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The Paraguayan Revolution of 1904*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Harris Gaylord Warren
Harris Gaylord Warren*
Affiliation:
Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
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Extract

The revolution of 1904 was the major political disturbance in Paraguay for thirty years after the revolt of 1873-1874 which succeeded in driving the Liberals from power. Although not formally organized as a political party until 1887, young Liberals succeeded in gaining a brief, precarious ascendancy in postwar Paraguay. They dominated the Constituent Assembly when it met in 1870 to draft a constitution. This assembly elected Juan Bautista Rivarola, the surviving member of the postwar Triumvirate, as provisional president. But the young Liberals distrusted Rivarola and the conservatives, whose acknowledged leader was Cándido Bareiro, a nephew of Francisco Solano López who had served the dictator as a diplomat in Europe. The Liberals executed the first postwar political coup in Paraguay when they succeeded in substituting Facundo Machaín in place of Rivarola for a few hours until Bareiro directed a conservative coup that restored Rivarola as President of Paraguay. Bareiro expected to be elected president in the 1870 elections but Rivarola's position as provisional president gave him the advantage and he won the election.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 36 , Issue 3 , January 1980 , pp. 365 - 384
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1980

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Footnotes

*

Research for this study was completed with support of a grant from the American Philosophical Society.

References

1 These and other details are developed more fully in the author’s Paraguay and the Triple Alliance: the Postwar Decade, 1869–1818. Latin American Monographs No. 44, Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1978. A recent summary is F. Arturo Bordón, Historia política del Paraguay. Tomo, I. Era constitucional 1869–1886. Asunción, 1976.Google Scholar

2 Documentation of the Cavalcanti coup is voluminous in Missões Diplomáticas Brasileiras, Assumpção, Oficios Recebidos, Arquivo Histórico, Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Itamaraty, 201/2/5. Hereafter cited as MDBA-OR.

3 Découd, Arsenio López, ed., Album gráfico de la República del Paraguay (Buenos Aires, 1911, p. 225.Google Scholar

4 Godoi, Juansilvano, El Coronel Juan Antonio Escurra, presidente electo de la República del Paraguay (Asunción, 1903), p. 14.Google Scholar Godoy played with various combinations of his name. Sometimes he joined the Juan and Silvano, and spelled his surname either Godoi or Godoy.

5 Cecil Gosling to Lansdowne, Asunción, Nov. 26, 1902, Public Record Office, Foreign Office (London), 59/60. Hereafter cited as PRO FO.

6 Waldemar C. de Korab to Francis Loomis, No. 172, Asunción, Nov. 26, 1904, Despatches from United States Consuls in Asunción, 1844–1906. National Archives Microfilm Publications, Microcopy T 329, Rolls 1–6, hereafter cited as DUSCA T 329/6.

7 Cunha to Magalhães, 2a Sec. No. 1 Conf., Asunción, Sept. 4, 1902, MDBA-OR 201/2/7.

8 Ibid.

9 Cunha to Rio Branco, 2a Sec. No. 12, Asunción, Dec. 23, 1902, ibid.

10 Id. to id., 2a Sec. No. 10, Asunción, Dec. 1, 1902, ibid.; El País (Asunción, Dec. 15, 1902.

11 Cunha to Rio Branco, 2a Sec. No. 1 Res., Asunción, Jan. 10, 1903, MDBA-OR 201/2/7.

12 Id. to id., 2a Sec. No. 2 Res., Asunción, Feb. 2, 1903, ibid.

13 Mensaje del Presidente de la República al Honorable Congreso de la Nación al abrir sus sesiones. Abril de 1903 (Asunción, 1903), p. 4; Cunha to Rio Branco, 2a Sec. No. 4, Asunción, April 8, 1903, MDBA-OR 201/2/7.

14 Báez, Cecilio, Cuadros históricos y descriptivos (Asunción, 1906), pp. 367ff.Google Scholar The collected articles were published as La tiranta en el Paraguay; sus causas, caracteres y resultados (Asunción, 1903).

15 La Bastilla, Aug. 6, 1893; González, Teodosio, Infortunios del Paraguay (Buenos Aires, 1931), pp. 155–56Google Scholar; Revista Mensual, II (No. 20, Asunción, Oct. 15, 1897), pp. 238–42; The Paraguay Monthly Review, I (No. 3, March 1901), p. 84.

l6 González, , Infortunios del Paraguay, pp. 155–56.Google Scholar

17 El Enano, March 20, 1904.

18 El Grito del Pueblo, April 7 and May 1, 1904.

19 El Triunfo, April 28, 1904. The prophecy was correct. Born in 1881, La Democracia died in December, 1904.

20 El Triunfo, June 2, 1904.

21 July 3, 1904.

22 Báez, , Cuadros históricos y descriptivos, pp. 271–72.Google Scholar

23 Esteves, Gomes Freire, Historia contemporánea de la república, p. 90,Google Scholar in Esteves, Luis Freire and Peña, Juan C. González, eds., El Paraguay constitucional, 1870–1920 (Buenos Aires, 1921), pp. 1–140.Google Scholar

24 Ibid.

25 W. Haggard to Lansdowne, Paraguay No. 5 Buenos Aires, Aug. 10, 1904, PRO FO 59/62; El Siglo (Montevideo) Aug. 13, 1904, enei, in W. R. Finch to Hay, No. 768, Montevideo, Aug. 15, 1904, Despataches from United States Ministers to Paraguay and Uruguay, File Microcopies of Records in the National Archives, No. 128, Rolls 1–19, Oct. 11, 1858-July 17, 1906, Roll 17. Hereafter cited as DDPU 128/17.

26 Id. to id., No. 786, Montevideo, Aug. 12, 1904, DDPU 128/17, and enclosed clippings from El Día (La Plata), El Siglo and Diario Nuevo (Montevideo).

27 Haggard to Lansdowne, Paraguay No. 5, Buenos Aires, Aug. 10, 1904, PRO FO 59/62.

28 “Manifiesto del Partido Nacional Republicano á sus correligionarios,” El Paraguay, Aug. 9, 1904, copy in John N. Ruffin to Francis B. Loomis, No. 160 Asuncion, Aug. 11, 1904, DUSCA T 329/6.

29 Esteves, Freire, Historia contemporánea de la república, p. 92.Google Scholar

30 Ibid., 92–95; Ruffin to Loomis, No. 160, Asunción, Aug. 11, 1904, DUSCA T 329/6; Haggard to Lansdowne, Paraguay No. 6 Conf., Buenos Aires, Aug. 12, 1904, PRO FO 59/62.

31 The paper was printed in three columns on four pages. No. 5 is Oct. 8, 1904, and No. 6 followed on Oct. 19. Copies are in Waldemar C. de Korab to Loomis, Asunción, Dec. 4, 1904, DUSCA T 329/6.

32 Rafael Barrett, “Paraguay—the Last Revolution and Present Politics,” encl. in Edward C. O’Brien to Elihu Root, No. 64, Montevideo, DDPU 128/18; Esteves, Freire, Historia contemporánea de la república, pp. 93–94.Google Scholar

33 El Grito del Pueblo, Feb. 2, 1905.

34 Korab to Loomis, No. 172 Conf., Asunción, Nov. 26, 1904, DUSCA T 329/6.

35 Cunha to Rio Branco, 2a Sec. No. 1 Res., Asunción, Aug. 12, 1904, MDBA-OR 201/2/8.

36 Haggard to Lansdowne, Paraguay No. 6 Conf., Buenos Aires, Aug. 12, 1904, PRO FO 59/62.

37 Gosling served continuously until June, 1903, when he went on leave and returned to his post early in January, 1904. He was made First Secretary in October, 1904, although the British had no legation in Asunción. Gosling to Salisbury, Asunción, Sept. 25, 1899, PRO/FO 59/57; Gosling to Lansdowne, Asunción, Oct. 12, 1902, PRO/FO 59/60; id. to id., Asunción, June 11, 1902, PRO/FO 59/61.

38 Haggard to Lansdowne, Paraguay Conf. No. 4, Buenos Aires, July 8, 1904, PRO FO 59/62.

39 Goslingto Haggard, Asunción, Aug. 16, 1904, end. in Haggard to Lansdowne, Paraguay No. 6 Conf., Buenos Aires, Aug. 12, 1904, ibid.

40 Cunha to Rio Branco, 2a Sec. No. 11, Asunción, Oct. 11, 1904, MDBA-OR 201/2/8.

41 Id. to id., 2a Sec. No. 16 Res., Asunción, Nov. 26, 1904, ibid.

42 La Constitución, Oct. 8, 1904.

43 Cunha to Rio Branco, 2a Sec. No. 9 Res., Asunción, Sept. 28, 1904, MDBA-OR 201/2/8. For Jara, see Jaeggli, Alfredo L., Albino Jara, un varón meteórico (Buenos Aires, 1963).Google Scholar

44 “Al Pueblo,” manifesto of the Revolutionary Committee, Aug. 15, 1904, encl. No. 4 in John N. Ruffin to Loomis, No. 163, Asunción, Sept. 8, 1904, DUSCA T 329/6. Benigno Ferreira, E. González Navero, Manuel J. Duarte, Manuel Benítez, Elías C. García, and Manuel Gondra were the first of twenty-four signers.

45 Korab to Loomis, No. 172 Conf., Asunción, Nov. 26, 1904, ibid.

46 Gosling to Haggard, No. 28 Conf., Asunción, Sept. 30, 1904, encl. in Haggard to Lansdowne, Paraguay No. 11 Conf., Buenos Aires, Oct. 7, 1904, PRO FO 59/62.

47 Cunha to Rio Branco, 2a Sec. No. 18 Res., Asunción, Dec. 16, 1904, MDBA-OR 201/2/8;La Democracia, Dec. 13, 1904. Italics in original.

48 “El Tratado de Pilcomayo. Acta de Paz.” encl. in Gosling to Lansdowne, No. 4, Asunción, Dec. 29, 1904, PRO FO 59/62; Korab to Loomis, No. 175, Asunción, Dec. 19, 1904, DUSCA T 329/6.

49 Gaona’s cabinet included Ferreira in War, Cecilio Báez in Foreign Affairs, Emiliano González Navero in Hacienda, Emilio Pérez in Interior, and Cayetano A. Carreras in Justice. Gualberto Cardús Huerta served in Foreign Affairs until Báez returned from Washington. Gaona to the President of the United States, Asunción, Dec. 24, 1904, Notes from the Paraguayan Legation in the United States to the Department of State, March 12, 1853-May 16, 1906, National Archives Microfilm Publications, Microcopy 350, Roll 1-2, 350/2; Cardús Huerta to W. R. Finch, Asunción, Dec. 29, 1904, encl. in Finch to Hay, No. 800, Montevideo, Dec. 31, 1904, DDPU 128/18.

50 La Tribuna Diario (Montevideo), Dec. 15, 1904, encl. in Finch to Hay, No. 799, Montevideo, Dec. 26, 1904, DDPU 128/18; Korab to Loomis, No. 174, Asunción, Dec. 16, 1904, DUSCA T 329/6.

51 Korab to Loomis, No. 174, Asunción, Dec. 16, 1904, ibid.

52 El Triunfo, Dec. 25, 1904; El Grito del Pueblo, Dec. 25, 1904.

53 Quell, Hipólito Sánchez, Fatando do Paraguai ao Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, 1958), p. 46.Google Scholar

54 El Grito del Pueblo, Dec. 25, 1904; El Triunfo, Dec. 25, 1904.

55 El Enano, June 4, 1905.

56 Cecil Gosling, “Report on the Political Situation in Paraguay in 1905,” in Gosling to Edward Grey, No. 3, Asunción, March 7, 1906 PRO FO 371/10.

57 Gosling to Lansdowne, No. 2, Asunción, Dec. 22, 1904, PRO FO 59/62.