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Notes for a Biography of Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides,1 1594–1688

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Manoel Cardozo
Manoel Cardozo*
Affiliation:
The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.
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Extract

When the Editors of THE AMERICAS invited me to write an article for this issue of their journal and thus join with them in honoring the International Colloquium on Luso-Brazilian Studies, it occurred to me to say something about Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides. Could anything be more appropriate for such an occasion, I thought, than to touch upon the activities of a man whose life was intimately connected with Portugal, Brazil and Angola? Surely no other figure out of the common past of the Portuguese-speaking countries more nearly symbolizes their basic unities and, to a certain extent even today, their interdependence. The pages that follow will not directly bring this out, because my purpose was simply to present the facts that have been available to me. But the reader will be in a position to draw his own conclusions, and these, I believe, will bear out what I have suggested above.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 7 , Issue 2 , October 1950 , pp. 135 - 170
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1950

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Footnotes

1

Salvador’s last name was written by his contemporaries as I have given it. Today the form “Benevides” is current, but I see no reason to use it.

References

2 The study by de Lessa, Clado Ribeiro, Salvador Correia de Sá e Benevides (Lisboa, 1940)Google Scholar, which is cited by current authors, was not available to me in Washington.

3 Moréri, Louis, in his Le grand dictionnaire historique ou le mélange curieux de Vhistoire sacrée et profane, IV (Paris, 1759), 152 Google Scholar, says that Salvador was born in Cádiz, Spain. Araújo, Monsignor José de Sousa Azevedo Pizarro e, in his Memorias históricas do Rio de Janeiro e das provincias annexas a jurisdicção do vice-rei do estado do Brasil, I (Rio de Janeiro, 1820), 204 n.Google Scholar, says that “Os Senhores Castelhanos, ambiciosos de Heroes, pretenderam privar o Rio de Janeiro de contar gloriosamente a Benavides entre os seus nacionaes, fazendo-o natural de Cadiz. …” Pizarro reports that he saw Salvador’s baptismal record. All subsequent historians have apparently taken their cue from Pizarro.

4 For these genealogical details see Norton, Luis, A dinastia dos Sás no Brasil (1558–1662) (Lisboa, 1943), pp. 20–21;Google Scholar Lamego, Alberto, A terra goytacá á luz de documentos inéditos, I (Paris-Bruxelles, 1913), 46–47;Google Scholar and the anonymous Relaçam da aclamação que se fez na capitanía do Rio de Ianeiro do Estado do Brasil, & nas mais do Sul, ao Senhor Rey Dom loão o IV. por verdadeiro Rey, & Senhor do seu Reyno de Portugal, com a felicissima restituiçaõ, q delle se fez a sua Magestade que Deos guarde, &c. (Lisboa, 1641), unnumbered p. 4 (hereafter cited as Relaçam).

4a Moréri, op. cit., p. 152.

5 Report of Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides in Acta of the Overseas Council (Conselho Ultramarino), May 3, 1677, MS. in the Arquivo Histórico Colonial (hereafter cited as A. H. C), Codex 253, L° I° das Consultas da Bahia, fol. 43 et seq. This document has been published in the Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geogràfico Brasileiro, LXIII (1901), parte I, 5–13.

6 Ibid.

7 See A.H.C., Doc. of Rio, N° 2; Acta of the Overseas Council, November 16, 1623, A.H.C., Codex 35, Consultas de Partes, 1623–1624, fol. 218 et seq.; and report of Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides, doc. cit.

8 Acta of the Overseas Council, November 16, 1623, doc. cit.

9 Norton, op. cit., p. 29; report of Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides, doc. cit.

10 Report of Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides, doc. cit.

11 de Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo, “Biographia dos brasileiros distinctos por letras, armas, virtudes, etc. Salvador Correa de Sá e Benevides,” Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, III (1841), 100.Google Scholar

12 Norton, op. cit., pp. 29–32; Varnhagen, loc. cit., p. 101.

13 Dom Manuel de Meneses, “Recuperação, da cidade do Salvador. Escripta por D. Mamuel [sic] de Menezes chronista mor e chrosmographo de sua magestade e capitão geral da armada de Portugal naquella empersa, [sic] copia cotejada com o manuscripto original de Madrid—por Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagem, [sic] Livro segundo,” Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, XXII (1859), 565. Elsewhere (p. 564) Meneses says that Salvador arrived from Rio with 180 people: 80 whites and the rest Indians. Rubim, Braz do Costa, in his “Memorias histricas e documentadas da Provincia do Espirito Santo,” Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, XXIV (1861), 337 Google Scholar, adverting to Salvador’s commission of office as alcaide mor of Rio de Janeiro of February 5, 1628, says that 200 men were involved.

14 Varnhagen, loc. cit., p. 101; Norton, op. cit., p. 32.

15 Moréri, op. cit., p. 152. It must be remembered that during the years 1580–1640 the kings of Spain were also kings of Portugal.

16 Rubim, loc. cit., p. 337.

17 Varnhagen, loc. cit., p. 101; Pizarro, op. cit., II, 249; Norton, op. cit., p. 32.

18 Varnhagen, loc. cit., p. 101.

19 Ibid.; Moréri, op. cit., p. 152. The anonymous Relaçam (unnumbered p. 4) identifies the bride as “Dona Caterina de Vgarte y Velasco sobrinho do Viso rey de Mexico, & do Condestable de Castella. …”

20 A.H.C, Codex 92, L°; 1° de Provisoes, 1644–1669, fol. 14 et seq.

21 See Lamego, op. cit., I, 47–50.

22 Norton, op. cit., p. 33.

23 Lamego, op. cit., I, 50.

24 Nunes, António Duarte, “Almanac Histórico da Cidade de S. Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro,” Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, XXI (1858), 5 et seq.Google Scholar

25 Pizarro, op. cit., II, 253; Varnhagen, loc. cit., p. 102.

26 A.H.C, Docs, of Rio, N° 211–214. These documents are published in Norton, op. cit., pp. 174, 177, and 178.

27 Ibid.

28 In Salvador’s report to the Overseas Council of May 3, 1677, doc. cit., he says that these new powers were given him at the end of 1638 or beginning of 1639. His memory at this point apparently failed him, for his letter of January 10, 1639, referred to above, in which he asked to be made administrator of the mines, was answered by the King (though signed by the Princess Marguerite) on November 15, 1639, and the reply, as we have observed, simply stated that the request would be considered. Salvador, however, had already been given these powers by March 22, 1640, as is seen by the letter of the King to him of that date, signed by the Princess Marguerite (Norton, op. cit., p. 177).

29 The King’s letter is cited in footnote 28.

30 Varnhagen, loc. cit., p. 102.

31 Studies on the Paulista raids are numerous. See especially de Abreu, J. Capistrano, Capítulos de história colonial (.1500–1800) (3rd ed., Rio de Janeiro, 1934), p. 114 et seq.;Google Scholar Taunay, Afonso de E., História Geral das Bandeiras Paulistas escripta á vista de avultada documentação inédita dos archivos brasileiros, hespanhões e portuguezes, I (São Paulo, 1924), 227 et seq.;Google Scholar Leite, Serafim, História da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil, VI (Rio de Janeiro, 1945), 244 et seq.; and de Montoya, Antonio Ruiz, Conquista Espiritval, Hecha por los Religiosos de la Compañía de Iesús en las Provincias del Paraguay, Vruguay, y Tape (Madrid, 1639), passim.Google Scholar

32 de Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo, História geral do Brasil antes de sua separação e independencia de Portugal, III (3rd ed., São Paulo, n.d.), 156.Google Scholar See also Taunay, op. cit., Ill (São Paulo, 1927), 3 et seq.

33 Varnhagen, op. cit., Ill (3rd ed., São Paulo, n.d.), 250.

34 Varnhagen, op. cit., Ill, 156–157.

35 The Brief is published by Leite, op. cit., VI, 569, et seq.

36 de Vasconcelos, Simão, Vida do P. Joam d’Almeida da Companhia de Iesv, na provincia do Brazil (Lisboa, 1658), preliminary leaf 26.Google Scholar See also Leite, op. cit., p. 32 et seq.

37 See above, note 36. The dedication reads: “Ao Senhor Salvador Correia de Sa, e Benavides, dos Conselhos de Gverra, e Vltramarino de Sua Mag. Comendador das Comendas de S. Saluador & S. loam de Cacia: Alcaide Mòr da Cidade de S. Sebastiam do Rio de Ianeiro: Administrador das Minas Austraes do Brazil: Gouernador, Capitam geral, & Restaurador dos Reinos d’Angola, & Coronel d’hum Terço dos d’esta Corte de Lisboa, & seu Defensor da parte Marítima.”

38 The agreement that was drawn up at this time is published in Varnhagen, he. cit., p. 113 et seq.

39 For the difficulties in the Captaincy of São Vicente, see especially Leite, op. cit., 252 et seq. See also Varnhagen, loc. cit., pp. 102–104; Varnhagen, op. cit., Ill, 159; and Taunay, op. cit., Ill, 30 et seq.

40 Relaçam, pp. 4–5; report of Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides of May 3, 1677, doc. cit.

41 Cited in de Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo, Historia das lutas com os hollandezes no Brazil Desde 1624 a 1654 (Lisboa, 1872), p. 217.Google Scholar

42 Ibid.

43 Lamego, op. cit., I, 82 note.

44 Relaçam, pp. 3–4.

45 Leite, op. cit., VI, 44.

46 Varnhagen, loc. cit., p. 104. See also the letter of Salvador to the King, Rio, May 30, 1642, published in Norton, op. cit., pp. 185–186; and Pizarro, op. cit., II, 253–254.

47 Nunes, loc. cit., p. 38; Varnhagen, loc. cit., p. 104; letter of Salvador to the King, Rio, May 30, 1642, doc. cit.

48 Letter of Salvador to the King, Rio, May 30, 1642, doc. cit. In this letter he says that he would leave on the following day.

49 Varnhagen, loc. cit., pp. 105, 118–119. Varnhagen transcribes the document in question.

50 Report of Salvador of May 3, 1677, doc. cit.

51 Ibid.

52 Lamego, op. cit., I, 50 et seq.

53 Acta of the Overseas Council, December 15, 1642, A.H.C., Doc. of Rio, N° 268. This document was used by Lamego, op. cit., I, S3 et seq., who gives a fuller list of accusations against Salvador in the notes (pp. 52–56).

54 Acta of the Overseas Council, December 15, 1642, doc. cit.; and Lamego, op. cit., I, 56–57.

55 Pizarro, op. cit., II, 255–257.

56 Report of Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides, May 3, 1677, doc. cit.

57 Ibid.

58 Ibid.

59 See Acta of the Overseas Council, July 16, 1644, A.H.C., Codex 278, Consultas de Tôdas as Conquistas, 1643 até 1652, Book I.

60 Report of Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides, May 3, 1677, doc. cit. Moréri (op. cit., p. 152) says that Philip III of Portugal, to recompense him for his great services in the River Plate area, had promised to create him a Count and Grandee of Portugal on the condition that he remain three more years as Governor of Rio. At this juncture Philip was overthrown and John IV proclaimed in his place. Moréri says that Salvador was promised, moreover, the title of Marquis and five per cent of the total proceeds of the mines if they produced an income of 500,000 cruzados to the Crown. In this connection, see also Pizarro, op. cit., Ill, 168. By royal decree of February 27, 1643, John IV requested the Overseas Council to inform him if, in view of the charges against Salvador, it was wise to entrust him with the administration of the São Paulo mines. (Acta of the Overseas Council, July 16, 1644, doc. cit.) The Council replied that since most of the documents in the case were in the possession of other departments of state, it was unable to advise the King at this time. (Ibid.)

61 Acta of the Overseas Council, July 16, 1644, doc. cit. On July 19, 1644, the Crown confirmed the lease (foro) of certain lands that the City Council of Rio de Janeiro had signed with Salvador on May 16, 1643. In return for the lands fronting on the Praça da Cidade, which had been given to his father, and the annual rental of 12 milréis, Salvador got the lands that lay from the corner of the Paço de Gaspar Dias de Mesquita to Salvador’s own residence, with the width that this property might have as far as the beach. A.H.C., Codex 92, L° Io de Provisões, 1644–1669, fol. 16 et seq. See also note 20, above.

62 Norton, op. cit., p. 45 et seq.

63 See A.H.C., Codex 13, L° l° de Consultas Mixtas, 1643–1646, fol. 15 verso; and A.H.C., Codex 45, Consultas de Partes, 1643–1656, L° 2°, fol. 1 (January 2, 1644).’ The “Regimento das Frotas” appears in Pizarro, op. cit., II, 161–174 n.

64 Pedro Taques de Almeida Pais Leme, “Copia da informação sobre as minas de S. Paulo e dos sertões da sua capitania desde o anno de 1597 até o presente 1772,” Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, LXIV (1901), parte 1, 13–14.

65 Ibid. Except for the relatively brief periods when it was under the control of Rio as capital of the Southern Division, the area of São Paulo was directly subordinated to Bahia until 1698, when, as the result of the discovery of gold in Minas Gerais, it passed under the jurisdiction of Rio. It was only a few years later that São Paulo was given a separate governor.

66 Taques, loc. cit., pp. 13–14.

67 «TA.H.C, Codex 13, L° 1° de Consultas Mixtas, 1643–1646, fol. 62 et seq. See also “Alvará pelo qual é nomeado Duarte Corrêa Vasqueannes para o entabolamento das minas na ausencia de Salvador Correa de Sá e Benevides (1644),” Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, LXIX (1908), 119–120. Subsequently the fleet was ordered to go directly to Rio. Acta of the Overseas Council, June 7, 1644, A.H.C., Codex 13, cit., fol. 86 et seq.

68 See Acta of the Overseas Council, June 7, 1644, A.H.C., Codex 13, cit., fol. 86 et seq.

69 The latter was to be considered under the supervision of the former.

70 “Sobre as ordens e regim tos q se devem dar a Salvador Correa de Sá e a Duarte Correa seu tio p.a o emtabolam to das minas de Saõ Paulo e Saõ Vicente. …” A.H.C., Codex 13, cit., fol. 68 et seq.

71 Ibid.

72 lbid.

73 Ibid. As early as February 11, 1619, the Crown had determined that gold dust could no longer be exported from Brazil, that it had to be cast into bars first. For this purpose smelting nouses were ordered established in the colony, but apparently the provisions of the law were not carried out. See Manuel Fernandes Thomaz, ed., Repertório geral, ou índice alphabético das leis extravagantes do Reino de Portugal (Coimbra, 1815–1819), II, N° 328, 128.

74 Balthazar da Silva Lisboa, Annaes do Rio de Janeiro, contendo a descoberta e conquista deste paiz, a fundação da cidade com a história civil e ecclesiastica, até a chega d’el-rei Dom João VI; além de noticias topográphicas, zoológicas e botánicas, II (Rio de Janeiro, 1835), 182–189. A second, fuller regimento was given him on June 10, 1644. It is published in the Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, LXIX (1908), parte 1, 201–216.

75 The second document, in the form of an alvará, is published in Silva Lisboa, op cit., II, 189–190, and in the Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, LXIX (1908), parte 1, 145–146.

76 Acta of the Overseas Council, July 16, 1644, A.H.C., Codex 278, Consultas de Tôdas as Conquistas, 1643 até 1652, L° I°.

77 A.H.C., Livros dos Autos de Posse do Conselho Ultramarino, fol. 19, cited by Norton, op. cit., p. 41.

78 This information has been pieced together from several sources which do not fully solve, to my mind, the problems of chronology involved. See Norton, op. cit., pp. 51–52; Varnhagen, loc. cit., p. 105; Pizarro, op. cit., Ill, 169; and de Jesús, Rafael, Castrioto Lvsitano (Lisboa, 1679), pp. 315–316, 337–339.Google Scholar

79 Norton, op. cit., p. 65 et seq.

80 That Salvador had made efforts to defend Rio militarily is evident from the fact that he secured loans for that purpose from Gaspar Dias de Mesquita, Jerónimo Gomes Pessoa, Manuel Rodrigues da Costa, and Duarte da Silva. The contract (assento) between Salvador and these men was confirmed by the alvará of October 10, 1647. A.H.C., Codex 92, L<> 1° de Provisões, 1644–1669, fol. 103 verso.

81 Norton, op. cit., p. 55 et seq.

82 For the royal resolution, see A.H.C., Codex 14, L° 2° de Consultas Mixtas, 1646–1652, fol. 1 (January 8, 1647). For the commission of office, see A.H.C., Codex 113, L° 1° de Ofícios, 1644–1649, fol. 250. Norton (op. cit., p. 61) says that the King decided in favor of Salvador’s appointment on February 7, but the documents that I have consulted are clear. Pizarro (op. cit., HI, 168) says that Salvador was appointed governor at the beginning of 1644, and bases this statement on Dom Luís de Meneses, Conde da Ericeira, História de Portugal Restaurado, I (Lisboa, 1679), 643, 675; and on Vasconcelos, op. cit., p. 223. But in neither of these two sources have I found any substantiation for Pizarro’s remark.

83 These intrigues are referred to by Pizarro, op. cit., Ill, 168–169. Pizarro’s information on Salvador is generally reliable.

84 Norton, op. cit., pp. 51–52.

85 Pizarro, op. cit., Ill, 169.

86 See Acta of the Overseas Council, May 10, 1647, A.H.C., Codex 14, cit., fol. 38.

87 Norton, op. cit., p. 84. Pizarro, op. cit., Ill, 169, says that Salvador “levantou á sua custa um Corpo de 500 homens escolhidos, e com 6 vasos se fez á vela para o Rio de Janeiro. …”

88 A.H.C., Codex 92, L° 1° de Provisoes, 1644–1699, fol. 100

89 Ibid.

90 A.H.C., Codex 275, fol. 117 verso.

91 Norton, op. cit., p. 84. Varnhagen (loc. cit., p. 106) says that he arrived on January 23. Pizarro (op. cit., Ill, 169) says that he took possession of the government on January 16. Vasconcelos (op. cit., p. 220) says simply that he arrived in 1648.

92 Norton, op. cit., pp. 84–85; Conde da Ericeira, op. cit., I, 675.

93 These incidents are related by Vasconcelos, op. cit., pp. 221–222.

94 Most of the above information is taken from Vasconcelos, op. cit., p. 221 et seq. Additional information was supplied by Norton, op. cit., p. 88 et seq., and by Correa, Elias Alexandre da Silva, História de Angola, I (Lisboa, 1937), 258.Google Scholar These three accounts do not always agree. See also: Boxer, Charles R., “Salvador Correia de Sá e Benevides and the Reconquest of Angola in 1648,” Hispanic American Historical Review, XXVIII, No. 4 (Nov., 1948), 483–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

95 Norton, op. cit., p. 128.

96 Acta of the Overseas Council, August 29, 1648, A.H.C., Codex 275, fol. 126 verso.

97 Pizarro, op. cit., Ill, 170.

98 Lamego, op. cit., I, 11, 33, 35, 43–44.

99 See Vasconcelos, op. cit., p. 223 et seq.; Silva Corrêa, op. cit., I, 258 et seq.; and Norton, op. cit., p. 105 et seq.

100 Vasconcelos, op. cit., p. 239.

101 Rafael de Jesús, op. cit., p. 335.

102 Silva Corrêa, op. cit., I, 269–270; Norton, op. cit., pp. 125–126.

103 Norton, op. cit., pp. 125–126.

104 Lamego, op. cit., I, 61.

105 Salvador’s important stake in the cattle industry may be inferred from the following items. On January 24, 1656, the Overseas Council, in reply to Salvador’s petition, was willing to prohibit the killing of cattle in Rio outside the abattoir. The Council determined that a third of all animals slaughtered should be from the petitioner’s stockyards. A.H.C., Codex 45, fol. 364. On September 5 of the same year, the petition was made legal, when a provision (provisão) was issued in his favor. A.H.C., Codex 92, fol. 278 verso.

106 Leite, op. cit., VI, 84–85.

107 Lamego, op. cit., I, 61.

108 Norton, op. cit., p. 126.

109 Moréri, op. cit., p. 152; Pizarro, op. cit., Ill, 202.

110 Alvará of June 11, 1653, Arquivo da Torre do Tombo, Registo da Secretaria de Guerra, Livro 16, fol. 96, cited by Visconde de Asseca, “Noticia histórica àcerca de Salvador Corrêa de Sá e Benevides,” Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 25a série (1907), 70. Except for the few documents he transcribes, Asseca’s study of his famous ancestor is generally inadequate.

111 Norton, op. cit., p. 130.

112 The alvará is published in the Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, LXIX (1908), parte 1, 149–150.

113 Lamego (op. cit., I, 49 et seq.) publishes the pertinent documents. See also ibid., I, 117 et seq., and Norton, op. cit., p. 133 et seq.

114 Lamego, op. cit., I, 120.

115 Ibid., I, 129 et seq.

116 Arquivos dos Conselhos de Guerra, Decreto 60, Maço 17, cited by Asseca, loc. cit., p. 70.

117 Norton, op. cit., p. 139. See also Varnhagen, loc. cit., p. 107.

118 Pizarro, op. cit., III, 203 n.

119 Norton, op. cit., pp. 139–140, 318–319.

120 A.H.C., Codex 275, Cartas de Tôdas as Conquistas, 1644–1667.

121 Pizarro, op. cit., Ill, 203–204.

122 On September 10, 1658, the Overseas Council had considered the Paranaguá mines a “negoçio de muita importançia, E de que ha muitos anos se trata. …” Norton, op. cit., p. 320.

123 See the letter of Salvador to Antonio de Morais, capitão mor of São Paulo, cited in Taques, loc. cit., p. 20. See also Lamego, op. cit., I, 65–66.

124 Lamego, op. cit., II, 66–67.

125 Calógeras, João Pandiá, As Minas do Brasil e sua Legislação (Rio de Janeiro, 1904), I, 398.Google Scholar

126 Pizarro, op. cit., Ill, 205–206.

127 Pizarro, op. cit., III, 206–207 and notes. Varnhagen believes that the economic factor was important (loc. cit., p. 108). This is also the opinion of the author of “Excerpto de uma memoria manuscripta sobre a historia do Rio de Janeiro, durante o governo de Salvador Correa de Sá e Benevides, que se acha na Bibliotheca Pública d’esta corte,” Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, III (1841), 4.

128 For the Governor’s visit to the south, see Report of Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides, May 3, 1677, doc. cit.; and Pizarro, op. cit., III, 213.

129 For the details of the tumults in Rio and São Paulo, see the letter of the Rio City-Council to the King, December 31, 1660, in A.H.C., Doc. of Rio, N° 869; the Acta of the Overseas Council of October 7, 1661, A.H.C., Doc. of Rio, N° 873; the letter of Agostinho Barbalho Bezerra to the King, December 15, 1660, A.H.C., Unclassified Papers of Bahia; and Pizarro, op. cit., III, 206 et seq. See also Varnhagen, loc. cit., pp. 108–110; and “Excerpto de uma memoria manuscripta sobre a historia do Rio de Janeiro,” loc. cit., p. 4 et seq. The list of the gravest accusations against Salvador and Alvarenga, which the rebellious people of Rio sent to Lisbon, is given in Lamego, op. cit., I, 71–74, along with other pertinent information.

130 Pizarro, op. cit., III, 223; Nunes, loc. cit., p. 51.

131 The title was promised to the son by alvará of December 11, 1658, as a reward for his father’s recovery of Angola and also for the work that Salvador was at the time planning to do in connection with the mines of southern Brazil. The title was finally granted on January 12, 1666. The pertinent documents are given in Albano da Silveira Pinto, Resenha das familias titulares e grandes de Portugal, I (Lisboa, 1883), 155–156. The title remains in Salvador’s family to this day.

132 For the last years of his life, see Varnhagen, loc. cit., pp. 110–112; and Norton, op. cit., pp. 146–148. Some biographers say that Salvador was imprisoned immediately after the proclamation of the Prince Regent and that he was released, as an act of charity, after the death of his son, the first Visconde de Asseca, which occurred in 1678. It is also said that he was sentenced to ten years of exile in Africa. Lamego, op. cit., I, 79, while admitting that Salvador was devoted to Afonso VI and looked upon him as his legitimate king, says that he found no documents to prove that Salvador was ever put in jail. This is also the opinion of Asseca, loc. cit., p. 71. In this connection see Leite, op. cit., VI, 44 n.

133 Os Lusíadas, Canto X, Stanza CLIII.