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Reflections on Brazil and Life as a Historian: An Interview with Richard Graham
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 February 2015
Extract
Richard Graham is one of a handful of historians who shaped the field of Latin American studies in the United States. Graham taught for many years at the University of Texas at Austin, where he is Frances Higginbotham Nalle Centennial Professor of History Emeritus. At Texas he directed more than 20 doctoral dissertations and served as associate editor and then editor of the Hispanic American Historical Review from 1971 to 1975. Graham is the author of five books, among them Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil (1968), Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil (1990), and Feeding the City: From Street Market to Liberal Reform in Salvador, Brazil, 1780-1860 (2010). He has edited five books, including Machado de Assis: Reflections on a Brazilian Master Writer (1999), Independence in Latin America (1972 and 1994), and The Idea of Race in Latin America (1990); he has published more than 40 articles. He was awarded the Conference on Latin American History's Distinguished Service Award in January 2011 (see his CLAH Luncheon Address in this issue), one of many scholarly honors.
- Type
- 2011 CLAH Luncheon Address
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- Copyright
- Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 2011
References
1. Led by Luís Carlos Prestes, and comprised of disenchanted junior officers of Brazil’s military, the Prestes Column marched through the interior of Brazil in the 1920s and later played a role in the 1930 revolution that brought Getúlio Vargas to power.
2. William Dougal Christie was a British diplomat who arrived in Rio de Janeiro in 1860. His heavy-handed diplomacy led to a British blockade of Rio and led to Brazil’s breaking off relations.
3. Getúlio Vargas was president and dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and president again from 1951 to 1954.
4. Here, Graham refers to the Teatro Opiniào, a theatre company in Rio de Janeiro that became a symbol of resistance to the military dictatorship.
5. Institutional Act No. 5 of December 1968 suspended habeas corpus, adjourned the congress, and gave the government discretionary power to purge the bureaucracy, military, universities, and trade unions. It marked the beginning of the most repressive period of the military dictatorship (1968–1974).
6. Eulália Lobo was forced into retirement from the Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais of the university, now known as the Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro
7. Jaime Wright joined Cardinal Paulo Evaristo Arns in a secret project to copy thousands of trial documents from military courts, documents that revealed the widespread use of vicious torture to force confessions from the accused. The findings were summarized and published with a preface by Arns, as Brasil: Nunca Mais (Petropolis: Vozes, 1985).Google Scholar It was a scathing indictment of the practices that the military used against its opponents, mostly students. The book, translated by Wright, Jaime appears in English as Torture in Brazil: A Report by the Archdiocese of Sào Paulo, cd. Dassin, Joan (New York: Vintage Books, 1986).Google Scholar
8. The Law of the Free Womb, also known as the Rio Branco Law or the Free Birth Law, declared that all children born to slave women would be free.
9. The Barào de Cotegipe (Joâo Mauricio Wandcrley) was a conservative politician from Bahia. He was the co-sponsor of the Saraiva-Cotegipe Law, also known as the Sexagenarian Law (1885), that freed slaves older than 65.
10. Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo, viscount Ouro Preto, prominent Liberal leader and prime minister in the 1880s.
11. José Antônio Saraiva was a liberal politician from Bahia. With Cotegipe, he co-sponsored the Sexagenarian Law.
12. Afonso Pena was a member of three imperial cabinets and became president of the ensuing republic.