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The National Catholic Welfare Conference and the Church-State Conflict in Mexico, 1925-1929*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
Extract
Established in 1919 to be the Catholic voice of America, to look after church interests, and to offset the political influence of the Protestant Federal Council of Churches, the National Catholic Welfare Conference (NCWC) was a voluntary association of the American hierarchy meeting annually in convention. It implemented decisions through an administrative committee of seven bishops which operated a secretariat, also known as the NCWC, located in Washington, D.C. This headquarters had five departments (Education, Lay Activities, Legislation, Press, and Social Action) each with a director and all under the supervision of Reverend John J. Burke, C.S.P., the general secretary of the administrative committee and its representative at the capital.
- Type
- Research Article
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- Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1990
Footnotes
*
I am grateful to Stafford Poole, C.M., whose help with Spanish sources was invaluable and whose careful reading and criticism made for a better article.
References
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24 Quoted in New York Times, 19 May 1926, 6, and Rice, Diplomatic Relations, 83. See also Minutes of the administrative committee, 13 September 1926, AUSCC, general secretary files; Muldoon to Burke, 1 May 1926, ibid.
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27 Quoted in Quirk, , Mexican Revolution, 164 Google Scholar, and – Rice, , Diplomatic Relations, 84–85.Google Scholar See also Minutes of the administrative committee, 13 September 1926, AUSCC, general secretary files. Sheerin incorrectly places these events in September (Never Look Back, 113). They happened in the spring.
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41 NCWC News Sheet, 9 August 1926; Minutes of the administrative committee, 13 September 1926, AUSCC, general secretary files; Burke to Hanna, 13 December 1926, draft (never sent), ibid.; Kauffman, Christopher, Faith and Fraternalism: The History of the Knights of Columbus, 1882–1982 (New York, 1982), 295.Google Scholar
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51 Burke interview with Kellogg, 28 November 1927, copy, AASF, NCWC files. “I tell you confidentially,” said the secretary, “that Mr. Sheffield was asked to resign because he thought the only way out for the United States was war with Mexico. Sheffield insisted there was no other way” (ibid.). Although no advocate of war, the ambassador thought Kellogg should be made of sterner stuff. In retirement Sheffield, who rightly felt his policies were unsupported by Kellogg, wrote that the latter “had an unholy fear that I was going to get the United States embroiled in war—the last thing on earth I wanted” (quoted in Ferrell, , Kellogg, 31 and 35Google Scholar).
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55 Burke interview with Coolidge, 26 November 1927, copy, AASF, NCWC files. Sheerin seems to indicate that this interview (and the next with Kellogg) took place as a result of Morrow’s assessment (given on 9 December) that Calles might be willing to meet with a priest like Burke (Never Look Back, 118–19). The interview was in fact a protest against the Pro execution.
56 Burke interview with Kellogg, 28 November 1927, copy, AASF, NCWC files; Burke to Hanna, 3 December 1927, AASF, NCWC files.
57 Quoted in Nicolson, , Dwight Morrow, 299, 309–11, 325–33.Google Scholar See also Ross, , “Dwight Morrow,” 280–81;Google Scholar Quirk, , Mexican Revolution, 215–16;Google Scholar Meyer, L., Oil Controversy, 132–35.Google Scholar
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61 Kellogg to Morrow, 17 December 1927, ACA, Morrow papers.
62 New York Times, 6 December 1927, 1.
63 Burke interview with Robert Olds, 20 December 1927, AASF, NCWC files.
64 Sheerin confuses the facts terribly, stating that Archbishop Orozco y Jiménez was arrested, saved from execution by Burke’s intervention, and exiled (Never Look Back, 119). The above is correct. Orozco y Jiménez was not apprehended. Morrow later told Burke how he pleaded for Orozco y Jiménez. Calles considered the archbishop the leader of the rebels and wanted to shoot him. The ambassador recounted that during World War I the chief of secret service for the British navy had told him that the Germans had every right to shoot Edith Cavell, but they were damned fools for doing so. “Even if you think you have the right to shoot this Archbishop,” Morrow advised Calles, “you would be a d..... fool to do it.” With that, the president agreed to exile Orozco y Jiménez if apprehended (First interview between Mr. Morrow and Father Burke, Havana, Cuba, 17 January 1928, copy, AASF, NCWC files).
65 Burke interview with Olds, 29 December 1927, AASF, NCWC papers. Sheerin incorrectly places this interview in January 1928 (Never Look Back, 119).
66 Burke to Hanna, 30 December 1927, AASF, NCWC files.
67 Memorandum of meeting of administrative committee members, 3 January 1928, copy, AASF, NCWC files.
68 NCWC interview with delegate, 3 January 1928, AASF, NCWC files.
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71 Ibid.
72 First interview between Morrow and Burke, 17 January 1928, copy, AASF, NCWC files.
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75 Second interview between Mr. Morrow and Father Burke, Havana, 18 January 1928, copy, AASF, NCWC files.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid. Sheerin asserts that Morrow agreed to persuade Calles to allow the entry of an apostolic delegate (Never Look Back, 121). Not so. He simply agreed to broach the religious question.
78 Interview with His Grace, Martin Tritschler, archbishop of Yucatán, at Havana, 18 January 1928, copy, AASF, NCWC files.
79 Interview with His Grace, the Most Reverend José Mora y del Rio, archbishop of Mexico City, at Havana, 19 January 1928, copy, AASF, NCWC files.
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98 Burke to Hanna, 28 January 1929, AASF, NCWC files.
99 Ibid.
100 Ibid., draft enclosed.
101 Ibid.; Sheerin, , Never Look Back, 142.Google Scholar
102 Bailey, , ¡Viva Cristo Rey!, 246;Google Scholar Sheerin, , Never Look Back, 143.Google Scholar
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