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Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

John H. Hann
John H. Hann*
Affiliation:
Florida Department of State, Tallahassee, Florida
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Extract

The early European presence in California and in the American Southwest in general is identified with missions. Although missions were equally important in Spanish Florida and at an earlier date, the average American does not associate missions with Florida or Georgia. Indeed, as David Hurst Thomas observed in a recent monograph on the archaeological exploration of a site of the Franciscan mission of Santa Catalina de Guale on Georgia's St. Catherines Island, the numerous missions of Spanish Florida have remained little known even in scholarly circles. And as Charles Hudson has noted, this ignorance or amnesia has extended to awareness of the native peoples who inhabited those Southeastern missions or were in contact with them, even though these aboriginal inhabitants of the Southeast “possessed the richest culture of any of the native people north of Mexico … by almost any measure.” Fortunately, as Thomas remarked in the above-mentioned monograph, “a new wave of interest in mission archaeology is sweeping the American Southeast.” This recent and ongoing work holds the promise of having a more lasting impact than its historical counterpart of a half-century or so ago in the work of Herbert E. Bolton, Fr. Maynard Geiger, OFM, Mary Ross, and John Tate Lanning. Over the fifty odd years since Lanning's Spanish Missions of Georgia appeared, historians and archaeologists have made significant contributions to knowledge about sites in Spanish Florida where missions or mission outstations and forts or European settlements were established. But to date no one has compiled a comprehensive listing from a historian's perspective of the mission sites among them to which one may turn for the total number of such establishments, their general location, time of foundation, length of occupation, moving, circumstances of their demise and the tribal affiliation of the natives whom they served. This catalog and its sketches attempt to meet that need.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 46 , Issue 4 , April 1990 , pp. 417 - 513
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1990

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References

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57 Pareja, Letter … 1602.

58 Dávila, Report.

59 Bishop Diego Ebelino de Compostela, Letter to the King, September 28, 1689, Havana, AGI, Santo Domingo 151, SC; Hita Salazar, Letter … 1675.

60 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” p. 11.Google Scholar

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88 B. Calvin Jones, personal communication, July 21, 1988.

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91 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 87 Google Scholar; de Barcia Carballido, González y Zúñiga, , Ensayo cronológico, p. 182 Google Scholar; Lanning, pp. 87–88.

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93 Bolton, Herbert E., ed., Arredondo’s Historical Proof of Spain’s Title to Georgia (Berkeley, California, 1925), pp. 35–37.Google Scholar

94 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 12–24.Google Scholar

95 Hann, , “Translation of Alonso de Leturiondo’s Memorial to the King of Spain,” Florida Archaeology, 2 (1986), p. 197.Google Scholar

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98 Oré, The Martyrs, p. 113.

99 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 234.Google Scholar

100 Geiger, , Biographical Dictionary, p. 119.Google Scholar

101 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, p. 15 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 71,Google Scholar 90.

102 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 9–10.Google Scholar

103 Antonio de Arguelles, Record of the Visitation of the Province of Guale and Mocama, 1677–1678, AGI, EC, leg. 156B, SC, 527v-528; Benito Ruiz de Salazar Vallesilla, Order to Antonio de Arguelles, April 22, 1648, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

104 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” p. 5.Google Scholar

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107 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

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111 Garcia, , Dos antiguas relaciones, p. 93 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 89 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 177–178.Google Scholar

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113 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 177–182.Google Scholar

114 Dávila, Report.

115 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

116 Boyd, “Enumeration,” 182–183 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, 10.Google Scholar It was spelled in that form, “Asaho,” in 1680 as well, but with a double “s” and without the accent mark.

117 This is probably a manifestation of Lanning’s erroneous belief that the Spanish missions of Georgia, in contrast to those of Florida, were built of tabby rather than wattle and daub.

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119 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, p. 527.

120 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, pp. 39–40.Google Scholar

121 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter to the King … 1689.

122 Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, pp. 94–98.Google Scholar

123 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 3 Google Scholar; Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 43, 78–79.

124 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 113.Google Scholar

125 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 4.Google Scholar

126 King of Spain, February 26, 1660, AGI, Santo Domingo 225, WLC, reel 3. It is conceivable that it was at this time that the Tolomatans returned to obedience to the Spanish authorities and that relocation was the penalty imposed on them for their recalcitrance.

127 Jones, , “The Ethnohistory,” p. 195,Google Scholar figure 17, pp. 205–208; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, pp. 99–102.Google Scholar

128 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 3.Google Scholar This site contained one of Mary Ross’ and Lanning’s “tabby missions,” that archaeologists proved were much more modern structures. Ross incorrectly identified the “Mansfield Place” and its tabby structures with Tupiqui-Espogache (see Ross, , “The Restoration,” 193).Google ScholarPubMed

129 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 104 Google Scholar; Oré, The Martyrs, p.75.

130 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 3–4.Google Scholar Here Lanning is referring, of course, to Ross, who had preceded Lanning as one of Bolton’s students in the study of the Georgia missions and who, according to Johanna Mendelsohn, was given what had been “Mary Ross’ territory” after the publication of The Debatable Land sparked the tabby mission controversy (see Mendelsohn, Johanna, Mary Letitia Ross Papers: A Descriptive Inventory, ed. by Ellingson, Paul [Atlanta, 1979], p. 16).Google Scholar However, Lanning’s maintenance of the “tabby thesis” (albeit with more restraint) would seem to cast doubt on that hypothesis.

131 Ross, , “The Restoration,” pp. 179–180.Google Scholar

132 Ross, , “The Restoration,” pp. 192–193.Google Scholar

133 Jones, , “The Ethnohistory,” p. 208.Google Scholar

134 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 248.Google Scholar

135 Argüelles, , Record of the Visitation, pp. 526–527.Google Scholar

136 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, pp. 39–40.Google Scholar

137 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter to the King … 1689.

138 Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 115v.–120.

139 Jones, , “The Ethnohistory,” pp. 204,Google Scholar 207; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 99.Google Scholar

140 Dávila, Report; Oré, The Martyrs, passim; Ross, , “The Restoration,” pp. 180–185.Google Scholar

141 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 4.Google Scholar

142 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 260,Google Scholar note 6.

143 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 183,Google Scholar 185.

144 Dávila, Report. Geiger and Grant Jones’ identification of Tuguepe, a Salchiche leader, with the mico of Tupiqui seems unfounded (see Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” 18 and note 68).Google Scholar Similarly unfounded was Ross’ equation of Espogue and Espogache as variants of the same name in her discussion of the bishop’s visit (see Ross, , “The Restoration,” 193).Google ScholarPubMed The record of the bishop’s visitation speaks clearly of his having “the chief of the said village [Espogache] and he of Fasquiche and he of Çapala and he of Espogue.”

145 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, p. 15 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 90.Google Scholar

146 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 71.Google Scholar

147 de Barcia Carballido, González y Zúñiga, , Ensayo cronológico, p. 182.Google Scholar

148 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 90,Google Scholar 157.

149 Dávila, Report.

150 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 188–189,Google Scholar 191.

151 Swanton, , Early History, p. 82 Google Scholar; Indians of the Southeastern United States, p. 128. For other factors see Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

152 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 103.Google Scholar

153 Dávila, Report; Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 117 Google Scholar; Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocamo and Guale,” p. 12 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos Históricos, pp. 188–189,Google Scholar 191.

154 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 87–88.

155 Dávila, Report.

156 Pueyo, General Visitation, p. 122v.

157 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 87 Google Scholar; Pareja, Letter … 1602.

158 Fray Alonso de Jesus, Letter to the King, 1630, AGI, Santo Domingo 235, microfilm 28k, reel 36 (letters and dispatches of ecclesiastical persons of Florida) of the P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History.

159 Dávila, Report; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 239,Google Scholar note 3; Montes, Letter … 1602.

160 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 80,Google Scholar 239, note 3; Montes, Letter … 1602.

161 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 170.Google Scholar

162 López, Letter … 1602.

163 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 98.Google Scholar

164 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 170.Google Scholar

165 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 139.Google Scholar

166 Hann, , “Translation of the Ecija Voyages,” pp. 48–49.Google Scholar

167 The Spanish word here is “lengua” which one might assume from the context to be a copyist error for “legua” or league. Swanton appears to have made that assumption in placing Napa one league from San Pedro (see Swanton, , Early History, p. 327).Google Scholar Lengua, however, can mean a “neck of land extending into the ocean” like a tongue, the literal meaning of lengua, which makes excellent sense in this context.

168 López, Letter … 1602. Citing what appears to be the same source, Lanning gave the population as 150 (see Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 251,Google Scholar note 6).

169 Bushnell, Amy, “Santa Maria in the Written Record,” research report for the Florida State Museum, 1986, p. 1 Google Scholar; Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 102.Google Scholar

170 Dávila, Report; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 171.Google Scholar

171 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 145.Google Scholar

172 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 6–7 Google Scholar; López, Letter … 1602; Ross, , “The Restoration,” p. 185.Google ScholarPubMed Lanning described his second Santa María as “the focal point for the mainland Timucuans, who used to assemble on the banks of the St. Marys River in the Indian village of Tlathlothlaguphta” (see Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p: 6).Google Scholar

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175 López, Letter … 1602.

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188 Pareja, Letter … 1602.

189 Dávila, Report.

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191 Dávila, Report; Pareja, Letter … 1602.

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205 Alonso de Aranguíz y Cotes, Order to Antonio de Argüelles, June 29, 1661, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

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211 Bushnell, “Santa Maria.”

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236 Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” pp. 375–376 Google Scholar; Domingo de Leturiondo, (partial report on the service record of Captain Juan Francisco de Florencia, January 29, 1671), AGI, Santo Domingo 225, WLC, reel 4.

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250 Pareja, Letter … 1602.

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252 Extracts from the inquiry that Governor Gonzalo Méndez de Canzo opened. Inquiry by a party in Florida before Pedro de Ybarra, his successor, year of 1603. Services rendered in Florida. AGI, Santo Domingo 232, JTCC, reel 4.

253 Laguna usually has the meaning of pond or lake, but it can also have the meaning of its English equivalent, “lagoon.”

254 Ruiz de Salazar Vallesilla, Order to Captain Alonso de Argüelles, January 27, 1646, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

255 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

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259 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, 21 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 203 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 74,Google Scholar 132.

260 Francisco Menéndez Marquez and Pedro Beneditt Horruytiner, Order to Antonio de Argüelles, December 1, 1647, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

261 Swanton, , The Early Creeks, pp. 322,Google Scholar 324.

262 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 102 Google Scholar; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 93.Google Scholar

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266 Thomas Menéndez Marquez and Joaquín de Florencia, Letter to the King, April 20, 1697, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 230, JTCC, reel 4; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 120v–122.

267 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 248.Google Scholar

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269 Horruytiner, Letter … 1633.

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273 Francisco Menéndez Marquez and Pedro Beneditt Horruytiner, Order to Antonio de Argüelles, November 14, 1646, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

274 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 182.Google Scholar

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276 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 248.Google Scholar

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278 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” pp. 89–90,Google Scholar 97–98; López, Letter … 1602.

279 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 239,Google Scholar note 3.

280 de la Calle, Juan Diez, Noticias sacras e reales de los dos imperios de las Yndias Occidentales desta Nueva España. 2 vols, (published in 1659).Google Scholar [Notes taken from it by Woodbury Lowery], WLC, reel 4. Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 132–133,Google Scholar reproduced a slightly different version of this list, also taken from Diez de la Calle’s work it seems.

281 Benavides, Letter to Andrés de Pez, November 10, 1722, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 842, SC.

282 Alonso de Jesus, Letter … 1630; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

283 Jesus, Letter … [1630]; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132 Google Scholar; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 89.Google Scholar

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286 Leturiondo, (partial report).

287 Spellman, Charles W., “The ‘Golden Age’ of the Florida Missions, 1632–1674,” Catholic Historical Review, 51 (1963), p. 355.Google Scholar

288 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 visitation,” pp. 105–106.Google Scholar

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290 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s Visitation,” p. 104 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

291 Milanich, personal communication, June of 1988.

292 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 105.Google Scholar

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296 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” 187.Google Scholar

297 Bishop Gabriel Díaz Vara Calderón, Relación de lo que está descubierto en todo el distrito de La Florida y expecificación de los naturales de cada parte y inclinaziones, 1675, AGI, Santo Domingo 151 (microfilm copy furnished by William H. Marquardt). Wenhold rendered this more freely as “Twelve leagues from Santa Fé is the mission of Santa Catalina, with Ajohica 3 leagues away and Santa Cruz de Tarmica 2” (see Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8).Google Scholar The Spanish text is “y desde Sta Fee a doze leguas la de S.ta Cat ta y atres la de Ajohica y a dos la de S.ta cruz de Tarmica.’

298 Leturiondo, Visitation, pp. 603–604.

299 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, p. 40 Google Scholar; Marques Cabrera, Autos (on the destruction of Santa Catalina de Ahoica), March, 1686, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 839, reel 9 of 28B of the P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History of the University of Florida.

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303 Leturiondo, Visitation, pp. 594–600.

304 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 104.Google Scholar

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306 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

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316 Jones, B. Calvin and Shapiro, Gary, “Nine Mission Sites in Apalachee” (paper presented at the 1987 Society for Historical Archaeology, Savannah).Google Scholar

317 The Fidalgo of Elvas, Relaçam verdadeira dos trabalhos q ho gouernador dõ Fernão de Souto e certes fidalgos portugueses passarom no descobrimeo da prouincia da Frolida [sic], facsimile of the original Portuguese edition (Deland, 1932), p. 59; de Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández y Valdés, , Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y Tierra-Firme del mar oceano (Madrid, 1851), 1, 534 Google Scholar; Diego de Rebolledo, Residencia of Governor Benito Ruiz de Salazar Vallecilla, 1657, AGI, EC, leg. 155B, microfilm roll 27–F, P. Κ. Yonge Library of Florida History.

318 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 101–103 Google Scholar; Rebolledo, Residencia … 1657; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar In de Soto’s time Asile was spoken of as being “subject to Apalachee,” indicating possibly that it was a hostage village.

319 Rebolledo, Residencia … 1657.

320 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 186 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

321 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

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323 Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites.”

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326 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 100.Google Scholar

327 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

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329 Rebolledo, Residencia … 1657.

330 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 170,Google Scholar note 10.

331 Bushnell, , “Patricio de Hinachuba: Defender of the Word of God, the Crown of the King, and the Little Children of Ivitachuco,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 3 (1979), p. 12 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Ebelina de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

332 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 101,Google Scholar 102, 112.

333 Boyd, , Smith, and Griffin, Here They Once Stood, pp. 12,Google Scholar 14, 16, 92; Bushnell, , “Patricio de Hinachuba,” pp. 9,Google Scholar 10, 12–13; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 271,Google Scholar 276, 277, 279–280.

334 Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites.”

335 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 99 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

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343 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

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345 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 371.Google Scholar

346 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 97 Google Scholar; royal officials, Letter to the King, June 8, 1675, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 839, SC; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

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349 Francisco de Romo de Urisa, Letter to Joseph de Zúñiga y la Cerda, October 22, 1702, San Luis, AGI, Santo Domingo 858, SC, filed under 1707, pp. 13061–13059 (pp. 33–35 in the bundle).

350 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, pp. 12,Google Scholar 48–49; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 54,Google Scholar 281; Higginbotham, Jay, Old Mobile, Fort Louis de la Louisiane, 1702–1711 (Mobile, 1977), p. 191.Google Scholar

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352 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

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356 Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 61–63.

357 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, p. 56.Google Scholar

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360 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 92,Google Scholar 95.

361 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 53 Google Scholar; Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites;” Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

362 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 91.Google Scholar

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366 Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Missions Sites.”

367 Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 58,Google Scholar 62; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

368 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, pp. 53–54,Google Scholar 56, 76, 78, 81.

369 Benavides, Letter to Andrés de Pez … 1722; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 28–29 Google Scholar; “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 90–91.

370 Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 57–58; Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” p. 389 Google Scholar; Leonard, Irving, translator, Spanish Approach to Pensacela, 1689–1693 (Albuquerque, 1939), p. 254,Google Scholar note 3.

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375 González de Barcia Carballido y Zúñiga, Ensayo cronológico; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 288,Google Scholar 291, 312, 313.

376 Damián de Vega Castro y Pardo, Letter to the King, August 22, 1639, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 225, SC.

377 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 87 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

378 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 184 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

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380 Boyd, , “Further Considerations,” p. 470.Google Scholar

381 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, p. 50.Google Scholar The Fiestas Juaninas were a celebration in honor of four saints, John, Peter, Paul, and Anthony, whose feasts fell in June in the church calendar.

382 Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 279–280,Google Scholar 283.

383 Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites.”

384 Shapiro, personal communication, 1987.

385 Diego Peña, Diario deste viaje de Apalache y de la prova de Apalachicolo mandado hazer por el Señor Governador y Capitan General Dn Pedro de Oliver y Fullana … 1716, AGI, SC. bundle no. 4878.

386 Leonard, , Spanish Approach, pp. 230,Google Scholar 266. The governor gave the village’s name as San Cosme y San Damián de Yecambé while Fray Rodrigo de Barrera alluded to it as “village of Ilcombe, a little more than two leagues from San Luis,” although in describing the trek from San Luis, Barrera noted that they “traveled a matter of a league and a half” to reach the Amarillo or Yellow River [the Och-lockonee] and “about another league” to reach Ilcombe.

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388 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 27.Google Scholar

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422 Florencia, General Inspection; pp. 69–72; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

423 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 68,Google Scholar note 9.

424 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 68 Google Scholar; “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” p. 85; Leonard, , Spanish Approach, p. 241 Google Scholar; Antonio Matheos, Letter to Juan Marques Cabrera, May 19, 1686, San Luis, AGI, Santo Domingo 224, JTCC, reel 2.

425 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 186 Google Scholar; Hita Salazar, Letter … August 24, 1675, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo, 839, SC.

426 Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” pp. 71,Google Scholar 72, 73–74.

427 Juan Fernández de Florencia, Autos concerning the Tumult of the Chacatos, 1675, San Carlos de los Chacatos and San Luis de Talimali, AGI, EC, leg. 156, pp. 119–142, SC; Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” pp. 63–68,Google Scholar 71.

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435 Fernández de Florencia, Autos concerning the Tumult of the Chacatos, p. 125; Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” p. 88.Google Scholar

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442 Díaz Vara Calderón, Relación … 1675.

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445 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 21–22 Google Scholar; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 123–129.

446 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 12,Google Scholar 21–24; Diego de Jaen, Record of the response by Diego de Jaen to the charges lodged against his conduct as the lieutenant of Guale by the natives of that province during the 1695 Visitation of Guale and Mocama made by Don Juan de Pueyo, AGI, EC, leg. 157A, SC, pp. 143, 145–146, 151–153; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 123–124.

447 Bushnell, , “Santa Maria,” p. 8 Google Scholar; Hann, , “St. Augustine’s Fallout from the Yamasee War,” Florida Historical Quarterly, 68 (1989), pp. 182,Google Scholar 184.

448 Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 93.Google Scholar

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453 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 183 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 120–121.

454 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

455 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, pp. 526–527.

456 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 12,Google Scholar 19; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 116–120.

457 Zúñiga y Zerda, General Visitation at Santa Mana, February 7, 1701; Order, November 5, 1702, AGI, Santo Domingo 858, JTCC, reel 6.

458 Bullen, Ripley and Griffin, John W., “Survey of Amelia Island,” Florida Anthropologist 5 (1952), 37–64.Google Scholar

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461 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 7–8 Google Scholar; Pueyo, General Visitation, p. 134.

462 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132 Google Scholar; Swanton, , Early History, p. 322 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 10.Google Scholar

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465 Henry Baker and Richard Vernon, personal communication, July 20,1988; Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 106 Google Scholar; Goggin, , Space and Time, p. 25,Google Scholar note 11.

466 King of Spain, Letter … 1660.

467 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

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469 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, p. 530.

460 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

471 Leturiondo, Visitation, pp. 598–599.

472 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 101, 102.

473 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

474 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

475 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 106 Google Scholar; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 88.Google Scholar Deagan noted, however, that it “seems also to have been the site of an earlier Saturiwa village.”

476 Ayala y Escobar, Letter … 1717; Leturiondo, Visitation, passim; Florencia, General Inspection, passim.

477 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

478 Ayala y Escobar, Letter … 1717; Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 102–105; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 216 Google Scholar; Zúñiga y Zerda, Residencia for Governor Laureano de Torres y Ayala, November 16, 1700, St. Augustine, AGI, EC, leg. 157A, microfilm roll 27-P of the P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History.

479 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133 Google Scholar; Swanton, , Early History, p. 322.Google Scholar

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481 Council of the Indies, November 27, 1695, Madrid; Franciscan provincial and definitors of Florida, Letter to the King, December 5, 1693, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 235 (microfilm furnished by Marquardt; Hann, Mission to the Calusa; King Carlos II, Order, December 30, 1695, Madrid, AGI, Contratación 5544, JTCC, reel 1; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Juan Solana, Testimony in Reference to the Auto for Jororo, February 6, 1697, St. Augustine, in Laureano de Torres y Ayala, Letter to the King, February 9, 1697, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 228, JTCC, reel 3; Swanton, , Early History, p. 322 Google Scholar; Torres y Ayala, Letter to the King, February 3, 1697, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 228, JTCC, reel 3.

482 Council of the Indies, … 1695.

483 Friar from San Antonio Anacape, Testimony, April 12, 1682, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 226, JTCC, reel 5.

484 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

485 Torres y Ayala, Letter to the King, September 19, 1699, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 228, JTCC, reel 3.

486 B. Calvin Jones, personal communication, July 21, 1988.

487 Hita Salazar, Letter … 1680; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133 Google Scholar; Swanton, , Early History, p. 96.Google Scholar

488 Torres y Ayala, Letter … February 3, 1697.

489 Ayala y Escobar, Letter … 1717; Swanton, , Early History, pp. 96,Google Scholar 326, 339; Indians of the Southeastern United States, 133.

490 Deagan, , Griffin, and Smith, , “Nocoroco, a Timucua Village of 1605,” Florida Historical Quarterly, 27 (1949), pp. 340–361 Google Scholar; Alvaro Mexia, A handy and useful guide and true one for rivers, channels, lagoons, woods, settlements, landing places, shoals, [and] hamlets, which extend from the city of St. Augustine down to the bay of Ais, AGI, Patronato 19, JTCC, Reel 1; Rouse, Irving, A Survey of Indian River Archaeology, Florida (New Haven, 1951), pp. 34–39 Google Scholar; Pedro de Ybarra, Report to the King, 1605, St. Augustine, AGI, Patronato 19, JTCC, reel 1.

491 Marques Cabrera, Letter to the King, June 14, 1681, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 226, JTCC, reel 3.

492 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 1ll Google Scholar; Swanton, , Early History, p. 339.Google Scholar

493 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 111.Google Scholar

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496 Fray Bartolomé de Quiñones, Testimony, March 11, 1682, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 226, JTCC, reel 5.

497 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Torres y Ayala, Letter … February 3, 1697.

498 Ayala y Escobar, Letter … 1717; Franciscan provincial and definitors of Florida, Letter … 1693.

499 Council of the Indies … 1695; Dickinson, , Jonathan Dickinson’s Journal, p. 60.Google Scholar

500 Council of the Indies … 1695; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

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502 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 111.Google Scholar

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504 Torres y Ayala, Letter … September 16, 1699.

505 Solana, Testimony … 1697.

506 Antonio de Benavides, Testimony of the Investigation Made during the Visitation of the Indian Settlements near St. Augustine, December 1, 1726, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 865, SC.

507 Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” pp. 72,Google Scholar 89–90.

508 Boyd, , “Expedition of Marcos Delgado,” pp. 13–14 Google Scholar; Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” p. 72.Google Scholar

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510 Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” p. 73.Google Scholar

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513 Hann, Missions to the Calusa.

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515 Bushnell, , “Patricio de Hinachuba,” pp. 13–16 Google Scholar; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 284–286.Google Scholar