Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T00:07:50.980Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Haemoglobinopathies in the Indian Subcontinent. A Review of Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2014

N. Saha  and
B. Banerjee
N. Saha*
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra, Australia
B. Banerjee
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, Haile Sellassie I University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
*
Department of Human Biology, J.C.S.M.R., Box 334, Canberra City — A.C.T. 2601, Australia

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

An up-to-date review of literature on the distribution of haemoglobinopathies in the Indian subcontinent has been presented. Haemoglobins S, D, E, J, K, L, M, Q, β-thalassaemia major, β-thalassaemia minor, α-thalassaemia minor, haemoglobin H, haemoglobin Lepore and persistence of foetal haemoglobin have been reported from India, β-thalassaemia in combination with haemoglobins S, E, D, J, K, Q has also been reported. Haemoglobin S is found to be prevalent among tribal populations in various regions of India, while haemoglobin D is prevalent among Sikhs, Pathans and Gujratis. Haemoglobin E is present in high frequency among populations of Assam, Bengal and Veddahs of Ceylon. β-thalassaemia major is widespread in various populations. There is paucity of data regarding distribution of β-thalassaemia minor and α-thalassaemias in this region.

Type
Research Article
Information
Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , January 1973 , pp. 117 - 138
Copyright
Copyright © The International Society for Twin Studies 1973

References

REFERENCES

Ager, J.A.M., Lehmann, H. 1957 a. Haemoglobin K in an East Indian and his family. Br. Med. J., 1: 1449–1450.Google Scholar
Ager, J.A.M., Lehmann, H. 1957 b. Haemoglobin L: a new haemoglobin found in a Punjabi Hindu. Br. Med. J., 2: 142–143.Google Scholar
Agrawal, H.N. 1968. ABO blood groups, PTC sensitivity, sickle-cell trait, middle-phalangeal hairs and colour-blindness in the Coastal Nicobarese of Great Nicobar. Acta Genet. (Basel), 18: 147–154.Google Scholar
Aksoy, M., Bird, G.W.G., Lehmann, H., Mourant, A.E., Thein, H., Wickremasinghe, R.L. 1955. Haemoglobin E in Asia. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 130: 56P–57P.Google ScholarPubMed
Barkhan, P., Adinolfi, M. 1962. Observations on the high foetal haemoglobin gene and its interaction with thalassaemia gene. J. Clin. Pathol., 15: 350–356.Google Scholar
Batabyal, J.N., Wilson, J.M.G. 1958. Sickle cell anaemia in Assam. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 30: 8–11.Google Scholar
Baxi, A.J., Shah, R.C., Kulkarni, K.V. 1970. Studies of blood groups and other genetical characters in “Scavenger” community of Bombay. Proc. Indian Soc. Haematol. Blood Transf. 1970.Google Scholar
Beohar, P.C., Gupta, D.K., Nivasarkar, V.G. 1963. Sickle cell disease with leg ulcers. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 40: 495–497.Google Scholar
Berk, L., Bull, G.M. 1943. Case of sickle cell anaemia in Indian woman. J. Capetown Postgrad. Med. Assoc., 2: 147–152.Google Scholar
Bhatia, H.M., Thin, J., Debray, H., Cabanes, J. 1955. Étude anthropologique et génétique de la population du Nord de l'Inde. Bull. Soc. Anthropol. (Paris), 6: 199–213.Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee, P.N. 1956. A genetic survey in the Rarhi Brahmins and Muslims of West Bengal: A1-A2-B-O, M-N, Rh blood groups, ABH secretion sickle cell, PTC taste, middle-phalangeal hairs and colour-blindness. Bull. Dept. Anthropol., Govt, of India, 5: 18–26.Google Scholar
Bird, G.W.G., Lehmann, H., Mourant, A.E. 1955. A third example of haemoglobin D. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 49: 399–400.Google Scholar
Bird, G.W.G., Lehmann, H. 1956. Haemoglobin D in India. Br. Med. J., 1: 514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, G.W.G., Ikin, E.W., Lehmann, H., Mourant, A.E. 1956. The blood groups and haemoglobins of the Sikhs. Heredity (Lond.), 10: 425–429.Google Scholar
Bird, G.W.G., Jayaram, T.K., Ikin, E.W., Mourant, A.E., Lehmann, H. 1957. The blood groups and haemoglobins of the Gorkhas of Nepal. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 15: 163–169.Google Scholar
Bird, G.W.G., Ikin, E.W., Mourant, A.E., Lehmann, H. 1962. The blood groups and haemoglobins of the Malayalis. In Madan, T.N. and Sarna, G. (Eds.): Essays in Memory of D.N. Majumdar. Asia Publishing House, Bombay, pp. 221–226.Google Scholar
Bird, G.W.G., Hasan, M.I., Malhotra, P.O., Lehmann, H. 1964. Interaction of β-thalassaemia and hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin. J. Med. Genet., 1: 24–26.Google Scholar
Bolton, J.P., Harrison, B.D.W., Lehmann, H. 1964. Abnormal haemoglobins in a small group of tribesmen from N.W. Pakistan. Man, 64: 113–114.Google Scholar
Brain, M.C., Vella, F. 1958. Haemoglobin H trait in a Nepalese Gurkha woman. Lancet, 1: 192–194.Google Scholar
Buchi, E.C. 1955 a. Is sickling a weddid trait? The Antropologist, 1: 25–29.Google Scholar
Buchi, E.C. 1955 b. Blood, secretion and taste among the Pallar, a South Indian community. The Anthropologist, 2, 1: 1–8.Google Scholar
Buchi, E.C. 1955 c. A genetic survey among the Malapantaram, a hill tribe of Trivancore. The Anthropologist, 2, 2: 1–11.Google Scholar
Buchi, E.C. 1959. Blut, Geschmack und Farbensinn ber den Kurumba (Nilgiri, Südindoen). Arch. Julius Klaus Stift., 34: 310–316.Google Scholar
Chanda, N.K., Chaudhuri, K.C. 1950. Cooley's anaemia. Indian J. Pediatr., 17: 84–95.Google Scholar
Chatterjea, J.B., Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Ray, R.N. 1957. Incidence of haemoglobin-E and «thalassaemia trait» in Bengalees. Bull. Calcutta Sch. Trop. Med., 5: 159–160.Google Scholar
Chatterjea, J.B. 1959. Haemoglobinopathy in India. In Jonxis, J.H.P. and Delafresnaye, J.F. (Eds.): Abnormal Haemoglobins. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, pp. 322–339.Google Scholar
Chatterjea, J.B. 1966. Haemoglobinopathies, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and allied problems in Indian subcontinent. Bull. WHO, 35: 837–856.Google ScholarPubMed
Chaudhuri, K.C. 1947. Erythroblastic anaemia of Cooley. Indian J. Pediatr., 14: 76–80.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, S., Sen, S.N., Mukherjee, B., Ghosh, J. 1963. Haematological field survey in Anglo-Indian communities of Kharagpore, West Bengal. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 11: 955–960.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, S., Chakravartti, M.R., Mukherjee, B., Sen, S.N., Ghosh, J., Maitra, A. 1964 a. Study of haematological factors, blood groups, anthropometric measurements and genetics of some of the tribal and caste groups of: 1. South India - Kerala, Nilgiris and Andhra Pradesh; 2. North Eastern India - Totopara. Proc. 9th Congr. Int. Soc. Blood Transf. (Mexico), S. Karger, New York, pp. 196–205.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, S., Ghosh, J., Mukherjee, B. 1964 b. Study of haemoglobin variants and blood groups in Santal tribe of Midnapore district of West Bengal, India. Abs. 10th Congr. Int. Soc. Haematol. (Stockholm, 1964), 1: 11.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, S., Ghosh, J., Mukherjee, B., Roychowdhury, A.K. 1967 a. Study of blood groups and haemoglobin variants among Santal tribe in Midnapore district of West Bengal, India. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 26: 307–311.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, S., Mukherjee, B., Roychowdhury, A.K., Ghosh, J. 1967 b. Study of blood groups and haemoglobin variants of the Sikhs of Calcutta. J. Hered., 58: 213–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaudhuri, S., Mukherjee, B., Ghosh, J., Roychowdhury, A.K. 1969. Study of blood groups, ABH secretors and haemoglobin variants in three upper castes of West Bengal, India. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 30: 129–132.Google Scholar
Chernoff, A.I., Minnich, V., Chongchareonsuk, S. 1954. Haemoglobin E, a hereditary abnormality of human haemoglobin. Science, 120: 605–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chouhan, D.M., Sharma, R.S., Parekh, J.G. 1969. α-thalassaemia in India. 5th Congr. Asian and Pacific Soc. Haematol. (Istanbul).Google Scholar
Chouhan, D.M., Sharma, R.S., Vakil, B.J., Parekh, J.G. 1971. Haemoglobin lepore in an Indian family. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 56: 287–290.Google Scholar
Coelho, G. 1939. Erythroblastic anaemia - Cooley's anaemia? Med. Bull. Bombay, 1: 291.Google Scholar
Coelho, G., Setna, S., Simmons, S.C. 1958. Thalassaemia in Indian children. Indian J. Child Hlth., 7: 798–804.Google Scholar
Das, B.M., Chakravartti, M.R., Delbrück, H., Flatz, G. 1971. High prevalence of haemoglobin E in two populations in Assam. Humangenetik, 12: 264–266.Google Scholar
Das, S.R., Kumar, N., Bhattacharjee, P.N., Sastry, D.B. 1961. Blood groups (ABO, M-N and Rh), ABH secretion, sickle-cell, PTC taste and colourblindness in the Mahars of Nagpur. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. (Gr. Brit.), 91: 345–355.Google Scholar
Das, S.R., Mukherjee, D.P., Sastry, D.B. 1967. Sickle cell trait in Koraput district and other parts of India. Acta Genet. (Basel), 17: 62–73.Google Scholar
Das Gupta, C.R., Chatterjea, J.B., Ray, R.N., Ghosh, S.K., Chowdhury, A.B. 1958. Observations on Cooley's anaemia (thalassaemia). Proc. 6th Int. Congr. Haematol., (Boston 1956), Grune and Stratton, New York.Google Scholar
De Silva, C.C., Weeratungee, C.E.S. 1951. Cooley's anaemia in Sinhalese children. Arch. Dis. Child., 26: 224–230.Google Scholar
De Silva, C.C. 1957. Abnormal haemoglobins and haemoglobinopathies. J. Lady Ridgeway Hosp. Child., Colombo, 6: 16–32.Google Scholar
De Silva, C.C., Jonxis, J.H.P., Wickremasinghe, R.L. 1959. Haemoglobinopathies in Ceylon. In: Jonxis, J.H.P. and Delafresnaye, J.F. (Eds.): Abnormal Haemoglobins. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, pp. 340–356.Google Scholar
De Traverse, P.M., Coquelet, M.L., Henrotte, J.G. 1963. Anomalie de l'hémoglobine dans la population de Madras. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 157: 38–41.Google Scholar
Deshmukh, V.V. 1968. Deficiency of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and sickle cell trait: a survey at Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Indian J. Med. Res., 56: 821–825.Google Scholar
Dhayagude, R.G. 1944. Erythroblastic anaemia of Cooley (familial erythroblastic anaemia) in Indian boy. Am. J. Dis. Child., 67: 290–293.Google Scholar
Dube, B., Kumar, S., Mangalik, V.S. 1959. Absence of abnormal haemoglobins in 235 subjects of Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Med. Res., 47: 148–149.Google ScholarPubMed
Dunlop, K.J., Mozumder, U.K. 1952. The occurrence of sickle-cell anaemia among group of tea garden labourers of Upper Assam. Indian Med. Gaz., 87: 387–391.Google Scholar
Flatz, G., Chakravartti, M.R., Das, B.M., Delbrück, H. 1972. Genetic survey in the population of Assam. I. ABO blood groups, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and haemoglobin type. Hum. Hered., 22: 323–330.Google Scholar
Foy, H., Brass, W., Kondi, A. 1956. Sickling and malaria. Br. Med. J., 1: 289–290.Google Scholar
Ganguli, H., Lahiri, S.C. 1955. Observations on Cooley's anaemia. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 24: 453–457.Google ScholarPubMed
Ghai, O.P., Verma, K.P.S., Taneja, P.N. 1961. Haemoglobinopathies in North India. Haemoglobin D-thalassaemia. Indian J. Child Hlth., 10: 334–341.Google Scholar
Glasgow, B.G., Goodwin, M.J., Jackson, F., Kopec, A.C., Lehmann, H., Mourant, A.E., Tills, D., Turner, R.W.D., Ward, M.P. 1968. The blood groups, serum groups and haemoglobins of the inhabitants of Luana and Thimbu, Bhutan. Vox. Sang., 14: 31–42.Google Scholar
Graff, J.A.E., Lehmann, H., Mourant, A.E., Perkins, D.M., Wickremasinghe, R.L. 1954. Haemoglobin E and blood groups in the Veddahs. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 127: 41p.Google Scholar
Guha, P., Bhattacherjee, A.K. 1971. Abnormal haemoglobins in a coal miner and his family. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 57: 204–206.Google Scholar
Gupta, S.C., Mehrotra, T.N., Mehrotra, V.G. 1970. Haemoglobin E-thalassaemia in Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Med. Res., 58: 857–862.Google Scholar
Hakim, S.M.A., Baxi, A.J., Balakrishnan, V., Kulkarni, K.V., Rao, S.S., Jhala, H.T. 1972. Haptoglobin, transferrin and abnormal haemoglobins in Indian Muslims. Indian J. Med. Res., 60: 699–703.Google Scholar
Itano, H.A., Bergren, W.R., Sturgeon, P. 1954. Identification of a fourth abnormal human haemoglobin. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 76: 2278.Google Scholar
Jackson, F.S., Lehmann, H., Sharih, A. 1960. Thalassaemia in a Tibetan discovered during a haemoglobin survey among the Sherpas. Nature (Lond.), 188: 1121–1122.Google Scholar
Jacob, G.F., Lehmann, H., Raper, A.B. 1956. Haemoglobin D in Indians of Gujerati origin in Uganda. East Afr. Med. J., 33: 135–138.Google Scholar
Khaleque, R.A. 1961. Haemoglobin E, thalassaemia and their combination in a Muslim family of East Pakistan. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 64: 171–174.Google Scholar
Khandelwal, M.K., Paithankar, M.T. 1961. Sickle cell anaemia in children. In Bose, S.K. and Dey, A.K. (Eds.): Asian Pediatrics. Asia Publishing House, Bombay, pp. 275.Google Scholar
Kirk, R.L., Lai, L.Y.C., Vos, G.M., Vidyarthi, L.P. 1962 a. A genetic survey of the Oraons of the Chota Nagpur Plateau (Bihar, India). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 20: 375–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, R.L., Lai, L.Y.C., Vos, G.M., Wickremasinghe, R.L., Perara, D.J. 1962 b. The blood and serum groups of selected populations in South India and Ceylon. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 20: 485–497.Google Scholar
Kochhar, B.R., Kathpalia, P.M. 1963. Haemoglobin E-thalassaemia disease. Indian J. Med. Sci., 17: 138–142.Google Scholar
Kumar, N. 1957. A genetic survey among the Tentulia Bagdi and Duley Bagdi of Hooghly district in West Bengal. Bull. Dept. Anthropol. Govt. India, 6: 81–88.Google Scholar
Kumar, N. 1966. ABO blood groups and sickle cell trait investigations in Madhya Pradesh, Indore district, India. Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. (Roma), 15: 404–408.Google Scholar
Kumar, N., Ghosh, A.K. 1967. ABO blood groups and sickle cell trait investigations in Madhya Pradesh, Ujjain and Dewas districts. Acta Genet. (Basel), 17: 55–61.Google Scholar
Labie, D., Rosa, J., Paviot, J.J. 1961. Sur l'existence de différentes anomalies de l'hémoglobine dans une population du Sud de l'Inde. Nouv. Rev. Fr. Hematol., 1: 562–568.Google Scholar
Lehmann, H., Cutbush, M. 1952. Sickle cell trait in Southern India. Br. Med. J., 1: 404–405.Google Scholar
Lehmann, H. 1954. Distribution of the sickle cell gene. Eugen. Rev., 46: 101–102.Google Scholar
Lehmann, H., Sukumaran, P.K. 1956. Examination of 146 South Indian aborigines for haemoglobin variants. Man, 56: 95–96.Google Scholar
Lehmann, H. 1959. Distribution of variations in human haemoglobin synthesis. In Jonxis, J.H.P. and Delafresnaye, J.F. (Eds.): Abnormal Haemoglobins. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, pp. 202–215.Google Scholar
Lehmann, H., Sharih, A., Robinson, G.L. 1961. Sickle cell haemoglobin in a Pathan. Man, 61: 108–109.Google Scholar
Lele, R.D., Solanki, B.R., Bhagwat, R.B., Ingle, V.N., Shah, P.M. 1962. Haemoglobinopathies in Aurangabad region. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 10: 263–271.Google Scholar
Lessa, A., Dessai, M. 1955. Enquêtes sur la drépano-cytose. Proc. 5th Int. Congr. Blood Transf. (Paris), pp. 507–508.Google Scholar
Lie-Injo, L.E., Ti, T.S. 1961. The fast-moving haemoglobin component in healthy newborn babies in Malaya. Med. J. Malaya, 16: 107–114.Google Scholar
Livingstone, F.B. 1967. Abnormal Haemoglobins in Human Populations. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago.Google Scholar
Lopez, C.G., Lie-Injo, L.E. 1971. α-thalassaemia in newborns in West Malaysia. Hum. Hered., 21: 185–191.Google Scholar
Malhotra, R.C., Chhuttani, P.N. 1944. A case of Cooley's anaemia. Indian Med. Gaz., 79: 198–199.Google Scholar
Mariswamy, M.L., Pierce, D.E.M. 1959. Thalassaemia in South India. J. Trop. Pediatr., 4: 147–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathur, K.S., Mehrotra, T.N., Dayal, R.S., Yadav, S.N.S. 1962. Incidence of haemoglobin E and thalassaemia in Uttar Pradesh. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 39: 172–177.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, V.G., Gupta, S.C., Pande, S.R., Mehrotra, T.N. 1968. Abnormal haemoglobins in Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Med. Res., 56: 1365–1370.Google Scholar
Mehta, B.C., Dave, V.B., Joshi, S.R., Baxi, A.J., Bhatia, H.M., Patel, J.C. 1972. Studies of haematological and genetical characteristics of Cutchhi Bhanushali community. Indian J. Med. Res., 60: 305–311.Google Scholar
Misra, G.M. 1961. A Study of Abnormal Haemoglobins Found in Western Uttar Pradesh. Thesis for M.D., Agra University.Google Scholar
Mital, M.S., Parekh, J.G., Sukumaran, P.K., Sharma, R.S., Dave, P.J. 1962. A focus of sickle cell gene near Bombay. Acta Haematol. (Basel), 27: 257–267.Google Scholar
Mukherji, M. 1938. Cooley's anaemia (erythroblastic or Mediterranean anaemia). Indian J. Pediatr., 5: 1–7.Google Scholar
Nagaratnam, N. Wickremasinghe, R. L., Jayawickrame, U.S., Maheson, V.S. 1958. Haemoglobin E syndrome in a Ceylonese family. Br. Med. J., 1: 866–868.Google Scholar
Nagaratnam, J., Sukumaran, P.K. 1967. Thalassaemia in Ceylon. Acta. Haematol. (Basel), 38: 209–218.Google Scholar
Nail, S.K., Kothari, B.V., Jhaveri, C.L., Sukumaran, P.K., Sanghvi, L.D. 1957. Fatal hemolytic anaemia presumably due to the combination of sickle-cell and thalassaemic gene. Indian J. Med. Sci., 11: 244–249.Google Scholar
Nanda, B.K., Panda, G.K., Naik, W.P., Nanda, C.N., Praharaj, K.C. 1967. Haemoblogin S in Acharia community in Orissa. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 48: 150–152.Google Scholar
Napier, L.E., Shorten, J.A., Das Gupta, C.R. 1939. Cooley's erythroblastic anaemia. Indian Med. Gaz., 74: 660–664.Google Scholar
Narayanappa, A. 1963. Thalassaemia major in a Shimoga family. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 41: 315–316.Google Scholar
Negi, R.S. 1962. The incidence of sickle-cell trait in two Bastar tribes. I. Man, 62: 84–86.Google Scholar
Negi, R.S. 1963. The incidence of sickle-cell trait in Bastar. II. Man, 63: 19–23.Google Scholar
Negi, R.S. 1964. The incidence of sickle-cell trait in Bastar. III. Man, 64: 171–174.Google Scholar
Nijenhuis, L.E. 1963. Blood group frequencies and haemoglobin types in Tibetans and Nepalese. Vox. Sang., 8: 622–626.Google Scholar
Pande, S.R., Bhattacharya, S.R., Gupta, S.C., Mehrotra, T.N. 1970. Abnormal haemoglobins in Indian Armed Forces personnel. Indian J. Med. Res., 58: 1017–1024.Google ScholarPubMed
Pande, S.R., Mehrotra, V.G., Mehrotra, T.N. 1972. Study of abnormal haemoglobins in professional blood donors. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 58: 383–384.Google ScholarPubMed
Parekh, J.G., Sharma, R.S., Shah, K.M. 1963. Hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin in combination with thalassaemia in the Indian families. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 11: 975–981.Google Scholar
Parikh, N.P., Baxi, A.J., Jhala, H.T. 1969 a. Blood groups, abnormal haemoglobins and other genetical characters in three Gujarati-speaking groups. Hum. Hered., 19: 486–498.Google Scholar
Parikh, N.P., Baxi, A.J., Jhala, H.T., Kulkarni, K.V. 1969 b. Blood groups and other geneitcal characters in Mahars - a socially low caste from Maharashtra. Indian J. Med. Res., 57: 1467–1474.Google Scholar
Patel, N.D., Bhende, Y.M. 1939. Erythroblastic anaemia with kyphosis and cirrhosis of liver. Indian J. Pediatr., 6: 217–222.Google Scholar
Pirzada, M.A., Kapoor, P.N. 1950. Cooley's anaemia Indian Med. Gaz., 86: 150–152.Google Scholar
Praharaj, K.C., Mohanta, K.D., Kar, R.S., Swain, U., Nanda, B.K. 1969. Haemoglobinopathy in Orissa. Indian Pediatr., 6: 533–537.Google Scholar
Punt, K., Goel, J.V. 1957. Thalassaemia-haemoglobin E disease in two Indo-European boys. Acta. Haematol. (Basel), 17: 305–314.Google Scholar
Rao, U., Chouhan, D.M., Sataiya, U., Sharma, R.S., Parekh, J.G. 1969. Sickle cell thalassaemia (microdrepanocytic disease) and pregnancy. A case report. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. India, 19: 571–577.Google Scholar
Raper, A.B. 1957. Unusual haemoglobin variant in a Gujerati Indian. Br. Med. J., 1: 1285–1286.Google Scholar
Reddy, D.G., Baruah, I.K. 1966. Sickle cell anaemia: a study of three cases from autopsy material and one clinical case. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 46: 163–165.Google Scholar
Reddy, D.J., Rao, K.S., Rao, P.S. 1966. Sickle call anaemia in Visakhapatnam. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 46: 69–72.Google Scholar
Roy, D.N., Roy Chaudhuri, S.K. 1967. Sickle cell trait in the tribal population of Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 49: 107–112.Google Scholar
Saha, N., Banerjee, B. 1965. Incidence of abnormal haemoglobins in Punjab. Calcutta Med. J., 62: 82–86.Google Scholar
Saha, N. 1970. Prevalence of abnormal haemoglobins in pulmonary tuberculosis in three different ethnic groups. J. Med. Genet., 7: 44–46.Google Scholar
Saha, N., Banerjee, B. 1971. Incidence of abnormal haemoglobins in different ethnic groups of Indians. Humangenetik, 11: 300–303.Google Scholar
Salgia, K.M., Gupta, J.C., Arora, M.M., Bhandari, N.R., Jain, A.C.S. 1965. Sickle cell anaemia. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 45: 271–273.Google Scholar
Sanghvi, L.D., Sukumaran, P.K., Lehmann, H. 1958. Haemoglobin J trait in two Indian women associated with thalassaemia in one. Br. Med. J., 2: 828–830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanghvi, L.D. 1962. Haemoglobin Survey in Maharashtra. Lecture, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Sarkar, U.S., Ghosal, S.P., Chaudhuri, J.N. 1959. Thalassaemia haemoglobin-E disease. Indian J. Pediatr., 26: 361–370.Google Scholar
Sayed, B.A., Amin, S.P. 1966. A survey of sickle-cell trait in Bhil tribe in Baroda district with blood group data. J.J.J. Hosp. Grant. Med. Coll., 11: 169–171.Google Scholar
Sen, D.K. 1960. Blood groups and haemoglobin variants in some upper castes of Bengal. J.R. Anthropol. Inst. (Gr. Br.), 90: 161–174.Google Scholar
Sharma, J.C. 1968. Convergent evolution in the tribes of Bastar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 28: 113–118.Google Scholar
Sharma, R.S., Parekh, J.G., Shah, K.M. 1963. Haemoglobinopathies in Western India. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 11: 969–973.Google Scholar
Shukla, R.N., Parande, A.S. 1956. Occurrence of sickle cell tiait in Nagpur. Indian J. Med. Sci., 10: 892–895.Google Scholar
Shukla, R.N., Solanki, B.R., Parande, A.S. 1958. Sickle cell disease in India. Blood, 13: 552–558.Google Scholar
Shukla, R.N., Solanki, B.R. 1958. Sickle cell trait in Central India. Lancet, 1: 297–298.Google Scholar
Siddoo, J.K., Siddoo, S.K., Chase, W.H., Morgan-Dean, L., Perry, W.H. 1956. Thalassaemia in Sikh. Blood, 11: 197–210.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, T., Rao, V.R.M., Sitamahalaksmi, G. 1966. Thalassaemia major in a family from Guntur district. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 47: 181–183.Google Scholar
Stern, M.A., Kynoch, P.A.M., Lehmann, H. 1968. β-thalassaemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and haemoglobin D Punjab in Pathans. Lancet, 1: 1284–1285.Google Scholar
Subhedar, B.J., Bhargava, H.S., Choubey, B.S., Solanki, B.R. 1961. Haemoglobin-J in a Harijan family. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 9: 501–505.Google Scholar
Subbarao, R.V., Jayam, A.V., Sukumaran, P.K. 1968. Sickle cell thalassaemia. J. Postgrad. Med., 14: 89–94.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Sanghvi, L.D., Vyas, G.N. 1956. Sickle cell trait in some tribes of Western India. Curr. Sci., 25: 290–291.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Sanghvi, L.D., Ager, J.A.M., Lehmann, H. 1959. Haemoglobin L in Bombay: findings of three Gujerati-speaking Lohana families Acta Genet. (Basel), 9: 202–206.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Sanghvi, L.D., Nazreth, F.A. 1960. Haemoglobin D-thalassaemia. A report of two families. Acta Haematol. (Basel), 23: 309–319.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Randelia, H.P., Sanghvi, L.D., Merchant, S.M. 1961. Thalassaemia syndrome in Bombay. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 9: 477–488.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Wiltshire, B.G., Lehmann, H. 1971. A new haemoglobin Qα64 (aspartic acid→histidine) observed in two Sindhi families. 2nd Meeting of Asia Pacific Div. of Int. Soc. Haematol. (Melbourne).Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Merchant, S., Desai, M.P., Wiltshire, B.G., Lehmann, H. (1972). Haemoglobin Q India [α64 (E13) aspartic acid→histidine] associated with β-thalassaemia observed in three Sindhi families. J. Med. Genet., 9: 436–442.Google Scholar
Sur, A.M., Chakravarty, A., Rawat, M.S. 1968. Sickle cell haemoglobin in children. Indian Pediatr., 5: 308–314.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Kundu, A.B., Chatterjea, J.B. 1959. Abnormal haemoglobins in Mysore. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 33: 209–210.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Chatterjea, J.B. 1963. A report of fast-moving haemoglobins in Bengalees. Bull. Calcutta Sch. Trop. Med., 11: 137–138.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Banerji, P.G., Ghosh, S.K., Chatterjea, J.B. 1965. Haemoglobin Bart's in Bengalee blood. Bull. Calcutta Sch. Trop. Med., 13: 47–48.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Chatterjea, J.B. 1966 a. Haemoglobin E and K and thalassaemia in an Indian family with evidence of interaction between haemoglobin E and thalassaemia. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 46: 587–589.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Chatterjea, J.B. 1966 b. Haemoglobin J in a Bengalee family with evidence of interaction between haemoglobin J and thalassaemia. J. Indian Med. Assoc., 46: 590–594.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Chatterjea, J.B. 1966 c. Paper presented to the 7th Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Haematology. Quoted by Chatterjea 1966.Google Scholar
Tiagi, G.K., Haider, P.K., Laha, P.N. 1954. Cooley's anaemia in India. Indian J. Med. Sci., 8: 744–749.Google Scholar
Trincão, C., De Almeida, F.L.T., Maitins De, M.J., Surlear, L. 1963. Abnormal haemoglobins in Portuguese India. (Goa and Diu territories). Proc. 9th Congr. Europ. Soc. Haematol. (Lisbon, 1963). S. Karger, New York, pp. 474–476.Google Scholar
Udani, P.M., Parekh, J.G., Sharma, R.S. 1961. Proc. Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Haematol., Madras.Google Scholar
Udani, P.M., Parekh, J.G., Sharma, R.S. 1963. Haemoglobin “E” thalassaemia. J.J.J. Group Hosp. & Grant. Med. Coll., Bombay, 8: 259–263.Google Scholar
Undevia, J.V. 1969. Population Genetics of the Parsis. Thesis submitted to the University of Bombay for Ph.D.Google Scholar
Vella, F., Field, T. E. 1958. Abnormal haemoglobins in Maly and Nepalese Gurkha soldiers. Med. e Malaya,13:153–158.Google Scholar
Vella, F. 1962 a. Abnormal haemoglobins, thalassaemia and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Singapore and Malaya. Oceania, 32: 219–225.Google Scholar
Vella, F. 1962 b. La microcitemia e il morbo di Cooley a Malta, Singapore, e Khartoum. Istituto Italiano di Medicina Sociale (Roma), 1:158–173.Google Scholar
Vyas, G.N., Bhatia, H.M., Sukumaran, P.K., Balakrishnan, V., Sanghvi, L.D. 1962. Study of bllod groups and abnormal haemoglobins and other genetical characters in some tribes of Gujerat. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 20: 255–265.Google Scholar
Weatherall, D.J., Vella, F. 1960. Thalassaemia in a Gurkha family. Br. Med. J., 1: 1711–1713.Google Scholar
Wickremasinghe, R.L., Ikin, E.W., Mourant, A.E., Lehmann, H. 1963 a. The blood groups and haemoglobins of the Veddahs of Ceylon. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. (Gr. Br.), 93: 117–125.Google Scholar
Wickremasinghe, R.L., Ikin, E.W., Mourant, A.E., Lehmann, H. 1963 b. Blood groups and haemoglobin types of Ceylonese. Spolia Zeylania (Bull. Nat. Mus., Ceylon), 30: 149–154.Google Scholar
World Health Organization 1972. Treatment of haemoglobinopathies and allied disorders. Techn. Rep. Ser. No. 509, pp. 15.Google Scholar
Schroeder, W.A., Huisman, T.H.J., Sukumaran, P.K., 1973. A second type of hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin in India. Br. J. Haematol., 25: 130–135.Google Scholar
Sinha, R., Mehrotra, T.N., Gupta, S.C., Kapoor, K.K. 1973. Abnormal haemoglobins in the Indian Armed Forces personnel. Indian J. Med. Res., 61: 1299–1307.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Huisman, T.H.J., Schroeder, W.A., McCrudy, P.R., Freehafer, J.T., Bouver, N., Shelton, J.R., Shelton, J.B., Appel, G. 1972. A homozygote for the HbGγ type of foetal haemoglobin in India: a study of two Indian and four Negro families. Br. J. Haematol., 23: 403–417.Google Scholar