1 In the colonial period, the judge was usually the juiz da fora, with other officials substituting, such as the oldest member of the city council, or the sargento-mor. After 1832, the juiz de direito or the juiz de paz conducted the investigation. Since different judges presided at different devassas, bias from one judge’s choices is eliminated.

2 Arquivo do Estado da Bahia, Cartas para Sua Magestade, livro 139, p. 327 (5 September, 1797).

3 Mott, Luiz, “A escravatura: a propósito de uma representação a El-rei sobre a escravatura no Brasil,” Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasilieros, No. 14 (1973), 133.Google Scholar

4 de Santos Vilhena, Luiz, A Bahia no século XVIII (Salvador: Itapũa, 1969), 1, 33.Google Scholar

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5 See Novais, Fernando, Estrutura e dinámica do antigo sistema colonial (seculos XVI-VIII)(São Paulo: Cadernos CEBRAP No. 17, 1973), p. 17 Google Scholar and passim, for the implications of expansion without development.

6 Santos, L.B., “Clima,” Geografia do Brasil, III (Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1962)Google Scholar, cited in Bond, James, “Human adaptation and population in the sertao do Sao Francisco,” in Polgar, Steven, ed., Culture and Population: a collection of current studies (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Pub. Co., 1971), 70.Google Scholar

7 Maria Luiz Marcílio, Crescimento demográfico e evolução agraria paulista 1700-1836 (Universidade de São Paulo, Tese de livre-doceneia, 1974) describes this phenomenon for São Paulo, where slave immigration obscured natural population growth less than in slave and port areas like Rio and Bahia. Evidence from Minas Gerais ( Maxwell, Kenneth, Conflicts and conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal 1750–1808 (Cambridge: University Press, 1973), pp. 263–266)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and a general overview Marcilio, , “Crescimento historico da populaçao brasileira até 1872” (Saõ Paulo; CEBRAP Cadernos)Google Scholar suggests steady population increase. Schwartz, Stuart, “Elite politics and the growth of a peasantry in late colonial Brazil,” in Russell-Wood, A.J.R., ed., From Colony to Nation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University press, 1975), pp. 133–154 Google Scholar, describes the social impact of this demographic growth in the rise of a free peasantry.

8 St. Hilaire discussed the problem of sesmarias which were legally untransferable, saying that the poor would invade unused land, only to be thrown off it at harvest time by landlords. de Saint-Hilaire, Augusto, Segunda viagem do Rio de Janeiro a Minas Gerais e a São Paulo (1822). 2a ed. de E. Taunay, Trad. Affonso (São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1838), 39.Google Scholar

9 In 1807, the Bahian governor, the Conde de Ponte, found “innumerable groups of these people,” attracting “the credulous, the vagrants, the superstitious, the robbers, criminals, and the ill, with absolute liberty…“ Arquivo Historico Ultramarino (Lisbon), Bahia, Caixa 83, Doc. 29. 815.

10 Arquivo Nacional (Rio de Janeiro), Correspondencia dos Vicereis, Codice 68, v. 13, pp. 39–42 (11 April 1796).

11 Schwartz, , “Elite politics and the growth of a peasantry,” op. cit.Google Scholar

12 Maxwell, Kenneth, “The generation of the 1790’s and the idea of Luso-Brazilian empire,” in Alden, Dauril, ed., Colonial Roots of Modem Brazil (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 119.Google Scholar

l3 de Queiros Mattoso, Katia M., “Conjoncture et societé au Brèsil á la fin du XVIIIe siècle,” Cahiers des Ameriques Latines (1970), pp. 33–53 Google Scholar, links prices, wages, and the Tailors’ Revolt.

14 Arquivo do Estado da Bahia, Seçao Judiciaria, maços 3113, 3114 (Geremoabo); 1327, 1670, 5102–3 (Cachoeira).

15 Spix, Von e Martius, Von, Atravès da Bahia: excerpt os da obra Reis in Brasilien. Trad., da Silva, Pirajá e Woy, Paulo. 2a ed. (Bahia: Imprensa Oficial, 1928), pp. 44, 73–74.Google Scholar

16 Prado, Caio Jr., The Colonial background of modern Brazil, Trad. Macedo, Suzette (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), 170.Google Scholar

17 Spix, Von e Martius, Von, Atravès da Bahia, 73.Google Scholar

18 Dicionario Geografico Brasileiro (Rio de Janeiro: Globo, 1966), 251.

19 Marcilio, Maria Luiza, La ville de São Paulo: peuplement et population 1750–1850 (Rouen: Publications de l’Université de Rouen, Faculté des lettres et Sciences Humaines, 1968), 209–10 and passim.Google Scholar

20 Variance on ages ranged between ISO and 250. Variance, the square of Hu standard deviation, indicates the deviation from the mean. Such a high variance registers extreme deviation.

21 Karasch, Mary Catherine, Slave life in Rio de Janeiro 1808–1850, Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1972), 1, 265.Google Scholar

22 Santos Vilhena, Luiz de, A Bahia no século XVIII, 1, 135–9.Google Scholar

23 Athayde, Johildo, La ville de Salvador au XIXe siècle: aspects demographiques. (D’après les registres paroissiaux), Paris, 1975 Google Scholar. Ph. D. dissertation. I consulted only the work in progress, during the research and writing of this study in 1975. For discussion of marriage, see also Ramos, Donald, “Marriage and the family in colonial Vila Rica,” Hispanic American Historical Review 55:2 (May, 1975), 207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar