Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T08:02:29.099Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Settlement history and material culture in southwest Turkey: report on the 2008–2010 survey at Çaltılar Höyük (northern Lycia)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 September 2012

N. Momigliano ,
A. Greaves ,
T. Hodos ,
B. Aksoy ,
A. Brown ,
M. Kibaroğlu  and
T. Carter
N. Momigliano
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
A. Greaves
Affiliation:
University of Liverpool
T. Hodos
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
B. Aksoy
Affiliation:
Uludağ Universitesi
A. Brown
Affiliation:
Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service
M. Kibaroğlu
Affiliation:
Johann Wolfgang Goethe University
T. Carter
Affiliation:
McMaster University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This report presents the main results of research activities carried out at Çaltılar Höyük, northern Lycia, southwest Turkey, between 2008 and 2010. During this period, an international team undertook topographic, archaeological and geophysical surveys, together with artefact studies and analyses, aimed at determining the nature and extent of occupation at the site, and offering new data about the settlement history and material culture of this region in pre-Classical times. The results of this work suggest that the site was occupied from at least the fourth millennium (Late Chalcolithic) to the middle of the sixth century BC, a date that coincides with the Persian conquest of Lycia, with only scant evidence of use/occupation after this phase. In addition, the nature of our finds suggests that the site, despite its location in the summer pastures (yayla) and at a considerable altitude (1,250m), was well-connected to other Anatolian and Aegean regions, and probably served as more than just a minor seasonal agro-pastoral settlement, particularly during its Early Bronze Age and Late Iron Age periods of occupation. The evidence relevant to the second millennium BC is too limited at present to allow further interpretation about the nature of occupation at the site, but is significant per se, especially in view of the scanty archaeological remains of this period in the region, and despite the numerous references to the Lukka people and settlements available in documentary sources.

Özet

Bu rapor, güneybatı Türkiye'de, kuzey Likya'da bulunan Çaltılar Höyük'de 2008—2010 yılları arasında yapılan araştırma faaliyetlerinin ana sonuçlarını kapsamaktadır. Bu süre içinde, uluslararası bir ekip, yerleşimin niteliğini ve kapsamını belirlemek ve bu bölgenin Klasik dönem öncesindeki yerleşim tarihi ve maddi kültürü hakkında yeni bilgiler elde etmek amacıyla, buluntu çalışmaları ve analizler yanında, topografik, arkeolojik ve jeofizik araştırmalarda bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, yerleşim yeri, en azından dördüncü binden başlayarak (Geç Kalkolitik) M.Ö. 6. yy'ın ortalarına kadar (Pers işgaline rastlayan dönem) iskan edilmiştir, fakat bu dönemden sonrası kullanım veya iskan için yeterli kanıtlar mevcut değildir. Buna ek olarak, buluntuların niteliği bakımından; yazlık meralarda (yayla) kurulmuş ve önemli bir yüksekliğe sahip olan (1.250m) konumuna rağmen, yerleşim yerinin diğer Anadolu ve Ege bölgeleriyle bağlantılı olduğu ve özellikle Erken Tunç Çağı ve Geç Demir Çağlarında büyük ihtimalle, sadece küçük bir mevsimlik tarım alanı olmaktan daha fazlasını sunduğu söylenebilir. M.Ö. ikinci bine ait kanıtlar bu dönem için yerleşimin niteliği açısından daha fazla açıklama yapmamıza şu an imkan vermeyecek kadar sınırlıdır, fakat yazılı kaynaklarda Lukka halkına ve yerleşimine pek çok referans verildiği halde, özellikle de bölgede bu döneme ait arkeolojik kalıntıların yetersizliği göz önüne alındığında kendi başına önemlidir.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 61 , December 2011 , pp. 61 - 121
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aksoy, B., Köse, O. 2005: ‘A site in the Seki plateau (Lycia): Eceler Höyük’ Anatolia Antiqua/Eski Anadolu 13: 71–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, P.C. 2006: ‘Premiers tribulums, premières tractions animals au Proche-Orient vers 8000–7500 BP?’ in Petrequin, P., Arbogast, R.-M. (eds), De l'Araire au Chariot. Premières Tractions Animales en Europe Occidentale du Néolithique à l'Age du Bronze moyen (Monographies du CRA). Le Frasnois: 299–316Google Scholar
Anderson, P.C., Chabot, J., van Gijn, A. 2004: ‘The functional riddle of “glossy” Canaanean blades and the Near Eastern threshing sledge’ Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 17.1: 87–130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aslan, C.C. 2002: ‘Ilion before Alexander: Protogeometric, Geometric and Archaic pottery from D9’ Studia Troica 12: 81–130Google Scholar
Aytaçlar, N. 2004: ‘The Early Iron Age at Klazomenai’ in Moustaka, A., Skarlatidou, E., Tzannes, M.-C., Ersoy, Y. (eds), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdera, 20–21 October 2001. Thessaloniki: 17–41Google Scholar
Bachhuber, C. 2006: ‘Aegean interest on the Uluburun ship’ American Journal of Archaeology 110: 345–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, H.D., Collon, D., Hawkins, J.D., Pollard, T., Postgate, J.N., Symington, D., Thomas, D. 1995: ‘Kilise Tepe 1994’ Anatolian Studies 45: 139–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balkan-Atlı, N. 2005: ‘Yontmataş endüstrisi’ in Duru, R., Umurtak, G. (eds), Höyücek. Results of the Excavations 1989–1992. Ankara: 130–37Google Scholar
Bass, G.F., Throckmorton, P., du Plat Taylor, J., Hennessy, J.B., Shulman, A.R., Buchholz, H.-G. 1967: Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 57.8). PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Baykal-Seeher, A. 1994: ‘Silex und Obsidianindustrie’ in Duru, R. (ed.), Kuruçay Höyük I: Results of the Excavations 1978–1988. The Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic Periods. Ankara: 106–08Google Scholar
Bayne, N. 2000: The Grey Wares of Northwest Anatolia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age and their Relation to the Early Greek Settlements (Asia Minor Studien 37). BonnGoogle Scholar
Bean, G. 1978: Lycian Turkey. LondonGoogle Scholar
Bellot-Gurlet, L., Pelon, O., Séfériadès, M.L. 2008: ‘Détermination de provenance d'une sélection d'obsidiennes du palais minoen de Malia (Crète)’ Comptes Rendus Polevol 7: 419–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezić, A. 2007: ‘Distribution of flint in Turkey from 10,000 to 6,000 cal BC. Case study – Çatalhöyük’ in Delage, C. (ed.), Chert Availability and Prehistoric Exploitation in the Near East. Oxford: 68–86Google Scholar
Blackman, M.J. 1986: ‘The provenience of obsidian artifacts from Late Chalcolithic levels at Aphrodisias’ in Joukowsky, M. (ed.), Prehistoric Aphrodisias: An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies. Providence: 279–85Google Scholar
Boardman, J. 1999: The Greeks Overseas. LondonGoogle Scholar
Bossert, E.-M. 2000: Die Keramik phrygischer Zeit von Boğazköy. MainzGoogle Scholar
Bossert, E-M., Fischer, F. 1998: ‘Çalapverdi: Beobachtungen anlässlich eines Besuchs im Jahre 1960’ in Arsebük, G., Mellink, M.J., Schirmer, W. (eds), Light on Top of the Black Hill: Studies Presented to Halet Çambel/Karatepe'deki ışık: Halet Çambel'e sunulan yazılar. Istanbul: 177–88Google Scholar
Boulter, C., Luckner, K. 1984: Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum USA 20: Toledo, Toledo Museum of Art 2. MainzGoogle Scholar
Bryce, T.R. 1986: The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources. CopenhagenGoogle Scholar
Bryce, T.R. 2005: The Kingdom of the Hittites. OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryce, T.R. 2006: The Trojans and their Neighbours. London, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, T. 2009: ‘L'obsidienne égéenne: caractérisation, utilisation et culture’ in Moncel, M.-H., Fröhlich, F. (eds), L'Homme et le Precieux. Matières Minérales Précieuses de la Préhistoire à Aujourd'hui. Oxford: 199–212Google Scholar
Carter, T., Conolly, J., Spasojević, A. 2005: ‘The chipped stone’ in Hodder, I. (ed.), Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995–1999 Seasons. Cambridge: 221–83, 467–533Google Scholar
Carter, T., Le Bourdonnec, F.-X., Kartal, M., Poupeau, G., Moretto, P. in prep.: ‘Marginal perspectives: sourcing obsidian from the Öküzini Cave (SW Turkey)’ Paléorient July 2012Google Scholar
Catling, R. 1998: ‘The typology of the protogeometric and subprotogeometric pottery from Troia and its Aegean context’ Studia Troica 8: 151–87Google Scholar
Catling, R., Lemos, I. 1990: Lefkandi II. The Protogeometric Building at Toumba. i. The Pottery. LondonGoogle Scholar
Chataigner, C. 1998: ‘Sources des artefacts néolithiques’ in Cauvin, M.-C., Gourgaud, A., Gratauze, B., Arnaud, N., Poupeau, G., Poidevin, J.L., Chataigner, C. (eds), L'Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: Du Volcan à l'Outil. Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 738). Oxford: 273–324Google Scholar
Coldstream, J.N., Catling, H.W. (eds) 1996: Knossos North Cemetery: Early Greek Tombs. LondonGoogle Scholar
Coldstream, J.N., Eiring, L.J., Forster, G. 2001: Knossos Pottery Handbook: Greek and Roman. AthensGoogle Scholar
Collins, B.J. 2007: The Hittites and their World (Archaeology and Biblical Studies 7). AtlantaGoogle Scholar
Collins, A.S., Robertson, A.H.F. 1997: ‘Lycian melange, southwestern Turkey: an emplaced Late Cretaceous accretionary complex’ Geology 25: 255–582.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, A.S., Robertson, A.H.F. 1998: ‘Processes of Late Cretaceous to Late Miocene episodic thrust-sheet translation in the Lycian Taurides, southwest Turkey’ Journal of the Geological Society, London 155: 759–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, R.M., Dupont, P. 1998: East Greek Pottery. LondonGoogle Scholar
Coulton, J.J. 1982: ‘The Termessians at Oinoanda’ Anatolian Studies 32: 115–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulton, J.J. 1989: ‘Balboura Survey’ Anatolian Studies 39: 12–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulton, J.J. 1992: ‘Balboura Survey 1988, 1990’ Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 9: 47–57Google Scholar
Coulton, J.J. 1993: ‘North Lycia before the Romans’ in Borchhardt, J., Dobeisch, G. (eds), Akten des II. Internationals Lykien-Symposions, Wien, 6.–12. Mai 1990 Vienna: 79–85Google Scholar
Coulton, J.J. 1998: ‘Highland cities in south-west Turkey: the Oinoanda and Balboura Surveys’ in Matthews, R. (ed.), Ancient Anatolia. Fifty Years' Work by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. London: 225–36Google Scholar
Coulton, J.J. forthcoming a: ‘Introduction’ in Coulton, J.J., Armstrong, P., Erdentuğ, A., French, D.H., Kiel, M., Milner, N.P., Sekunda, N., Wagstaff, J.M., The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Highland Southwest Anatolia, from the Prehistoric Period to the Turkish Republic. LondonGoogle Scholar
Coulton, J.J. forthcoming b: ‘The Kabalian highlands before Balboura: settlement and connections’ in Coulton, J.J., Armstrong, P., Erdentuğ, A., French, D.H., Kiel, M., Milner, N.P., Sekunda, N., Wagstaff, J.M., The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Highland Southwest Anatolia, from the Prehistoric Period to the Turkish Republic. London: sections d—eGoogle Scholar
Coulton, J.J., Armstrong, P., Erdentuğ, A., French, D.H., Kiel, M., Milner, N.P., Sekunda, N. and Wagstaff, J.M. forthcoming: The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Highland Southwest Anatolia, from the Prehistoric Period to the Turkish Republic. LondonGoogle Scholar
Creekmore, A. 2010: ‘The structure of Upper Mesopotamian cities: insight from fluxgate gradiometer survey at Kazane Höyük, southeastern Turkey’ Archaeological Prospection 17: 73–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummer, W. 1976: ‘Iron Age pottery from Akalan’ Istanbuler Mitteilungen 26: 31–39Google Scholar
Danelian, T., Robertson, A.H.F., Collins, A., Poisson, A. 2006: ‘Biochronology of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous radiolarites from the Lycian Mélange (SW Turkey) and implications for the evolution of the northern Neotethyan ocean’ in Robertson, A.H.F., Mountrakis, D. (eds), Tectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. London: 229–36Google Scholar
Descoeudres, J-P. 1981: Vasorum Antiquorum Switzerland 1: Basel, Antikenmuseum I. BernGoogle Scholar
DeVries, K. 2003: ‘Eighth-century Corinthian pottery: evidence for the dates of Greek settlements’ in Williams, C.K. II, Bookidis, N. (eds), Corinth: The Centenary: 1896–1996. Athens: 141–56Google Scholar
DeVries, K. 2005: ‘Greek pottery and Gordion chronology’ in Kealhofer, L. (ed.), The Archaeology of Midas and the Phrygians. Recent Work at Gordion. Philadelphia: 36–55Google Scholar
Durnford, S.P.B. 2008: ‘Is Sarpedon a Bronze Age Anatolian personal name or a job description?’ Anatolian Studies 58: 103–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duru, R. 1994: Kuruçay Höyük I. 1978–1988 Kazlarının Sonuçlaı Geç Kalkolitik ve Ilk Tunç Çağı Yerleşmeleri/The Results of the Excavations 1978–1988. The Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic Periods. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Duru, R. 1996: Kuruçay Höyük II. 1978–1988 Kazlarının Sonuçlaı Geç Kalkolitik ve Ilk Tunç Çağı Yerleşmeleri/The Results of the Excavations 1978–1988. The Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlements. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Duru, R. 2008: From 8000 to 2000 BC Six Thousand Years of the Burdur-Antalya Region. AntalyaGoogle Scholar
Efe, T. 2007: ‘The theories of the “Great Caravan Route” between Cilicia and Troy: the Early Bronze Age III period in inland western Anatolia’ in Fletcher, A., Greaves, A.M. (eds), Transanatolia. Proceedings of the Conference Held at The British Museum, 31 March to 1 April 2006 (Anatolian Studies 57): 47–64Google Scholar
Ersoy, Y. 2004: ‘Klazomenai 900–500 BC. History and settlement evidence’ in Moustaka, A., Skarlatidou, E., Tzannes, M.-C., Ersoy, Y. (eds), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdera, 20–21 October 2001. Thessaloniki: 43–76Google Scholar
Eslick, C. 1992: Elmalı-Karataş I. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods: Bağbaşı and Other Sites. Bryn MawrGoogle Scholar
Eslick, C. 2009: Elmalı-Karataş V. The Early Bronze Age Pottery of Karataş Habitation Deposits. Bryn Mawr, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Foss, P.W. 2006. ‘The Hacımusalar Project Regional Survey: landscape and settlement investigations in the Elmalı basin (Paper written to accompany a poster presented at the Third International Symposium on Lycia in Antalya, 7–10 November 2005)’. http://homepage.mac.com/pfoss/HS/Lykia/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
French, D. 2008: ‘Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age pottery of southwest Anatolia’ in Erkanal, H., Hauptmann, H., Şahoğlu, V., Tuncel, R. (eds), The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Proceedings of the International Symposium, October 13th–19th, Urla, Izmir (Turkey). Ankara: 197–202Google Scholar
French, D. forthcoming: ‘Pre-Hellenistic pottery of the Çaltılar-Seki area’ in Coulton, J.J., Armstrong, P., Erdentuğ, A., French, D.H., Kiel, M., Milner, N.P., Sekunda, N., Wagstaff, J.M., The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Highland Southwest Anatolia, from the Prehistoric Period to the Turkish Republic. LondonGoogle Scholar
Gallant, T.W. 1986: ‘“Background noise” and site definition: a contribution to survey methodology’ Journal of Field Archaeology 13.4: 403–18Google Scholar
Genz, H. 2004: Büyükkaya I: Die Keramik der Eisenzeit. MainzGoogle Scholar
Görkay, K. 1999: Corinthian and Attic Black-Figure Pottery Imported into Western Anatolia in the 7th–5th Centuries BC: Distribution and Evaluation. PhD thesis, Ankara UniversityGoogle Scholar
Greenewalt, C.H. Jr 1973: ‘Ephesian Ware’ California Studies in Classical Antiquity 6: 91–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenewalt, C.H. Jr 1978: ‘Lydian elements in the material culture of Sardis’ in Akurgal, E. (ed.), Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Ankara-Izmir, 23–30/IX/1973. Ankara: 37–45Google Scholar
Hansen, C.K., Postgate, J.N. 1999: ‘The Bronze to Iron Age transition at Kilise Tepe’ Anatolian Studies 49: 111–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, M. 2001: Mountain and Plain: from the Lycian Coast to the Phrygian Plateau in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Period. Ann ArborCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, J.D. 1998: ‘Tarkasnawa king of Mira: “Tarkondimos”, Boğazköy sealings and Karabel’ Anatolian Studies 48: 1–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrickson, R.C. 2005: ‘The local potter's craft at Phrygian Gordion’ in Kealhofer, L. (ed.), The Archaeology of Midas and the Phrygians: Recent Work at Gordion. Philadelphia: 124–36Google Scholar
Işık, F. 2000: Patara. AntalyaGoogle Scholar
Joukowsky, M.S. 1986: Prehistoric Aphodisias. Providence, LouvainGoogle Scholar
Kardulias, N.P., Yerkes, R. 1996: ‘Microwear and metric analysis of threshing sledge flints from Greece and Cyprus’ Journal of Archaeological Science 23: 657–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahya, T. 2002: ‘Patara dark age pottery’ Adalya 5: 35–52Google Scholar
Kealhofer, L., Grave, P., Genz, H., Marsh, B. 2009: ‘Post-collapse: the re-emergence of polity in Iron Age Boğazköy, central Anatolia’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28.3: 275–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerschner, M. 2005: ‘Die Ionier und ihr Verhältnis zu den Phrygern und Lydern: Beobachtungen zur archäologischen Evidenz’ in Schwertheim, E., Winter, E. (eds), Neue Forschungen zu Ionien (Asia Minor Studien 54). Bonn: 113–46Google Scholar
Kerschner, M., Mommsen, H., Beier, T., Heimermann, D., Hein, A. 1993: ‘Neutron Activation Analysis of bird bowls and related Archaic ceramics from Miletus’ Archaeometry 35.2: 197–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerschner, M., Schlotzhauer, U. 2005: ‘A new classification system for East Greek pottery’ Ancient West and East 4.1: 1–56Google Scholar
Kerschner, M., Schlotzhauer, U. 2007: ‘Ein neues Klassifikationssystem der Ostgriechischen Keramik’ in Cobet, J., von Graeve, V., Niemeier, W.-D., Zimmermann, K. (eds), Frühes Ionien. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Mainz: 297–317Google Scholar
Köktürk, H. 2000: ‘New lights on prehistoric Lycia’ Lykia: Anadolu–Akdeniz arkeolojisi 3: 39–45Google Scholar
Kolankaya-Bostancı, N. 2006: ‘Bakla Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı I dönemi obsidyen atölyesi’ Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 23.2: 221–32Google Scholar
Kolankaya-Bostancı, N. 2007: ‘Specialization and organisation in obsidian tool production in Early Bronze Age II, Liman Tepe’ Journal of Faculty of Letters 24.2: 139–53 (in Turkish)Google Scholar
Kolb, F. 2008. Burg-Polis-Bischofssitz. Geschichte der Siedlungskammer von Kyaneai in der Südwesttürkei. MainzGoogle Scholar
Kunisch, N. 1971: Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Germany 33: Berlin, Antiquarium 4. MunichGoogle Scholar
Lambrino, S. 1928: Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum France 7: Paris-Bibliothèque National 1. ParisGoogle Scholar
Langdon, S. 1995: ‘The pottery of the Early Iron Age and Geometric periods’ in Runnels, C., Pullen, D., Langdon, S. (eds), Artifact and Assemblage: The Finds from a Regional Survey of the Southern Argolid, Greece. I The Prehistoric and Early Iron Pottery and the Lithic Artifacts. Stanford: 57–73Google Scholar
Lemos, A.A. 1991: Archaic Pottery of Chios: The Decorated Styles. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Lemos, I. 2002: The Protogeometric Aegean: The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, S., Mellaart, J. 1962: Beycesultan I: The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Levels. LondonGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, S., Mellaart, J. 1965: Beycesultan II. Middle Bronze Age Architecture and Pottery. LondonGoogle Scholar
Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü 2002: Jeoloji Etütleri Daire. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Matney, T., Bauer, A. 2000: ‘The third season of archaeological survey at Ziyaret Tepe, Diyarbakır province, Turkey, 1999’ Anatolica 26: 119–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mee, C. 1978: ‘Aegean trade and settlement in Anatolia in the second millennium BC’ Anatolian Studies 28: 121–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mee, C. 1998: ‘Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age’ in Cline, E.H., Harris-Cline, D. (eds), The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, Cincinnati, 18–20 April 1997 (Aegaeum 18). Liège: 137–48Google Scholar
Mellink, M.J. 1966: ‘Excavations at Karataş-Semayük, 1965’ American Journal of Archaeology 70: 245–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellink, M.J. 1969: ‘Excavations at Karataş-Semayük in Lycia, 1968’ American Journal of Archaeology 73: 319–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellink, M.J. 1970: ‘Excavations at Karataş-Semayük and Elmali, Lycia, 1969’ American Journal of Archaeology 74: 245–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellink, M.J. 1972: ‘Excavations at Karataş-Semayük and Elmalı, Lycia, 1971’ American Journal of Archaeology 76: 257–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellink, M.J. 1976: ‘Local, Phrygian and Greek traits in northern Lycia’ Revue Archéologique 1: 21–34Google Scholar
Mellink, M.J. 1984: ‘The prehistoric sequence of Karataş-Semayük’ Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 6: 103–06Google Scholar
Mellink, M.J. 1985: ‘The remains of second millennium BC habitation at Karataş-Semayük’ Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 7: 287–91Google Scholar
Mellink, M.J. 1995: ‘Homer, Lycia, and Lukka’ in Carter, J.B., Morris, S.P. (eds), The Ages of Homer. A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule. Austin: 33–42Google Scholar
Mellink, M.J. 1998: Kızıbel: An Archaic Painted Tomb Chamber in Northern Lycia. PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Metzger, H. 1972: Fouilles de Xanthos 4: Les céramiques archaïques et classiques de l'acropole Lycienne. ParisGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, N., Aksoy, B. forthcoming: ‘Lycia before the Lycians: the elusive second millennium BCE in southwest Turkey and the Çaltılar Survey Project’ Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the International Symposium, 18–20 March 2011, IstanbulGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, N., Greaves, A., Hodos, T. 2008: ‘Çaltılar survey project 2008’ Anatolian Archaeology 14: 28–29Google Scholar
Momigliano, N., Greaves, A., Hodos, T. 2009: ‘Çaltılar Survey Project 2009’ Anatolian Archaeology 15: 26–28Google Scholar
Momigliano, N., Greaves, A., Hodos, T., Aksoy, B. 2010a: ‘Çaltılar Survey Project 2008’ Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 27.2: 48–56Google Scholar
Momigliano, N., Greaves, A., Hodos, T., Aksoy, B. 2010b: ‘Report on the Çaltılar Survey Project 2008–2009’ ANMED (Anadolou Akdenizi Arkeoloji Haberleri/News of Archaeology from Anatolia's Mediterranean Areas) 8: 119–23Google Scholar
Momigliano, N., Greaves, A., Hodos, T., Aksoy, B. 2010: ‘Çaltılar Survey Project 2010’ Anatolian Archaeology 16: 24–26Google Scholar
Momigliano, N., Greaves, A., Hodos, T., Aksoy, B. 2011: ‘Çaltılar Survey Project 2010/Çaltılar Yuzey Araştirma’ ANMED (Anadolou Akdenizi Arkeoloji Haberleri/News of Archaeology from Anatolia's Mediterranean Areas) 9: 159–63Google Scholar
Moorey, P.R.S., Schweizer, F. 1974: ‘Copper and copper alloys in ancient Turkey: some new analyses’ Archaeometry 10: 112–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niemeier, W.-D. 1999: ‘Mycenaeans and Hittites in war in western Asia Minor’ in Laffineur, R. (ed.), POLEMOS: Le contexte guerrier en Égée á l'âge du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre égéenne internationale Université de Liège, 14–17 avril 1998 (Aegaeum 19). Liège: 141–55Google Scholar
Newhard, J.M.L., Levine, N., Rutherford, A. 2008: ‘Least-cost path analysis and interregional interaction in the Goksü river valley, Turkey’ Anatolian Studies 58: 87–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okay, A.I. 1989: ‘Geology of the Menderes Massif and the Lycian Nappes south of Denizli, western Taurides’ Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration (Turkey) 109: 37–51Google Scholar
Özgünel, Ç. 2003: ‘Geometrische Keramik von Alt-Smyrna aus der Akurgal-Grabung’ in Rückert, B., Kolb, F. (eds), Probleme der Keramikchronologie des südlichen und westlichen Kleinasiens in geometrischer und archaischer Zeit. Internationales Kolloquium, Tübingen 24.3–26.3.1998. Bonn: 69–90Google Scholar
Özgünel, Ç. 2006: Karia Geometrik Seramiği. IstanbulGoogle Scholar
Pawlikowski, M. 2002: ‘Determination of sources of raw materials: results of a field survey in the Burhan river valley (region of Antalya, Turkey)’ in Yalçinkaya, I., Otte, M., Kozlowski, J., Bar-Yosef, O. (eds), La Grotte d'Öküzini: Evolution du Paleolithique Final du Sud-Ouest de l'Anatolie. Liège: 275–76Google Scholar
Peña, J.T. 2007: Roman Pottery in the Archaeological Record. CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poidevin, J.-L. 1998: ‘Les gisements d'obsidienne de Turquie et de Transcaucasie: géologie, géochimie et chronométrie’ in Cauvin, M.-C., Gourgaud, A., Gratuze, B., Arnaud, N., Poupeau, G., Poidevin, J.-L., Chataigner, C. (eds), L'Obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient: Du Volcan à l'Outil. Oxford: 105–203Google Scholar
Postgate, J.N. 2007: ‘Chapter 11. Level IV: the Middle Bronze Age’ in Postgate, J.N., Thomas, D. (eds), Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994–98: From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia. Cambridge103–09Google Scholar
Postgate, J.N., Thomas, D. 2007: Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994–98: From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Pottier, E. 1922: Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum France 1: Musée du Louvre 1. ParisGoogle Scholar
Pottier, E. 1933: Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum France 12: Musée du Louvre 8. ParisGoogle Scholar
Poupeau, G., Le Bourdonnec, F.-X., Carter, T., Delerue, S., Shackley, M.S., Barrat, J.A., Dubernet, S., Moretto, P., Calligaro, T., Milić, M., Kobayashi, K. 2010: ‘The use of SEM-EDS, PIXE and EDXRF for obsidian provenance studies in the Near East: a case study from Neolithic Çatalhöyük (central Anatolia)’ Journal of Archaeological Science 37.11:2705–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pulak, C. 1998: ‘The Uluburun shipwreck: an overview’ International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 27.3: 188–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raimond, E. 2004: ‘La problématique lukkienne’ in Alparslan, M., Doğan-Alparslan, M. (eds), Colloquium Anatolicum 3: 93–146Google Scholar
Reedy, C.L. 2008: Thin-Section Petrography of Stone and Ceramic Materials. LondonGoogle Scholar
Rice, P. 1987: Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. ChicagoGoogle Scholar
Riederer, J. 2004: ‘Thin section microscopy applied to the study of archaeological ceramics’ Hyperfine Interactions 154: 143–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, A.H.F. 1998: ‘Mesozoic-Tertiary tectonic evolution of the easternmost Mediterranean area: integration of marine and land evidence’ in Robertson, A.H.F., Emeis, K.-C., Richter, C. (eds), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 160: 723–82Google Scholar
Robertson, A.H.F. 2000: ‘Mesozoic-Tertiary tectonic-sedimentary evolution of a south Tethyan oceanic basin and its margins in southern Turkey’ in Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., Piper, J.D.A. (eds), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. London: 97–138Google Scholar
Rosen, A.M. 1986: Cities of Clay. The Geoarchaeology of Tells. ChicagoGoogle Scholar
Sams, G.K. 1994: Gordion IV: The Early Phrygian Pottery. PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Schaus, G. 1992: ‘Imported west Anatolian pottery at Gordion’ Anatolian Studies 42: 151–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmandt-Besserat, D. 1992: Before Writing I: From Counting to Cuneiform. AustinGoogle Scholar
Schoop, U.D. 2005: Das Anatolische Chalkolitikum. RemshaldenGoogle Scholar
Singer, I. 1983: ‘Western Anatolia in the thirteenth century BC according to the Hittite sources’ Anatolian Studies 33: 205–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, D.C., 2007: ‘The surface collection’ in Postgate, J.N., Thomas, D.C. (eds), Excavations at Kilise Tepe 1994–98: From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia. Cambridge: 45–62Google Scholar
Tunçdilek, N. 1974: ‘Types of rural settlement and their characteristics’ in Benedict, P., Tümertekin, E., Mansur, F. (eds), Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives. Leiden: 48–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Umurtak, G. 2003: ‘A study of a group of pottery finds from the MBA deposits at Bademağacı Höyük’ Anatolia Antiqua 9: 53–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Utili, F. 1999: Die archaische Necropole von Assos (Asia Minor Studien 31). BonnGoogle Scholar
Waldbaum, J.C. 1994: ‘Early Greek contacts with the southern Levant ca. 1000–600 BC: the eastern perspective’ Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 293: 53–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter-Karydi, E. 1968: Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Deutschland 28: München, Museum Antiker Kleinkunst 6. MunichGoogle Scholar
Walter-Karydi, E. 1973: Samos VI.1: Samische Gefässe des 6 Jahrhunderts v.Chr.: Landschaftsstile Ostgriechischer Gefässe. BonnGoogle Scholar
Warner, J.L. 1994: Elmalı-Karataş: The Early Bronze Age Village of Karataş. Bryn MawrGoogle Scholar
Whitelaw, T. 1991: ‘Investigations at Kephala and Paoura’ in Cherry, J.F., Davis, J.L., Mantzourani, E. (eds), Landscape Archaeology as Long-Term History: Northern Keos in the Cycladic Islands from Earliest Settlement until Modern Times. Los Angeles: 199–216Google Scholar
Whitelaw, T. 2007: ‘The objectives and methods of the 1987 surface survey at Dhaskalio, Keros’ in Renfrew, C., Doumas, C., Marangou, L., Gavalas, G. (eds), Keros, Dhaskalio Kavos: The Investigations of 1987–1988. Cambridge: 37–76Google Scholar
Yakar, J. 2000: Ethnoarchaeology of Anatolia: Rural Socio-Economy in the Bronze and Iron Ages. JerusalemGoogle Scholar
Yener-Marksteiner, B. 2007: ‘Fundkeramik aus Sondage West 3 an der Ringmauer im Westbereich von Xanthos’ in Lemaître, S. (ed.), Céramiques Antiques en Lycie (VIIe S.a.C. – VIIe S.p.C). Bordeaux: 77–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, R.S. 1957: ‘Gordion 1956: preliminary report’ American Journal of Archaeology 61: 319–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, R.S. 1981: Three Great Early Tumuli. PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar