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Oinoanda: The Doric Building (Mk 2)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

J. J. Coulton
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Extract

The investigation of the building which is the subject of this paper was undertaken in 1975, 1977, and 1981 in the course of the survey of Oinoanda conducted by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. I am most grateful to Mr. A. S. Hall, director of the survey, for inviting me to participate in it and for supporting my work on the site, to Bay Sırrı Özenir, Bay Osman Özbek and Bay Edip Özgür, successive representatives of the Turkish government, for much assistance, and to Mr. P. Forster and students of the Department of Land Survey of the North-East London Polytechnic for more technical aid.

Before discussing the building itself, some general remarks on the development of the survey are required. The initial survey of the site was begun in 1974 by a group from the North-East London Polytechnic led by Mr. A. Slade. An arbitrary bearing was defined as grid north and a datum point for levelling was arbitrarily allotted a height of 1000 m. Extension of the survey in 1977 established that the level of the acropolis summit in terms of this arbitrary datum is approximately 1095 m., whereas the actual height above sea level is 1532 m.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 32 , December 1982 , pp. 45 - 59
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1982

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References

1 A report on work from 1974 to 1976 is published by Hall, A. S. in AS 26 (1976) 191–7Google Scholar, and his report on the 1977 season is forthcoming in TAD. For the latest finds of the Diogenes inscription see Smith, M. F., AS 28 (1978) 39–92Google Scholar.

The following abbreviations are used here in addition to those specified for Anatolian Studies:

Alzinger: Alzinger, W., Augusteische Architektur in Ephesos (1974Google Scholar).

Assos: Clarke, J. T., Bacon, F. H., Koldewey, R., Investigations at Assos 1881–3 (1902–1921Google Scholar).

Benndorf-Niemann: Benndorf, O., Niemann, G., Reisen in Lykien und Karien (1884)Google Scholar.

Bernardi Ferrero: de Bernardi Ferrero, D., Teatri Classici in Asia Minore (1966–1974)Google Scholar.

Büsing: Büsing, H. H., Die Griechische Halbsäule (1970)Google Scholar.

Coulton: Coulton, J. J., The Architectural Development of the Greek Stoa (1976)Google Scholar.

Ephesos: Oesterreichisches Archäologisches Institut, Forschungen in Ephesos (1906– )Google Scholar.

Lanckoronski: Lanckoronski, K., Städte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens (1890–1982)Google Scholar.

Myra: Borchhardt, J. et al. , Myra, ein Lykische Metropole (1975)Google Scholar.

Petersen-von Luschan: Petersen, E., von Luschan, F., Reisen in Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis (1889)Google Scholar.

Priene: Wiegand, T., Schrader, H., Priene (1904)Google Scholar.

Shoe: Shoe, L. T., The Profiles of Greek Mouldings (1936)Google Scholar.

Stucchi: Stucchi, S., Architettura cirenaica (1975)Google Scholar.

2 Ling, R. J. has asked me to mention particularly the effect of this on the bath building Mk 1, discussed by him in AS 31 (1981) 31–46Google Scholar. Its arched façade actually fačes 34° west of the south, rather than 15° as shown on the plan, ibid. fig. 1; a south-westerly orientation is of course favourable for afternoon bathing, and one which bath buildings frequently adopt.

3 Since building names are liable to presuppose a function, which is in many cases uncertain, letter-number combinations have been assigned to the Oinoanda buildings, as required. The letters indicate the grid square in which the building lies (see the plan published by Hall, A. S. in AS 26 (1976) fig. 2, facing p. 192Google Scholar), but within each square the buildings are numbered arbitrarily. The name Esplanade, first used for this area by Cousin, G., BCH 16 (1892) 56CrossRefGoogle Scholar, is retained for convenience, since its function is uncertain. See below pp. 58–9.

4 For the type see Büsing, 52–6, Coulton, 127.

5 Vitr. 4.3.4.

6 Coulton, J. J., BSA 74 (1979) 125, fig. 10Google Scholar; Vitr. 3.3.12 (for columns 15–20 feet high, or about 4·50–6·00 m.; for the probable column height here, see below).

7 Coulton, J. J., BSA 74 (1979) 148, fig. 33aGoogle Scholar.

8 Vitr. 4.3.4; 5.9.3.

9 E.g. the theatre at Priene (von Gerkan, A., Das Theater von Priene (1921) 40, pl. 20)Google Scholar; the Panayırdaǧ monument at Ephesos (Alzinger, 99, fig. 64).

10 The features of the frieze and the echinus curve are paralleled, for instance, in the stoas on the agora at Priene (Priene, 190–1, 195); for very shallow fluting in the Lower Stoa of the Asklepieion at Kos see Coulton, 112.

11 Cyma reversa bed mouldings: Shoe, 68; cyma reversa cornice crown: Shoe, 66; ovolo cornice crown: Shoe, 37 (compare especially the House of the Inopos, Delos, pl. 20.26); cyma recta simas from Pergamon: Shoe, pl. 35.3–5.

12 Petersen-von Luschan, 177–8, pl. 26–8. The connection with Pergamon proposed there has been generally accepted (e.g. Hansen, E. V., The Attalids of Pergamon2 (1971) 288Google Scholar, Lawrence, A. W., Greek Aims in Fortification (1979) 475Google Scholar).

13 Alzinger, 51; Benndorf-Niemann, 62–3; Ephesos 3 (1923) 76–88, 94–5Google Scholar; Kalinka, E., Tituli Asiae Minoris 2.1 (1920) no. 270Google Scholar; Benndorf-Niemann, 78, pl. 22; Texier, C., Description de l'Asie Mineure 3 (1849) pl. 190Google ScholarSociety of Dilettanti, Antiquities of Ionia 3 (1840) ch. 3, pl. 13–14Google Scholar.

14 The Doric tradition continued in Cyrene, however, until the mid second century A.D. (Stucchi, 332), and a Doric arch and Doric street colonnades were built at Antinoopolis, Hadrianic in Egypt, Description de l'Égypte antique 4 (2nd ed., 1821), 228–34, 247–50Google Scholar, pl. 51–8, 61.26–8).

15 Other examples of the Doric order in Lycia: Letoon near Xanthos, entrance arches to the theatre: Benndorf-Niemann, 120–1, fig. 72, pl. 29, Bernardi Ferrero 3 (1970) 80, figs. 91–3, pl. 14B; Kadyanda theatre logeion: Bernardi Ferrero 2 (1969) 110, fig. 165, pl. 18A, and temple: Kalinka, E., Tituli Asiae Minoris 2.2 (1930) p. 240Google Scholar, Bean, G. E., Lycian Turkey (1978) 45Google Scholar, cf. Benndorf-Niemann, 142; Sidyma, temple of the Sebastoi: Benndorf-Niemann, 61–2; Sura, temple of Apollo: Myra, 79–80, pl. 52–3; Trysa, temple: Petersen-von Luschan, 10–11. In the Kibyratis see Kibyra, entrance arch to the theatre: Bernardi Ferrero 1 (1966) 14, figs. 7, 9, pl. 2, and see below n. 21; Balboura, east portico of the agora; and Oinoanda, theatre: Bernardi Ferrero 2 (1969) 93–4, fig. 154; above p. 47, below p. 57 and n. 22, and at least one other building. In Pamphylia a stoa at Sillyon and in Pisidia the Odeion and stoa of Osbares at Termessos were in the Doric order (Lanckoronski 1, 82, fig. 66; ibid., 2, 40, 98–9, fig. 60). Dates for these buildings range from late Hellenistic to early Roman, but apart from the temple at Sidyma (Claudian) none is securely dated.

Note that in Lycia generally, as in Building Mk 2 at Oinoanda, the half grooves of the triglyphs do not end in “ears” as they commonly do in Ionia (Coulton, J. J., BSA 63 (1968) 173–4)Google Scholar; these “ears” are also generally absent from Pergamene and Rhodian architecture (Jacopi, G., Clara Rhodos 6–7 (1932–1939) 248, figs. 33–4Google Scholar; Dyggve, E., Lindos: Fouilles et Recherches 1902–14 3.1 (1960) 105, 162, 228–9Google Scholar, pl. IV.G, V.C., VI.E; ibid., 3.2 (1960) 420, fig. XI.8–11). On the other hand the frieze crown moulding to be seen in Building Mk 2 is common in Ionia but generally omitted in Pergamon and Rhodes (Shoe, 50–1, 169; Shoe, L. T., Hesperia 19 (1950) 346CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Coulton, 71–2); in Lycian Doric it appears sporadically.

16 Normal annulets: agora at Magnesia on the Maeander (Humann, C., Magnesia am Maeander (1904) 119–20)Google Scholar. Stepped annulets: Temple A and the Upper Stoa of the Asklepieion at Kos (Herzog, R., Kos I (1932) 8, 18)Google Scholar.

17 Alzinger, 68–9, fig. 65–9; Stuart, J., Revett, N., Antiquities of Athens 1 (1762) ch. 1, pl. 2Google Scholar.

18 For the types see Coulton, 72, fig. 17.

19 Stucchi, 155–6, figs. 136, 139.

20 Ephesos 3 (1923) 79, fig. 131Google Scholar; Bammer, A., JOAI 52 (1978–1980) 84Google Scholar. The detail is discussed by Wilberg, W., JOAI 19/20 (1919) 179Google Scholar, where the East Stoa is the only instance cited.

21 It lies near the eastern entrance to the complex of ruins marked F on the plan of Kibyra in Spratt, T. A. B., Forbes, E., Travels in Lycia, Milyas and the Cibyratis (1847) 1, plan opp. p. 256Google Scholar ( = H on the adaptation of it in Bean, G. E., Lycian Turkey (1976) 163)Google Scholar.

22 Several of these capitals were repaired when they were reused in the church. The associated shafts have their lower part unfluted with Ionic fluting above, as in the Upper Stoa of the Asklepieion at Kos (Herzog, R., Kos 1 (1932) 18, pl. 9Google Scholar; for this feature see Coulton, 112–13).

23 For other Flavian building activity in Lycia see Frank, T. et al. , An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome 4 (1938) 779–83Google Scholar, in contrast to Julio-Claudian building activity, ibid., 728–9.

24 Assos, 27; Coulton, fig. 18, 52.

25 See p. 47 above.

26 This is the only such temple listed by Büsing (n. 1), and I have found no Roman parallel.

27 Vallois, R., L'Architecture héllénique et héllénistique à Délos 1 (1944) 121–4Google Scholar; Kalpaxis, A., Früharchaische Baukunst (1976) 71–6, 102–4Google Scholar. Note also the temple of Artemis at Cyrene (Stucchi, 48–9).

28 Machatschek, A., Die Nekropolen und Grabmäler im Gebiet von Elaiussa Sebaste und Korykos (1967) 106–7Google Scholar; Frantz, A., Thompson, H. A., Travlos, J., AJA 73 (1969) 413–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar, especially n. 72. To the list there add: the heroon by the West Market at Miletos (Kleiner, G., Führer durch Milet (1968) 131–2)Google Scholar; the heroon below the agora at Assos, (Assos, 109–17Google Scholar; Merkelbach, R., Die Inschriften von Assos (IGSKlA 4, 1976) 61Google Scholar suggests without argument that this was a temple not a heroon, so that the inscriptions on its architrave honour its builders not its occupants); a temple-tomb at Kremna (Lanckoronski 2, 172). The tomb at Karabucak near Myra is now thought to have lacked a columnar porch (Myra, 61–3).

29 Anemur: Alföldi-Rosenbaum, E., Anemur Nekropolu (1971) 92Google Scholar; Iotape: Heberdey, R., Wilhelm, A., Reisen in Kilikien (1896) 147Google Scholar; Selinous: ibid., 149; Syedra: Rosenbaum, E. et al. , A Survey of the Coastal Cities of Western Cilicia (1967) 49–66Google Scholar. Cf. also Gortyn (AD 29 (1973–1974), Chron. 894–5)Google Scholar. Some Hellenistic Macedonian tombs combine a closed anteroom with a façade of half-columns, but they belong to a different cultural sphere, and in any case are underground. For the type see Pandermalis, D., Makedonika 12 (1972) 172–82Google Scholar, and add AAA 6.1 (1973) 87–92Google Scholar, AAA 10.1 (1977) 1–72Google Scholar.

30 Büsing 21–3; all are square podium tombs with a pyramidal roof.

31 On the burial of the founder within the city see de Coulanges, N. D. Fustel, La Cité antique (1864), 177–8Google Scholar; on the extension of the privilege under the Roman Empire see Robert, L., Ant. Class 35 (1966) 420–1CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Examples of tombs in cities of Asia Minor are: the heroon below the agora at Assos and the heroon by the West Market at Miletos (see n. 26 above); the Hellenistic heroon by the Theatre and the Roman heroon by the Baths of Faustina at Miletos (Kleiner, G., Führer durch Milet (1968) 129–30, 132–4)Google Scholar; the Octagon and the tomb of Celsus at Ephesos (Heberdey, R., JOAI 8 (1905) Beibl. 70–1Google Scholar, Keil, J., JOAI 26 (1930) Beibl. 41–5Google Scholar; Ephesos 5.1 (1944) 40–1, 43–6)Google Scholar; and a possible heroon on the agora at Pisidian Termessos (Lanckoronski 2, 37).

32 On the sense of the term ktistes see , J and Robert, L., REG 64 (1951) 209Google Scholar, 69 (1956) 174, 74 (1961) 244. On the related term deuteros ktistes see Stefan, A., Dacia 19 (1975) 162–5Google Scholar and Pippidi, D. M., Popescu, E., Epigraphica (1977) 57–64Google Scholar. I am grateful to A. S. Hall for help with these references.

33 Ling, R. J., AS 31 (1981) 41Google Scholar.

34 Cousin, G., BCH 24 (1900) 342–5, nos. 6, 7, 10, 11Google Scholar.

35 Hall, A. S., AS 26 (1976) 194–6Google Scholar; Smith, M. F., AS 28 (1978) 41Google Scholar.

36 Holleaux, M., Paris, P., BCH 10 (1886) 229–34Google Scholar, nos. 9–13.

37 Cousin, G., BCH 24 (1900) 341–4Google Scholar, nos. 2, 3, 4, 9.

38 A discussion of the agora is in preparation.

39 Heberdey, R., Kalinka, E., BCH 21 (1897) 347Google Scholar, suggest that the Esplanade was the agora (apparently doubting the identification of the area generally recognized as the agora).

40 For burial in the gymnasium see Delorme, J., Gymnasion (1960) 341–2Google Scholar; Robert, L., Ant. Class. 35 (1966) 421Google Scholar. For burial in the agora see Martin, R., Recherches sur l'Agora grecque (1951) 197–201, esp. 200 n. 5Google Scholar.