Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T00:02:37.895Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Oxford University/British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Survey of Medieval Castles of Anatolia (1993): Yılanlı Kalesi: Preliminary Report and New Perspectives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

Hugh Barnes  and
Mark Whittow
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

1993 was the second season of the five-year survey which it is planned will record five castles from the area of the Büyük and Küçük Menderes in western Turkey. Work at the site of Yılanlı kalesi was carried out between 20th March and 28th April. The team members were Dr. Mark Whittow (Director), Hugh Barnes (Surveyor), Katrina Batchelor, Kevin Chesters, Michael Harrington and Penelope Tunbridge. We are extremely grateful to the Department of Antiquities for granting us a permit to carry out this survey, to the Director and staff of the museum at Ödemiş. for their friendly help and encouragement, and to our Department representative, Ahmet Bayram Üner from the Türk İslam Eserleri Müzesi in Bursa, whose contribution to the success of this project can hardly be overestimated. Our warmest thanks too to the muhtar and villagers of Yılanlı köyü, above all to Nihat and Güller Girgin and family, for whose generosity and kindness we are extremely indebted.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 44 , December 1994 , pp. 187 - 206
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Whittow, M., “Social and political structures in the Maeander region of western Asia Minor on the eve of the Turkish invasion”, Unpublished D. Phil, thesis (Oxford 1987) 90–3—aGoogle Scholar substantially revised version is currently being prepared for publication by Oxford University Press as an Oxford Monograph; The Travels of Ibn Battuta, AD 1325–1354 (tr.) Gibb, H. A. R. (Hakluyt Society, London 1958–1971) II: 439–40Google Scholar.

2 Foss, C., “Explorations in Mount Tmolos”, California Studies in Classical Antiquity, 11 (1978) 45–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar; this is an extremely important paper on many aspects of the history of the Boz dağ.

3 Belke, K., Mersich, N., Phrygien und Pisidien (Tabula Imperii Byzantini 7, Vienna 1990) 213–14Google Scholar.

4 Whittow, op. cit. (n. 1), 234–42, and fig. 3.

5 See Whittow, M., The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025 (London, 1995), chaps. 5,7Google Scholar.

6 Zepos, J., Zepos, J., Jus graecoromanorum (Athens 1931), I. 282Google Scholar; Oikonomides, N., “The Donations of castles in the Last Quarter of the 11th Century”, in Polychronion. Festschrift Franz Dölger zum 75. Geburtstag (Heidelberg 1966) 413–17Google Scholar; Trojanos, S., “Kastroktisia, Einige Bemerkungen über die finanziellen Grundlagen des Festbaues im byzantinischen Reich”, Byzantina, 1 (1969) 41–57Google Scholar.

7 Whittow, op, cit. (n. 1) 290–495.

8 Foss, C., Winfield, D., Byzantine Fortifications: An Introduction (Pretoria 1986) 131–3Google Scholar.

9 Müller-Wiener, W., “Die Stadtbefestigungen von İzmir, Sığacık und Çandarlı”, IstMitt 12 (1962) 63–4Google Scholar; Foss, Winfield, Byzantine Fortifications, 142–5Google Scholar.

10 Foss, C., “The Defenses of Asia Minor against the Turks”, Greek Orthodox Theological Review, 27 (1982) 145–201Google Scholar.

11 Glykatzi-Ahrweiler, H., “Les forteresses construites en Asie Mineure face à l'invasion Seldjoucide”, Akten des XI. Internationalen Byzantinisten Kongresses (Munich 1960) 184Google Scholar; see also Tsougarakis, D., Byzantine Crete from the 5th Century to Venetian Conquest (Athens 1988) 182–4Google Scholar, who shows that 1088–9 is to be preferred to Ahrweiler's suggestion of 1093–4.

12 Foss, C., “Late Byzantine Fortifications in Lydia”, Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, 28 (1979) 297–320Google Scholar.

13 Pachymeres, George, Chronikon VI. 20Google Scholar (ed. Failler, A., Relations historiques, CFHB 24, Paris 1984, II, 593–4Google Scholar).

14 Belke, Mersich, Phrygien und Pisidien, 382Google Scholar; Choniates, Niketas, Historia, ed. van Dieten, J. L. (CFHB 11, Berlin 1975) 177Google Scholar; Magdalino, P., The empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180 (Cambridge 1993) 96Google Scholar.

15 Tornikes, George, “Oratio ad Isaacium Angelum imperatorem”, in Fontes rerum byzantinarum (ed.) Regel, V. E., Novosadskij, N. I. (repr. Leipzig 1982) 261Google Scholar; Belke, Mersich, Phrygien und Pisidien, 222Google Scholar.

16 Choniates, Niketas, Historia, (ed.) van Dieten, , 150Google Scholar; for the interpretation of “ασυνοίκιστοί” see Lefort, J., “En Macédoine orientale au xe siècle; habitat rural, communes et domaines”, in Occident et Orient au xe siècle (Publications de l'université de Dijon 57, Paris 1979) 256Google Scholar.

17 Magoulias, H. J., O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs (Detroit 1984) ix–xivGoogle Scholar.

18 Barnes, H., Whittow, M., “The Oxford University/British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Survey of Medieval Castles of Anatolia (1992). Mastaura kaiesi: A Preliminary Report”, AnatSt 43 (1993) 118–35Google Scholar.

19 Ibid., 120–2.

20 Ibid., 125–6; Foss, “Late Byzantine Fortifications in Lydia”, 301, 303–6, 317–19; Müller-Wiener, W., “Mittelalterliche Befestigungen im südlichen Jonien”, IstMitt 11 (1961) 5–122Google Scholar.

21 Barnes, Whittow, “Mastaura”, 126–8Google Scholar.

22 E, g., in the eighteenth century the now bare slopes of the Kocadin dağ (Byzantine Mount Galesion), south of İzmir, were covered by pine forest: Chandler, R., Travels in Asia Minor (London 1775) 112–3Google Scholar; Philippson, A., “Die Vegetation des westlichen Kleinasien”, Petermanns geographische Mitteilungen 65 (1919) 168–73Google Scholar.

23 Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem, ed. Berry, V. G. (New York 1948) 110Google Scholar; Ramsay, W. M., Historical Geography of Asia Minor (Royal Geographic Society Supplementary papers 4, London 1890) 114Google Scholar.

24 Foss, , “Late Byzantine Fortifications in Lydia”, 312–16Google Scholar.

25 See Whittow, M., “Rural fortifications in Western Europe and Byzantium, 10th–12th century”, in Bosporus—Court, City and Country in Byzantium, ed. Efthymiades, S., Rapp, C., Tsougarakis, D. (Amsterdam 1995)Google Scholar.

26 Durand, R., Les campagnes portugaises entre Douro et Tage aux xiie et xiiie siècles (Paris 1982)Google Scholar; Kaplan, M., Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du vie au xie siècle (Paris 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27 Bazzana, A., Cressier, P., Guichard, P., Les châteaux ruraux d'al-Andalus (Publications de la Casa de Velázquez, série archéologie 11, Madrid 1988) 107–23Google Scholar.

28 Ibid., 157–258.

29 Ibid., 167, 257.

30 Ibid., 157–8.

3l Ibid., 77–103.

32 See Burns, R. I., Diplomatarium of the Crusader Kingdom of Valencia I: Introduction (Princeton, NJ 1985) 15–25, 48–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 Kaplan, , Les hommes et la terre à Byzance, 205–16Google Scholar.

34 Actes de l'Iviron, ed. Lefort, J. et al. , (Archives de l'Athos 14, 16, 18 Paris 1985–1994) IGoogle Scholar; 160–3; II; 102–4; Βυζαντίνα έγγραϕα τῆς μονῆς Πάτμου, I, ed. Branouse, E. (Athens 1980) 255Google Scholar; II, ed. M. Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou (Athens 1980) 176–7; Miklosich, F., Müller, J., Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi sacra et profana (Vienna 1860–1890) 4: 35, 223Google Scholar; Wilson, N., Darrouzès, J., “Restes du cartulaire de Hiéra-Xérochoraphion”, Revue des études byzantines 26 (1968) 15CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

35 Miklosich, Müller, Acta et diplomata graeca, 4: 19Google Scholar.

36 Βυζαντίνα έγγραϕα τῆς μονῆς Πάτμου II: 53, 58–9Google Scholar.

37 Kaplan, , Les hommes et la terre à Byzance, 399–407Google Scholar.

38 Actes de l'Iviron II: 35, 38, 170, 198, 201–2Google Scholar: Lefort, J., Population et peuplement en Macédoine orientale, ixe–xve siècle”, in Hommes et richesses dans l'Empire byzantin (Paris 1991) II: 66–8Google Scholar, Zekos, N., “Προανασκαϕικες έρευνες στό Ροδολίβος καί στήν περιοχή του,” Orpheas, 8/9 (1983) 8–11Google Scholar; Miklosich, Müller, Acta et diplomata graeca, 4:35Google Scholar.

39 Bryennios, Nikephoros, Historiarum libri quattuor II, 7 (ed. Gautier, P., CFHB 9, Brussels 1975) 155Google Scholar; Komnena, Anna, Alexiad I, ii, 5 (ed. Leib, B., Paris 1937–1976) I, 13Google Scholar.

40 “Vita S, Pauli iunioris” (ed.) Delehaye, H., Analecta Bollandiana, 11 (1892) 53Google Scholar.

41 Bazzana, , Cressier, , Guichard, , Les châteaux ruraux d'al-Andalus, 165, 287–92Google Scholar; Debord, A., La société laïque dans les pays de la Charente, xe– xiie siècles (Paris 1984) 129Google Scholar.

42 Foss, C., “Archaeology and the ‘Twenty Cities’ of Byzantine Asia”, AJA 81 (1977) 469–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

43 Foss, C., Survey of Medieval Castles of Anatolia I: Kütahya (BAR International Series 261, Oxford 1985) 86–94, 108–121Google Scholar.

44 See n. 7 supra.

45 “Vita S. Lazari”, AASS Nov. III: 512Google Scholar; Niketas Choniates (ed.) van Dieten, 37–8.