For some years the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara has intended, when circumstances permitted, to undertake excavations at a fortified site chosen from among the many situated within the region occupied by the kingdom of Urartu in the ninth, eighth and seventh centuries B.C. It was hoped that it would be possible to choose and to excavate an Urartian citadel in the area which may, in general terms, be described as the homeland of Urartu. Archaeological surveys had earlier been carried out in the districts near to and immediately bordering the shores of Lake Van. These were followed in 1964 by a survey of the region included within the Turkish administrative province (vilayet) of Muş. As a result of this survey, out of a total of some twenty-five sites of interest, one site was chosen as the most promising for excavations.

The excavations at Can Hasan were continued this year from 1st September to 6th October. Work, however, went on until October 16th on section drawing, photography, packing and storing. Further repairs were made to the fence enclosing the site and measures taken for the conservation of the site during the winter. Maintenance work was carried out on the dig house. As in the previous year, the excavation bekçi continues to live in the house during the winter months.

Those assisting in this year's excavations were Messrs. S. Payne and J. N. Postgate, field assistants and the Misses E. A. Dowman, A. C. Hird, S. M. Page and R. J. Worth, house assistants. Mr. Payne again had charge of the obsidian material; Miss Dowman was in charge of registration and conservation and Miss Worth of pottery. Bay Hayrettin Solmaz represented the Turkish Government. For most of the season we employed about eight men from the village.

Perhaps the best known of all the aristocratic Lycian families is that of the Licinnii of Oenoanda, whose ramifications are set out in their genealogy (IGR. III, 500). This document, perhaps the most complete of its kind, not only reveals the complicated nexus of relationships forming the structure of such a family, but also provides much incidental information which demonstrates how its various members became prominent.

It seems probable that the earliest members of the family to bear Roman nomina, Licinnius Musaeus and Marcius Thoas, obtained the franchise under Nero and Vespasian respectively. Licinnius Musaeus will have received citizenship from the governor C. Licinnius Mucianus (a fact borne out by the name of Musaeus' grandson Mucianus), Marcius Thoas from Sextus Marcius Priscus, legatus Augusti pro praetore of Lycia and Pamphylia under Vespasian.

The first few generations of the enfranchised family produced a number of high-ranking officials of the Lycian Koinon, but were not otherwise especially significant. In the early stages of its history there was a good deal of intermarriage among members of this family—the product, perhaps, of a combination of insularity and social exclusiveness. Such marriage partners as were not chosen from within the family itself came from the higher strata of Lycian society, from families which were socially acceptable to the Licinnii and locally distinguished. For the majority of the Licinnii this remained the pattern for so long as we have any knowledge of them.

The site of Aşıklı Hüyük lies in the vilayet of Niğde, ca. 25 km. south-east of Aksaray and ca. 1 km. south of Kızılkaya Köy, on the right bank of the Melendiz Çay. The existence of a mound here was first made known to the writer by Dr. Edmund Gordon who was examining the area for Hittite remains, and the site was visited by the writer several times during the summer and autumn of 1964 when the collection of obsidian implements discussed in this paper was made.

Set in the narrow but very fertile valley of the Melendiz Çay beside the river, there is an ample water supply, and the sides of the valley are suitable for the growing of crops. The mound has been considerably eroded by the river, and in places six metre high sections have been laid bare. This erosion of the site is mainly responsible for the very large quantities of obsidian implements and small finds that were found. Originally a very large hüyük, the site is still very considerable, and it is impossible to tell how much has been destroyed by erosion. The size of the mound is also difficult to judge because the ground slopes up gently from the site to the hills which form the edge of the valley, and only by excavation can the limits of the occupied area be established.

A fourth season of excavation at Çatal Hüyük took place between 18th July and 25th September 1965 under the auspices of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara with Professor O. R. Gurney as director administratively responsible to the Turkish Authorities. The excavation staff were Mr. and Mrs. James Mellaart, Miss Pamela Pratt and Miss Priscilla Berridge as conservators, Miss Raymonde Enderlé Ludovici (artist), Mr. and Mrs. N. Alcock (surveyor), Mr. Ian Todd, Mlle Anne Timonier and Mr. J. Jurriaanse as field assistants. Bayan Nemika Altan and Bay Mehmet Turgut, both from the Ankara Archaeological Museum, were our official Turkish Representatives.

The excavation was sponsored by the British Academy, the Universities of Edinburgh and London, The Royal Ontario Museum, Canada, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, the Bollingen Foundation, both in New York, the Australian Institute of Archaeology, the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara and the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin. BP Aegean Ltd. in Istanbul once again supported the expedition with survey equipment and transport.

The bronze belt handle shown in Plate LXIV was acquired by the British Museum in 1962 and illustrated by Dr. Barnett in BMQ XXVII, Pl. 31g. I am indebted to him for the photographs used here and for permission to study the piece and present this account of it. It belongs to a class of objects which has been discussed by the writer in Anatolia VI (1961) 179 ff. They are fibula-like attachments to metal belts of a distinctive type which was apparently invented in Phrygia, but copied in Ionia where examples dating from the early seventh century to the sixth are known from Chios, Samos, Smyrna and Ephesus. Unfortunately the Phrygian series is not as yet as well known as the Greek.