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The Culture of North-East Anatolia and its Neighbours

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

Winifred Lamb
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Extract

A number of visitors to the prehistoric collections at Ankara have noticed with interest a large bowl-like vessel decorated with horned knobs, and seeming to be a portable hearth or altar. Investigating further, they find that it has companion pieces, some smaller, some differently shaped, no less odd; that all come from Karaz near Erzerum; and there are many remarkable vases, metal implements and other antiquities from the same site. The preliminary account of Karaz, by its excavator Dr. Hamit Koşay, is available for consultation in the Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Turkish Historical Foundation. A fuller report, by the same writer, is in preparation.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 4 , December 1954 , pp. 21 - 32
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1954

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References

page 21 note 1 TTK III, pp. 165–8Google Scholar. See also Belleten IX (1945), pp. 154–5Google Scholar.

page 21 note 2 IEJ II, 2 (1952), pp. 89–103Google Scholar.

page 21 note 3 ASI (1951), pp. 113 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 21 note 4 Kuftin, , Vestnik Gos. Muzeya Gruzi XIII B, pp. 139–144Google Scholar, English Summary (Tiflis, 1943)Google Scholar. I am indebted to Professor Childe for calling my attention to this article. The existence of Caucasian parallels for the Ankara material has been noted by DrÖzgüç, Tahsin, TTK III, pp. 168–9Google Scholar.

page 21 note 5 pp. 135–144, especially pp. 142–3.

page 21 note 6 Pl. II, 2, is from Burton Brown, op. cit., pl. III (the original photograph); Pl. II, I, is from a new photograph supplied by the Ashmolean Museum. I am deeply grateful to Mr. Burton Brown, to the Ashmolean Museum and to John Murray the publisher for the help and permission so kindly given me.

page 22 note 1 Besides my deep debt to Dr. Koşay, I should like to express warm thanks to Dr. Nuri Gökçe for facilities for studying the material at Ankara, to Bay Halil Üstün for showing and explaining the collection at Erzerum; to Dr. Tahsin Özgüç for many stimulating and helpful discussions; to Professor Childe for invaluable suggestions and criticisms; to Mr. R. D. Barnett for help with the map; to Professor Eunice Work for help over Kuftin's article. The drawings are by Mr. Stewart, the map by Mr. G. S. Holland.

page 23 note 1 See the section, TTK III, facing fig. 20.

page 23 note 2 That specimen measures ·71–·74 across. The measurements of A 173 are not available at present, as it is being mended.

page 23 note 3 The brazier mentioned in par. I, which is of red clay, is blackened on one side.

page 23 note 4 AS I, p. 139Google Scholar.

page 23 note 5 TTK III, pp. 166–7Google Scholar.

page 23 note 6 The term “grooves” is used loosely, for channels either angular or rounded in section, mainly the latter.

page 24 note 1 TTK III, fig. 12, shows this clearly.

page 24 note 2 From TTK III, fig. 17.

page 24 note 3 e.g., op. cit., figs. 8, 9.

page 24 note 4 op. cit., p. 168, fig. 20.

page 24 note 5 Belleten, loc. cit., p. 155.

page 24 note 6 Iraq VIII (1946), pp. 3–5Google Scholar.

page 24 note 7 AJA XLIV (1940), pp. 65, 67Google Scholar, and fig. 21 on p. 72; Schaeffer, , Stratigraphie Comparée, p. 271Google Scholar; see also, op. cit., pp. 58,172. For toggle-pins in general, see QDAP VI (1938), pp. 169–209Google Scholar.

page 24 note 8 Archaeologia, 86 (1937), p. 41Google Scholar; OIP XIX, pp. 154, 156Google Scholar, fig. 196.

page 24 note 9 PZ XXVII (1936), pp. 72, 163Google Scholar, and fig. 4, no. 5, on p. 75.

page 24 note 10 Childe, , Dawn (1939), p. 154Google Scholar.

page 24 note 11 Thus there is no need to speculate whether they come from a separate hoard.

page 24 note 12 TTK III. p. 169Google Scholar.

page 25 note 1 See Childe, , NLAE (1952), p. 162Google Scholar. Among many references citing parallels which might be given, see Burton Brown, op. cit., p. 38, note 5. At Troy, the motif appears on vases in the later stages of Troy II: Blegen, , Troy I, p. 241Google Scholar and fig. 390, no. 35.490. Cf. the gold ornaments, Schliemann, , Ilios, pp. 488, 495Google Scholar.

page 26 note 1 See especially Kuftin, op. cit., p. 143.

page 26 note 2 op. cit., pp. 139–140. We need not follow Kuftin in dating the material to the 4th millennium, though it may have first appeared prior to 3000 B.C.

page 26 note 3 Belleten VIII, 32 (1944), p. 672Google Scholar.

page 26 note 4 Anatolian Studies I (1951), pp. 25–7Google Scholar; TTK III, pp. 52–3Google Scholar; Archäologische Anzeiger LVI (1941), pp. 255–6Google Scholar; Kansu, , Etiyokuşu, pp. 30–1Google Scholar. The tholoi known in other lands are further removed in date and cultural context from the Anatolian examples than are the Caucasian ones.

page 26 note 5 Kuftin, op. cit., pl. XVII, i; p. 140. See also the other examples on the same plate.

page 26 note 6 Kuftin, op. cit., fig. 74, and p. 143. Cf. AS I, pp. 139–140Google Scholar, and IEJ II, p. 93Google Scholar.

page 27 note 1 From TTK III, fig. 2, and Kuftin, op. cit., pl. XXIII.

page 28 note 1 From Kuftin, op. cit., pl. XXIV, and fig. 53; p. 140.

page 28 note 2 Fig. 3, No. 3, is from Kuftin's fig. 38.

page 28 note 3 From TTK III, fig. 17, and Kuftin, op. cit., fig. 55, No. 2.

page 28 note 4 Kuftin, op. cit., p. 141, and fig. 56.

page 28 note 5 From TTK III, figs. 8, 9, and Kuftin, op. cit., pls. XXV, XXX; see also pl. XXIV, p. 140, and fig. 64.

page 28 note 6 Dr. Kiliç Kökten has published interesting articles on his travels, in Turkish, : Belleten VII (1943), pp. 601–613Google Scholar; VIII (1944), pp. 659 ff.; XI (1947), pp. 447–472; TTK III, pp. 194–204Google Scholar. The significant reference to pottery from Höyük, Pulur is Belleten VIII, p. 675Google Scholar.

page 29 note 1 The collection in the Kale.

page 29 note 2 Burton Brown, op. cit., pp. 34–62.

page 29 note 3 Pl. II, 2, is from op. cit., pl. III, no. 45, by kind permission of author and publishers; Fig. 2, No. 3, is from Kuftin, op. cit., pl. XXV, 1.

page 30 note 1 Burton Brown, op. cit., pls. III–V.

page 30 note 2 Pl. II, I is op. cit., no. 449 on pl. vi and fig. 10.

page 30 note 3 op. cit., pp. 42–5: the bowl is fig. 9, no. 294.

page 30 note 4 Dating of period K, op. cit., pp. 29, 34, 52, 65–6, 245 ff.

page 30 note 5 op. cit., p. 47, and fig. 29, on p. 121.

page 30 note 6 Or even later: see Bittel, , Reinecke-Festschrift (1950), pp. 20–5Google Scholar; Özgüç, , Belleten IX (1945), pp. 341–360Google Scholar.

page 30 note 7 See notes 2, 3; Woolley, , A Forgotten Kingdom (1953), pp. 31–7Google Scholar. The views expressed there on Anatolian connections are admittedly controversial (p. 33), especially as regards dating, and a discussion here would need disproportionate space.

page 30 note 8 AS I, p. 118Google Scholar. For “Kur”, I use the Turkish name, “Kura.”

page 31 note 1 op. cit., pp. 139–140.

page 31 note 2 e.g. Woolley, op. cit., pl. 2, lower right-hand corner.

page 31 note 3 For a good example, see IEJ II, pl. 7.

page 31 note 4 e.g. Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society XXI (1948)Google Scholar, pl. X, no. 3b.

page 31 note 5 The report of Dönmez, and Brice, , Iraq XI (1949), pp. 44–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar, is discouraging in this respect.

page 31 note 6 IEJ II, p. 103Google Scholar. Hood summarises the Syrian and Palestinian evidence, AS I, p. 119Google Scholar.

page 31 note 7 Bittel, op. cit., pp. 20–1; PZ XXXIV–V; pp. 142–3Google Scholar.

page 31 note 8 PZ, loc. cit.

page 32 note 1 Their use on the same pot, Kuftin, figs. 62, 64, is not surprising: such pots need not be early.

page 32 note 2 OIP XXVIII, fig. 100, e 1732Google Scholar.