^{page 121 note 1} Our thanks are due to the valis of Adana and Hatay, the Directors of Education, Müze Müdürleri, Baylar Naci Kum and Ruhi Tekan for generous help in many directions, and to Bay Ali Reza Yalcin, late Director of the Adana Museum for permission to utilize the material from Adana Tepebağ. I should also like to express my thanks to Mr. G. Mackay who drew the maps reproduced here, to Miss Eates for re-ordering the catalogue of sites and other help; and to Prof. Sidney Smith for advice on the history of the region though he is in no way responsible for the conclusions here advanced.

^{page 121 note 2} The Seyhan and the Ceyhan were known to the Moslem geographers of the Middle Ages as the rivers of Paradise, and were called after the Oxus and the Jaxartes of Central Asia which bore the same names. Masudi, , Les Prairies d'Or., Vol. II, p. 358Google Scholar. Lestrange, G., Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, p. 131Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 1} Under the Romans it grew grapes, cereals and flax, and Tarsus was the centre of the linen industry. CIL., III, Supp. pp. 1945–49Google Scholar. Xenophon, , Anabasis III, 22Google Scholar, records it as “well watered and full of trees of all sorts and vines; it produces an abundance of sesame, millet, panic, wheat and barley”. For later products see Cuinet, V., La Turquie d'Asie, II, 13, 36Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 2} The best summaries of the material are in Rudge, , Kilikia; PW., XII, pp. 385–88Google Scholar; Jones, A. H. M., Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, 1937Google Scholar, Ch. VIII; Heberdey, R. and Wilhelm, A., Reisen in Kilikien, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, XLIV, 1896Google Scholar; Magie, David, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Princeton, 1950CrossRefGoogle Scholar. (The notes in Vol. II provide most of the classical references to this district. Dussaud, R., Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale, Paris, 1927, p. 440CrossRefGoogle Scholar.)

^{page 123 note 3} Ainsworth, F. W., Travels in Asia Minor, 1842, Vol. II, pp. 76–92Google Scholar; Ainsworth, , Researches in Assyria, Babylonia and Chaldaea, pp. 313–340Google Scholar; Tasman, Cevát E., The Stratigraphy of the Alexandretta Gulf Basin, International Geological Congress, Report of XVIII Session, Pt. 6 Section E, p. 65Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 4} Ramsay, W. M., The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, RGS. Supp. Papers, Vol. IV, 1890Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 5} Hogarth, D. G. and Monro, J. A., Modern and Ancient Roads in Eastern Asia Minor, RGS Supp. Papers, III, Pt. 5, 1893Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 6} CaptainBeaufort, Francis, Karamania, London, 1818, pp. 259–302Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 7} Leake, W. M., A Tour in Asia Minor, London, 1824, pp. 213–218Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 8} Kinneir, J. M., Journey through Asia Minor, Armenia and Koordistan, London, 1818, pp. 121–245Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 9} Bent, J. T., Recent Discoveries in Eastern Cilicia, JHS., XI, 1890, p. 231Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 10} Bell, G. L., Notes on a Journey through Lycaonia; R. Arch., VII, 1906, p. 1ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 123 note 11} Metheny, J. R., Road Notes from Cilicia and North Syria, JAOS., Vol. 28, pp. 155–67Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note 1} From information kindly supplied by Miss Goldman and material in the Adana Museum. In the first year the American Expedition was known as the Bryn Mawr Preliminary Expedition to Cilicia.

^{page 124 note 2} Gjerstad, E., Cilician Studies, R.Arch., 6th Series, III, pp. 155 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 124 note 3} Garstang, John, Explorations in Cilicia, LAAA., Vol. XXIV, p. 55Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note 4} ProfBossert, H. Th. and DrÇambel, Halet and DrAlkim, Bahadir, Karatepe, First and Second Reports, 1946 and 1947, IstanbulGoogle Scholar.

^{page 124 note 5} Arik, Remzi Oguz, Bitik Kazısı ve Hatay Tetkikleri hakkinda Kisa Rapor, T.T.K., Belleten 8, 1944, p. 364Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note 6} von der Osten, H. H., Exploration in Hittite Asia Minor, O.I.C. No. 8, pp. 54–59Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note 7} Called Yümük Tepe; Garstang, , Prehistoric Mersin (Oxford), 1953Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note 8} Goldman, , Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus, (Princeton) 1950Google Scholar (Roman and Hellenistic levels only).

^{page 124 note 9} Luckenbill, D. D., Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, II, 329Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note 10} ibid., I, 577 and 583: in this passage on the campaign against Que, the Assyrians advanced as far as Tarzi (Tarsus), therefore the whole plain must have been referred to as Que.

^{page 124 note 11} Smith, S., The Statue of Idri-mi, p. 19Google Scholar, lines 64–5.

^{page 124 note 12} Goetze, A., Kizzuwatna and the problem of Hittite Geography, Yale, 1940, pp. 1–3Google Scholar.

^{page 125 note 1} LAAA., XXVII—2, pp. 44–45Google Scholar.

^{page 125 note 2} AJA., LIII, pp. 46–49Google Scholar; and Goldman, H.— Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus, pp. 36–37Google Scholar: Garstang, J. and Goldman, H., AJA, Vol. LI, 4Google Scholar.

^{page 126 note 1} Except Karaağac, Kinet and Kara Hüyük.

^{page 126 note 2} This is described by Ainsworth, , Researches (op. cit.), p. 315Google Scholar, “as everywhere occupied by a conglomerate of pebbles from the surrounding mountains.”

^{page 126 note 3} This trade was continued until the end of the nineteenth century.

^{page 126 note 4} The harbour at Payas is at present entirely out of use, but there are traces of the mole and breakwater still visible.

^{page 126 note 5} Mediterranean Pilot, V, pp. 152–157Google Scholar.

^{page 126 note 6} F. W. Albright, BASOR., No. 49, Archaeological and Topological Explorations in Palestine and Syria, p. 30. We were unable to find any of the Bronze Age material referred to by Albright, but it may be on the shore overlaid by later remains.

^{page 127 note 1} For a discussion of the site of Myriandus, see Sidney Smith, ὄ Μυριανδικὸς κόλπος ὅ πρὸς Φοινίκη κείμενος from Melanges Syriens offerts a M. R. Dussaud, 27–31: Myriandos in Pauly-Wissowa: Dussaud, , Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale, 443–4Google Scholar. It is discussed in greater detail in the catalogue at the end.

^{page 127 note 2} There are later ruins near Toprakkale.

^{page 128 note 1} Except Kazanli.

^{page 128 note 2} I am indebted to Professor Garstang for the list of mounds in this area which are included on the map Fig. 1.

^{page 128 note 3} Kinneir, op. cit., pp. 133–136.

^{page 128 note 4} This is the Kurd Kortlah of Murray, and has been identified as Tardiquin on the Antonine Itinerary 15 stadia from Mopsuestia.

^{page 129 note 1} The term Halaf ware is reserved for wares that are similar to those from T. Halaf, Arpachiyah, etc., and is not used for other wares found in a level containing Halaf material.

^{page 129 note 2} The term 'Ubaid has been employed here with caution. It is only used for a green hard fired ware decorated in black matt paint with the traditional 'Ubaid designs. As the designs and shapes are simpler at Coba and Tell es-Sheikh than those from Arpachıyah they probably belong to an even later and more debased phase of this ware. It corresponds to the Chalcolithic Mersin XV.

^{page 129 note 3} Iraq, XII, p. 96Google Scholar; LAAA., XXVI, p. 45Google Scholar.

^{page 130 note 1} The terminology Early and Middle Bronze follow that used at Tarsus.

^{page 130 note 2} AJA., XLIV, Fig. 13. There is a similar jug from Zeytinli.

^{page 130 note 3} ibid., XLIV, Fig. 23; LI, Pl. XC: 3, 5, 6, 7.

^{page 131 note 1} AJA., XLIV, Fig. 23; LI, Pl. XC: 3, 5, 6, 7.

^{page 131 note 2} ibid., XLIV, Fig. 36.

^{page 131 note 3} LAAA., XXV, Pl. XXII: 12; AJA., LI, Pl. XCII: 2.

^{page 131 note 4} He called it Painted I., WhiteR.Arch., Series VI, Vol. III, p. 175Google Scholar.

^{page 131 note 5} The polychrome jug from Tarsus. AJA., Vol. XLII, Fig. 5.

^{page 131 note 6} For a fuller discussion of this ware see my paper in Iraq, XIV.

^{page 132 note 1} See Map, Fig. 3.

^{page 132 note 2} See Goetze, , Kizzuwatna, p. 63Google Scholar.

^{page 132 note 3} In the Antakya Museum No. 9790 from XIIA, and Mersin 102 LAAA., XIV. Pl. LXVIII: 9.

^{page 132 note 4} Cf. the heavy bowl from Atchana XII and No. 9860 in the Antakya Museum.

^{page 133 note 1} AJA., XLII, p. 33Google Scholar; XXXIX, p. 534.

^{page 133 note 2} Iraq, IV, Fig. 23: I; IX, pp. 240–241.

^{page 133 note 3} Belleten, XV, No. 58, Fig. I: 18.

^{page 133 note 4} LAAA., XXVI, Pl. LVIII: 18–19Google Scholar.

^{page 133 note 5} This term is used to conform with the Mersin sequence. The shapes are similar to those found on the plateau.

^{page 133 note 6} These are probably slightly earlier as they are found in Level II at Kültepe.

^{page 133 note 7} LAAA., XXVI, Pl. LVIII: 4 and 6.

^{page 134 note 1} Schaeffer, C. F. A., Ugaritica, II, Fig. 54: 11Google Scholar.

^{page 134 note 2} From Room 17 of the Niqmepa Palace. I am indebted to Sir Leonard Woolley for this information.

^{page 134 note 3} Ugaritica, II, Fig. 67.

^{page 134 note 4} R.Arch., 1934, p. 195, Fig. 19Google Scholar.

^{page 134 note 5} AJA., XLI, pp. 281–3Google Scholar.

^{page 134 note 6} For a discussion of the dating of the Cilician Mycenaean see F. H. Stubbings, Mycenean Pottery from the Levant, Appendix C.

^{page 135 note 1} LAAA., XXVI, 3–4, p. 100Google Scholar.

^{page 135 note 2} Özgüç, T., Belletin, XII, 267Google Scholar.

^{page 135 note 3} Schachermeyr, F., “Hethiter and Achaer,” MDOG., IX, 1935, p. 100Google Scholar.

^{page 135 note 4} I am aware that there are many who dislike the use of this term. It is, however, current among archaeologists in this area and is easily understood.

^{page 136 note 1} The use of the term Cypro-Geometric and Black-on-Red does not imply that I think that this pottery is necessarily Cypriot in origin; as far as one can see it is a fabric that was manufactured during the early part of the Iron Age in Cyprus and on the mainland.

^{page 136 note 2} This term is used for the period that has been called Syro-Hittite or Late Hittite.

^{page 136 note 3} SCE., IV. 2. 258 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 136 note 4} AJA., XLII, p. 40Google Scholar.

^{page 137 note 1} This is in addition to that from Misis and Kazanli already recorded: sherds of this type from Çatal Hüyük Level V are in the Antakya Museum.

^{page 137 note 2} LAAA., XXVI, Pl. XLVII, and p. 99Google Scholar.

^{page 137 note 3} As noted already by the late Franklin Daniel.

^{page 137 note 4} LAAA., VI, pp. 87–98, Pl. XlX(a)Google Scholar.

^{page 137 note 5} Iraq, XII, Pt. 2, Fig. 25: 9.

^{page 138 note 1} This pottery may not actually be Persian imported, but is the characteristic plain ware of this period.

^{page 138 note 2} LAAA., VII, pp. 115–129, Pls. XXVII–XXVIIIGoogle Scholar.

^{page 138 note 3} LAAA., XXVI, p. 115Google Scholar.

^{page 142 note 1} Lewy, J., Studies in the Historic Geography of the Ancient Near East, Orientalia, 21, Fasc. 3. pp. 289–292Google Scholar: Bilgiç, E., AfO., XV, 6 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 142 note 2} This refers mainly to the period of the later Hittite Empire, c. 1475–1200 B.C. Though relations were established between the Hittites and Kizzuwatna during the Old Kingdom, for instance under Telepinuš, c. 1550 or 1500 B.C.

^{page 142 note 3} Goetze in Kizzuwatna and the Problem of Hittite Geography, collected all the known material on this area up to 1940. Since then several fragmentary treaties bearing on relations between Kizzuwatna and Ḫatti have been discovered either in the Boğazköy or the Atchana archives. Otten, H., JCS., V, pp. 129–132Google Scholar; Wiseman, D. J., The Alalakh Tablets, p. 31Google Scholar; Meyer, G. R., Orientalia, 21, p. 501Google Scholar.

^{page 142 note 4} AJA. XXIX, 535 ff.Google Scholar, Fig. 18: Goetze, , Kizzuwatna, pp. 73–74Google Scholar.

^{page 142 note 5} Bossert, H. T., Belleten, XII, 515–531Google Scholar, Lev CXI–II.

^{page 143 note 1} Weidner, E., Boghazköi Studien, No. 8, pp. 89–111Google Scholar; Goetze, , Kizzuwatna, p. 36Google Scholar, et seq. (KBo. I, 5)Google Scholar.

^{page 143 note 2} Garstang, J., Prehistoric Mersin, 241, n. 3Google Scholar.

^{page 143 note 3} Weidner, , Boghazköi Studien 8, Col. 4, 140–42Google Scholar; Goetze, , Kizzuwatna, 51Google Scholar, KBo., I, 5Google Scholar.

^{page 143 note 4} Not only silver but iron, lead and copper come from the calcareous zone of the Bulgar Dağ. There is one mine near Büyük Troislam, some 2,400 metres high. Near Bor, 45 km. N.N.E. of the Bulgar Dağ iron pyrites and barytes are to be found. The copper comes from Pamukdere, north of Mersin, and there is said to be some near Nemrun. There are copper zones in the Amanus, and in the Anti-Taurus east of Fehte in the Mugla Dağ. Kovenko, V., Prov. Metallurgique de plomb et de ḟer des Taurides, MTA., 1946, p. 77Google Scholar.

^{page 143 note 5} Montgomery, J. A., JAOS., 28, pp. 164–7Google Scholar. Originally read as RNL it is probably DNN owing to the L being defective. Other Aramaean inscriptions come from Keseyek Köyü, Saraisin and Hermete.

^{page 144 note 1} Honeyman, A. M., PEQ., 1949, 26Google Scholar.

^{page 144 note 2} At Tarsus kilns for the making of these wares were discovered, AJA., XLI, pp. 271–2Google Scholar.

^{page 144 note 3} For a discussion of the Assyrian campaigns see the report on Gözü, Sakce, Iraq, XII, pp. 67–73Google Scholar.

^{page 144 note 4} Luckenbill, I, 583.

^{page 145 note 1} Iraq, XII, p. 70Google Scholar.

^{page 145 note 2} It is known from Herodotus I, 74, that Cilicia acted as mediator in the wars between the Medes and Lydia in 585 B.C.

^{page 145 note 3} Herod. V. 52: III, 91.

^{page 145 note 4} ibid. III, 90: Baker, W. B., Lares and Penates, p. 125Google Scholar, notes the occurrence of mines near Sis but does not give their exact location.

^{page 145 note 5} P. Leonce M. Alishan, Sissonan ou Armeno-Cilicie, founded by Ruban c. A.D. 1081.

^{page 145 note 6} The spelling of Turkish place names has been taken from Hata Genel Müdürlügü 1946. The alternative spellings of hüyök or höyük both indicate a mount, the plural is hüyüklar, çiftlik indicates a farm, and köy a village.