognized model of political organization in the Maya area. In the El Paraíso Valley, the largely contemporary, equally-sized, and proximate centers of El Cafetal and El Paraíso differ radically from one another in their spatial organization, construction techniques, architectural embellishment, use of open space, and portable material culture. Analysis of these differences suggests that El Cafetal was inhabited by an autochthonous population while El Paraíso was founded under the auspices of the Copan dynasty as an administrative outpost. We suggest that the juxtaposition of these two sites results from a regional strategy of sociopolitical integration implemented by Copan rulers that was adapted to the ethnically diverse regions along the edge of the Copan kingdom.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Richard E.W., and Smith, Woodruff D. 1981 Feudal Models for Classic Maya Civilization. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Ashmore, Wendy A., pp. 335349. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Agurcia Fasquelle, Ricardo 1986 Late Classic Settlements in the Comayagua Valley. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Urban, Patricia A. and Schortman, Edward M., pp. 262274. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R.O. 1991 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso, London.Google Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys V 1977 The Southeastern Periphery of Mesoamerica: A View from Eastern El Salvador. In Social Process in Maya Prehistory, Studies in Honor of Sir Eric Thompson, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 113128. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys V, and Bill, Cassandra R. 2005 A Late Classic Royal Residence at Copan. In Copan: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by Andrews, E. Wyllys V and Fash, William L., pp. 239314. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy A. (editor) 1981 Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy A. 2007 Settlement Archaeology at Quirgua, Guatemala. Quirigua Reports Vol. 4. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy A., and Wilk, Richard R. 1988 Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by Wilk, Richard R. and Ashmore, Wendy A., pp. 127. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrik (editor) 1969 Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Little, Brown, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Baudez, Claude F. (editor) 1983 Introducción a la Arqueología de Copan, Honduras, Tomos I–III. Proyecto Arqueológico Copan, Secretaría de Estado en el Despacho de Cultura y Turismo, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E., and Canuto, Marcello A. 2006 Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe preliminar, 2006. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E., and Canuto, Marcello A. 2007 Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe preliminar, 2007. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E., and Canuto, Marcello A. 2008 Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe preliminar, 2008. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E., and Canuto, Marcello A. 2009 Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe preliminar, 2009. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E., and Canuto, Marcello A. 2010 Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe preliminar, 2010. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E., and Canuto, Marcello A. 2011 Identidad, afiliación y organización política—antigua y moderna—en la orilla del mundo maya. In Memoria del VIII Congreso Centroamericano de Antropología. Red Centroamericana de Antropología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras y Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Francisco Morazán, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Ramos, Jorge H. 2001 El Paraíso: Punto embocadero de la periferia sudeste Maya. Yaxkin 19:4175.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J. (editors) 2004 Understanding Early Classic Copan. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Bill, Cassandra R. 2005 A Preliminary Analysis and Comparison of Late Classic Ceramics from El Paraíso and El Cafetal. In Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe preliminar, 2005, edited by Canuto, Marcello A. and Bell, Ellen E.. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Bill, Cassandra R., Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Geller, Pamela L. 2006 From the Edge of the Copan Kingdom: Recent Research in the El Paraíso Valley. Paper presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, San Juan, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Bohannan, Paul, and Plog, Fred (editors) 1967 Beyond the Frontier: Social Process and Cultural Change. Natural History Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre 1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by Nice, Richard. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa 2008 El Guayabal: Life at a Late Preclassic Center in the El Paraíso Valley, Honduras. Unpublished Master's thesis, Archaeological Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
Canby, Joel S. 1951 Possible Chronological Implications of the Long Ceramic Sequence Recovered at Yarumela, Spanish Honduras. In The Civilizations of Ancient America: Selected Papers of the 29th International Congress of Americanists, Vol. 1, edited by Tax, Sol, pp. 7989. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A. 2002 A Tale of Two Communities: The Role of the Rural Community in the Socio-Political Integration of the Copan Drainage in the Late Preclassic and Classic Periods. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2003a Classic Maya Borders and Frontiers: Excavations at El Paraíso, Copan, Honduras, 2003 Season. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/02092/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2003b Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe preliminar, 2003. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2004a Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe preliminar, 2004. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2004b El Paraíso, Copán, Honduras: Identidad, afiliación e interacción interregional, antigua y moderna. Paper presented at the VIII Seminario de Antropología del Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2005 Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe preliminar, 2005. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2008 The Ties that Bind: Administrative Strategies in the El Paraíso Valley, Department of Copan, Honduras. Mexicon 30(1):1020.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., Bell, Ellen E., and Ramos, Jorge H. 2002 Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe preliminar, 2002. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., Charton, James P., and Bell, Ellen E. 2010 Let No Space Go to Waste: Comparing the Uses of Space between Two Late Classic Centers in the El Paraíso Valley, Copan, Honduras. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:3041.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1996 More than Kin and King: Centralized Political Organization Among the Late Classic Maya. Current Anthropology 37:803810.Google Scholar
Davis-Salazar, Karla L. 2003 Late Classic Maya Water Management and Community Organization at Copan, Honduras. Latin American Antiquity 14:275299.Google Scholar
de Montmollin, Olivier 1989 The Archaeology of Political Structure: Settlement Analysis in a Classic Maya Polity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
de Montmollin, Olivier 1995 Settlement and Politics in Three Classic Maya Polities. Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 1992 Ideology in Ancient Maya Cultural Evolution: The Dynamics of Galactic Polities. In Ideology and Pre-Columbian Civilizations, edited by Demarest, Arthur A. and Conrad, Geoffrey W., pp. 135158. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Díaz-Andreu, Margarita, Lucy, Sam, Babić, Staša, and Edwards, David N. 2005 The Archaeology of Identity: Approaches to Gender, Age, Ethnicity, Status and Religion. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Dixon, Boyd 1989 Estudio preliminar sobre el patrón de asentamiento del Valle de Comayagua: Corredor cultural prehistórico. Yaxkin 12(1):4075.Google Scholar
Donnan, Hastings, and Wilson, Thomas M. 1994 An Anthropology of Frontiers. In Border Approaches: Anthropological Perspectives on Frontiers, edited by Donnan, Hastings and Wilson, Thomas M., pp. 114. University Press of America, Lanham, MD.Google Scholar
Eidt, Robert C. 1984 Advances in Abandoned Settlement Analysis: Application to Prehistoric Anthrosols in Columbia, South America. Center for Latin America, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Entwistle, Jane A., and Abrahams, Peter W. 1997 Multi-Element Analysis of Soils and Sediments from Scottish Historical Sites. The Potential of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Site Investigation. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:407416.Google Scholar
Fash, Barbara W. 1992 Late Classic Architectural Sculpture Themes in Copan. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:89104.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 1983a Maya State Formation: A Case Study and Its Implications. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 1983b Reconocimiento y excavaciones en el valle. In Introducción a la arqueología de Copan, Honduras, Vol. I, edited by Baudez, Claude F., pp. 229469. Proyecto Arqueológico Copan, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Secretaría de Estado en el Despacho de Cultura y Turismo, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 1986 History and Characteristics of Settlement in the Copan Valley, and Some Comparisons with Quirigua. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Urban, Patricia A. and Schortman, Edward M., pp. 7293. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 1994 Changing Perspectives on Maya Civilization. Annual Review of Anthropology 23:181208.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 2005 Toward a Social History of the Copán Valley. In Copan: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by Andrews, E. Wyllys V and Fash, William L., pp. 73102. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., and Fash, Barbara W. 2000 Teotihuacan and the Maya: A Classic Heritage. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, David, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 433464. University Press of Colorado, Denver.Google Scholar
Folan, William J. 1992 Calakmul, Campeche: A Centralized Urban Administrative Center in the Northern Peten. World Archaeology 24:158168.Google Scholar
Fox, John W., and Cook, Garrett W. 1996 Constructing Maya Communities: Ethnography for Archaeology. Current Anthropology 37:493509.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 2000 Rethinking Ancient Maya Social Organization: Replacing “Lineage” with “House.” American Anthropologist 102:467484.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles, and Borgstede, Greg (editors) 2004 Continuities and Changes in Maya Archaeology: Perspectives at the Millennium. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles, Scherer, Andrew K., Muñoz, A. Rene, and Vásquez, Rosaura 2008 Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan: Divergent Political Trajectories in Adjacent Maya Polities. Latin American Antiquity 13:249274.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian, and Cannon, Aubrey 1983 Where the Garbage Goes: Refuse Disposal in the Maya Highlands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:117163.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 1989 Elite Household Organization at Copan, Honduras: Analysis of Activity Distribution in the Sepulturas Zone. In Household and Communities: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Chacmool Conference, edited by MacEachern, Scott, Archer, David J.W., and Garvin, Richard D., pp. 371380. Chacmool Archaeological Association, University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
Hostenske, Mary 2006 Getting to Know You: Examining Identity Affiliations at El Cafetal, NW Honduras. Undergraduate honors thesis, Department of Anthropology, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1993 Hieroglyphs and History at Dos Pilas: Dynastic Politics of the Classic Maya, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R., and Terry, Richard E. 2006 Recovering Social and Cultural Dynamics from Plaster Floors: Chemical Analyses at Ancient Chunchucmil, Yucatan, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:391404.Google Scholar
Iannone, Gyles, and Connell, Samuel V. (editors) 2002 Perspectives on Ancient Maya Rural Complexity. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2006 Plazas, Performers, and Spectators: Political Theatres of the Classic Maya. Current Anthropology 47:805842.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, and Aoyama, Kazuo 1996 Central-place Analysis in the La Entrada Region, Honduras: Implications of Understanding the Classic Maya Political and Economic Systems. Latin American Antiquity 7:291312.Google Scholar
Jones, Siân 1997 The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. Routledge, London and New York.Google Scholar
Linderholm, Johan, and Lundberg, Erik 1994 Chemical Characterization of Various Archaeological Soil Samples using Main and Trace Elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 21:303314.Google Scholar
Long, Kurt Z. 1979 El Paraíso, Copan: Arqueología. Unpublished manuscript on file, Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa and Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Lothrop, Samuel K. 1926 Stone Sculptures from the Finca Arevalo, Guatemala. Indian Notes 3(3):147171.Google Scholar
Lothrop, Samuel K. 1939 The Southeastern Frontier of the Maya. American Anthropologist 41:4254.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 1999 Classic Lowland Maya Political Organization. Journal of World Prehistory 13:211263.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McFarlane, William J. 2005 Power Strategies in a Changing World: Archaeological Investigations of Early Postclassic Remains at El Coyote, Santa Barbara, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Buffalo. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam 2004 The Way Things Fall Apart: Social Organization and the Classic Maya Collapse of Copan. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:107125.Google Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam, and Canuto, Marcello A. 2009 Bracketing the Copan Dynasty: Late Preclassic and Early Postclassic Settlements at Copan, Honduras. Latin American Antiquity 20:553580.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1976 Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1992 Dynamic Cycles of Mesoamerican States. National Geographic Research and Exploration 8:392411.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1993 Ancient Maya Political Organization. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century a.d., edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Henderson, John S., pp. 111184. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 2003 Recent Advances in Maya Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 11:71148.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2008 Chronicle of The Maya Kings and Queens, 2nd ed.Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Maudslay, Alfred P. 1889–1902 Biologia Centrali Americana: Archaeology, Vol. 1. R.H. Porter and Dulau, London.Google Scholar
Mehlich, Adolph 1978 New Extractant for Soil Test Evaluation of Phosphorous, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, Manganese and Zinc. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 9:477492.Google Scholar
Metz, Brent E., McNeil, Cameron L., and Hull, Kerry M. 2009 The Ch'orti' Maya Area: Past and Present. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Middleton, William D., and Price, T. Douglas 1996 Identification of Activity Areas by Multi-element Characterization of Sediments from Modern and Archaeological House Floors Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science 23:673687.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1917 Archaeology. Year Book 16:285289. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1920 The Inscriptions at Copan. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 219, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Murra, John V. 1980 The Economic Organization of the Inca State. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.Google Scholar
Nakamura, Seichii, Aoyama, Kazuo, and Uratsuji, Eiji (editors) 1991 Investigaciones arqueológicas en la región de La Entrada, primera fase. Servicio de Voluntarios Japoneses para la Cooperación con el Extranjero and Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, San Pedro Sula, Honduras.Google Scholar
Pahl, Gary W. 1977 The Inscriptions of Río Amarillo and Los Higos: Secondary Centers of the Southeastern Maya Frontier. Journal of Latin American Lore 3:133154.Google Scholar
Pahl, Gary W. 1987 The Periphery of the Southeastern Classic Maya Realm. UCLA Latin American Center Publications, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Parnell, J. Jacob, Terry, Richard E., and Golden, Charles 2001 Using In-Field Phosphate Testing to Rapidly Identify Middens at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Geoarchaeology 16:855873.Google Scholar
Rapoport, Amos 1969 House Form and Culture. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Google Scholar
Rapoport, Amos 1982 The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Rapoport, Amos 1990 Systems of Activities and Systems of Settings. In Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space, edited by Kent, Susan, pp. 920. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rapoport, Amos 1994 Spatial Organization and the Built Environment. In Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology, edited by Ingold, Tim, pp. 460502. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia, and Rothschild, Nan A. 2002 Archaeological Ethnographies: Social Dynamics of Outdoor Space. Journal of Social Archaeology 2:159172.Google Scholar
Robinson, Eugenia J. 1987 Interaction on the Southeast Mesoamerican Frontier. BAR International Series 327. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Sanchez, Carlene D. 2003 Topographies of Power: The Political Landscape of the Southeastern Maya Region. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1981 Classic Maya Settlement Patterns and Ethnographic Analogy. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Ashmore, Wendy A., pp. 351369. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1989 Household, Lineage, and the State in 8th-Century Copan. In House of the Bacabs, Copan, Honduras: A Study of the Iconography, Epigraphy, and Social Context of a Maya Elite Structure, edited by Webster, David L., pp. 89105. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Webster, David L. 1988 The Mesoamerican Urban Tradition. American Anthropologist 90:521546.Google Scholar
Sapper, Karl 1897 Northern Central America with a Trip to the Highland of Anahuac: Travels and Studies of the Years 1888–1895. Translated by Parker, Alberta M.. Friedrich Viewing and Son, Brunswick.Google Scholar
Sapper, Karl 1898 Die Ruinen von Mixco (Guatemala). Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie 11:16. Leiden.Google Scholar
Saturno, William A. 2000 In the Shadow of the Acropolis: Río Amarillo and Its Role in the Copan Polity. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M. 1986 Interaction between the Maya and the Non-Maya along the Late Classic Southeast Maya Periphery: The View from the Lower Motagua Valley, Guatemala. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Urban, Patricia A. and Schortman, Edward M., pp. 114137. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M. 1993 Archaeological Investigations in the Lower Motagua Valley, Izabal, Guatemala: A Study in Monumental Site Function and Interaction. Quirigua Reports, Vol. 3, University Museum Monograph No. 80. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., and Urban, Patricia A. 1994 Living on the Edge: Core Periphery Relations in Ancient Southeastern Mesoamerica. Current Anthropology 35:401430.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., and Urban, Patricia A. 2004 Marching Out of Step: Early Classic Copan and its Honduran Neighbors. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 319336. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., Urban, Patricia A., and Ausec, Marne T. 2001 Politics with Style: Identity Formation in Prehispanic Southeastern Mesoamerica. American Anthropologist 103:312330.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 1988 Quirigua as a Classic Maya Center. In The Southeast Classic Maya Zone, edited by Boone, Elizabeth H. and Willey, Gordon R., pp. 3165. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 1990 Quirigua: A Classic Maya Center and Its Sculptures. Carolina Academy Press, Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2011 Before the Classic in the Southeastern Area: Issues of Organizational and Ethnic Diversity in the Copan Region, Western Honduras. In The Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic: The Rise and Fall of an Early Mesoamerican Civilization, edited by Kaplan, Nathan and Love, Michael, pp. 317341. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Golden, Charles 2004 Kingship and Polity: Conceptualizing the Maya Body Politic. In Continuities and Changes in Maya Archaeology: Perspectives at the Millennium, edited by Golden, Charles and Borgstede, Greg, pp. 2350. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Sedat, David W., Traxler, Loa P., Miller, Julia C., and Bell, Ellen E. 2005 Early Classic Royal Power in Copan: The Origins and Development of the Acropolis (ca. a.d. 250–600). In Copan: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by Andrews, E. Wyllys V and Fash, William L., pp. 139200. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Traxler, Loa P. 2006 The Foundations of Ethnic Diversity in the Southeastern Maya Area. In Maya Ethnicity: The Construction of Ethnic Identity from Preclassic to Modern Times, edited by Sachse, Frauke, pp. 3143. Verlag Anton Sauerwein, Markt Schwaben.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Traxler, Loa P., Sedat, David W., Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Powell, Christopher 1999 Early Classic Architecture beneath the Copan Acropolis. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:323.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson D. 2000 The Southeast Frontiers of Mesoamerica. In The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. 2: Mesoamerica, Part 1, edited by Adams, Richard E.W. and Macleod, Murdo J., pp. 407448. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stockett, Miranda K. 2005 Practicing Identitites: Modeling Affiliation on Multiple Social Scales at Late Classic (AD 650–950) Las Canoas, Honduras, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Stone, Doris Z. 1957 The Archaeology of Central and Southern Honduras. Reprinted. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 49. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2000 “The Arrival of Strangers”: Teotihuacan and Tollan in Classic Maya History. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, David, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 465514. University Press of Colorado, Denver.Google Scholar
Stuart, David, and Stuart, George E. 2008 Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze, and Reimer, Paula J. 1993 Extended 14C Database and Revised CALIB Radiocarbon Calibration Program. Radiocarbon 35:215230.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze, Reimer, Paula J., Bard, E., Beck, J.W., Burr, G.S., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, F.G., van de Plicht, J., and Spurk, M. 1998 INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration 24,000–0 cal BP. Radiocarbon 40:10411083.Google Scholar
Terry, Richard E., Fernández, Fabian G., Parnell, J. Jacob, and Inomata, Takeshi 2004 The Story in the Floors: Chemical Signatures of Ancient and Modern Maya Activities at Aguateca, Guatemala. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:12371250.Google Scholar
Terry, Richard E., Hardin, Perry J., Houston, Stephen D., Nelson, Sheldon D., Jackson, Mark W., Carr, Jared, and Parnell, J. Jacob 2000 Quantitative Phosphorus Measurement: A Field Test Procedure for Archaeological Site Analysis at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Geoarchaeology 15:151166.Google Scholar
Urban, Patricia A. 1986 Precolumbian Settlement in the Naco Valley, Northwestern Honduras. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Urban, Patricia A. and Schortman, Edward M., pp. 275295. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Urban, Patricia A., and Schortman, Edward M. (editors) 1986 The Southeast Maya Periphery. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Vlcek, David T., and Fash, William L. 1986 Survey in the Outlying Areas of the Copan Region and the Copan-Quirigua “Connection.” In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Urban, Patricia A. and Schortman, Edward M., pp. 102113. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
von Schwerin, Jennifer 2010 The Problem of the “Copan Style” and Political Identity: The Architectural Sculpture of El Paraíso, Honduras, in a Regional Context. Mexicon 32(3):5666.Google Scholar
von Schwerin, Jennifer 2011 The Sacred Mountain in Social Context: Design, History and Symbolism of Temple 22 at Copan, Honduras. Ancient Mesoamerica 22:271300.Google Scholar
Weber, Charles C. 2008 An Investigation of Preclassic and Classic Period Occupation in the El Paraíso Valley Region, Honduras. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Webster, David (editor) 1989 House of the Bacabs, Copan, Honduras: A Study of the Iconography, Epigraphy, and Social Context of a Maya Elite Structure. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Wells, E. Christian 2004 Investigating Activity Patterns in Prehispanic Plazas: Weak Acid-Extraction ICP-AES Analysis of Anthrosols at Classic Period El Coyote, Northwestern Honduras. Archaeometry 46:6784.Google Scholar
Wells, E. Christian, Terry, Richard E., Parnell, J. Jacob, Hardin, Perry J., Jackson, Mark W., and Houston, Stephen D. 2000 Chemical Analysis of Ancient Anthrosols in Residential Areas at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Journal of Archaeological Science 27:449462.Google Scholar
Wingard, John D. 1996 Interaction between Demographic Processes and Soil Resources in the Copan Valley, Honduras. In The Managed Mosaic: Ancient Maya Agriculture and Resource Use, edited by Fedick, Scott L., pp. 207235. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Yde, Jens 1936 A Preliminary Report of the Tulane University-Danish National Museum Expedition to Central America 1935. Maya Research 3:2437.Google Scholar
Yde, Jens 1938 An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Northwestern Honduras. Middle American Research Institute, Publication No. 9. Tulane University, New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar