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The Monarchist Response to the Beginnings of the Brazilian Republic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Dra. Maria de Lourdes  and
Monaco Janotti
Dra. Maria de Lourdes
Affiliation:
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Monaco Janotti
Affiliation:
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Extract

The economic transformations which the new exigencies of capitalism brought to Brazil at the end of the second half of the nineteenth century caused the emergence of new urban sectors, the end of slavery, the utilization of free labor and the rise of a dynamic agrarian bourgeoisie. These in turn provoked a crisis of hegemony within the dominant classes in the final moments of the Empire which reached the sphere of political domination. Their loss of hegemony resulted in administrative inertia and the impression of a power vacuum since the coffee bourgeoisie was not yet able to exercise the direction of the State alone. With the advent of the Republic, it fell to the army to temporarily occupy power and to institutionalize the new regime, while the bourgeoisie was organizing itself to take charge definitively in a hegemonic form.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 48 , Issue 2 , October 1991 , pp. 223 - 243
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1991

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References

1 Felício, V. Buarque, Origens Republicanas: Estudos de Gênese Política em Refutação ao libro do Sr. Br. Afonso Celso, O Imperador no Exílio (Recife: Francisco Soares Quintas Ed., 1894).Google Scholar

2 This is the case, for example of Eduardo Prado, writer, and member of an important Paulista family; Afonso Celso, son of the Viscount of Ouro Preto, president of the last Council of Ministers of the Empire; and Carlos de Laet, a journalist of the Liberal Party [of the Empire].

3 In São Paulo, students and monarchist politicians congregated around the law faculty. Angelo Mendes, Cicero Leonel, Vicente de Souza Queiroz, Luciano Esteves Junior and Agenor de Loureiro were contributors to the journal Autoridade, publication of the Centro dos Estudantes Monarquistas de São Paulo. Others who also contributed to monarchist propaganda included: Cavalcanti Melo, owner of the journal, Rio de Janeiro, Gentil de Castro, José Vieira, Couto de Magalhães of the newspaper, Liberdade; Carlos Bueno da Silva, editor of A Restauração, of Rio Grande do Sul; Tito Franco de Almeida, politician and journalist of the state of Pará,; João de Ulhoa Cintra, a public prosecutor [promotor publico?] of the state of Minas Gerais and many others.

4 Antônio and Eduardo Prado were sons of Martinho and Veridiana, both belonging to the traditional Paulista Prado family. In the decade of the eighties, Antônio had already become an influence political figure, having been minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Public Works. He was twenty years older than his brother Eduardo and distinguished as a writer and monarchist leader. See Levi, Darrell E., A familia Prado, (São Paulo, Cultural 70 Editores, 1977.Google Scholar

5 In 1891, Marshall Deodoro da Fonseca was elected first president of the Republic and General Floriano Peixoto, his vice-president. On November 23, 1891, Fonseca resigned and Peixoto succeeded to the presidency.

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11 The letter was signed by the former Imperial Counselor, João Alfredo Correa de Oliveira, by the Viscount of Ouro Preto, Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo, by Domingos de Andrade Figueira, one of the leaders of the Conservative Party, by the abolitionist leader, Joaquim Nabuco, by Ouro Preto’s son, Afonso Celso, by the journalist, Carlos de Laet, and by the lawyer, Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira.

12 The founders of the “Center” attempted merely to dedicate their attention to propaganda while the members of the Paulista party thought of contesting elections in the future.

13 This messianic movement of a popular character erupted in the backlands of Bahia around the person of the mystic, Antônio Conselheiro. Traditionalists, impoverished, illiterate, exploited, his followers were identified as monarchists because Conselheiro’s preaching condemned the republic as heresy. The Jacobins reacted violently against the sertanejos and the population of Canudos, as well as its leader, was exterminated.

14 Gentil de Castro was the partner of the Viscount of Ouro Preto in the journal Liberdade which in 1896 became the most violent opponent of the government among the journals of Rio de Janeiro.

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16 Colonel Moreira César commanded the third expedition against Canudos and was killed in the battle. Castilhos, the governor of Rio Grande was becoming a model for the Jacobins because his vision of succeeding in supplanting the constitution with his state, he would establish it as a positivist dictatorship.

17 Relatório apresentado ao Secretário do Interior e Justiça pelos Chefe de Polícia de São Paulo, José Cardoso de Almida (sic), São Paulo: Tipografia do Diário Oficial, 1903, pp. 24–35.

18 da Costa, Emília Viotti, Da Monarquia à República (3rd edition, São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1985), pp. 259–63.Google Scholar She refers to the positions of historians such as José Maria dos Santos and Oliveira Viana.