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Mexico, Gilberto Bosques and the Refugees*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Friedrich Katz
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Extract

In the eyes of many North Americans, Mexico is above all a country of immigration from which hundreds of thousands hope to pass across the border to find the promised land in the United States. What these North Americans do not realize is that for thousands of Latin Americans and for many U.S. intellectuals, Mexico after the revolution of 1910-1920 constituted the promised land. People persecuted for their political or religious beliefs—radicals, revolutionaries but liberals as well—could find refuge in Mexico when repressive regimes took over their country.

In the 1920s such radical leaders as Víctor Raúl Haya De La Torre, César Augusto Sandino and Julio Antonio Mella found refuge in Mexico. This policy continued for many years even after the Mexican government turned to the right. Thousands of refugees from Latin American military dictatorships in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay fled to Mexico. The history of that policy of the Mexican government has not yet been written.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 57 , Issue 1 , July 2000 , pp. 1 - 12
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 2000

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Footnotes

*

Text of luncheon address delivered at the annual meeting of the Conference on Latin American History, Chicago, January, 2000.

References

1 Alicia Gojman De Backal, ”Camisas, Escudos y Desfiles Militares: Los Dorados y El Anti-semitismo En Mexico,” Unpublished manuscript.

2 Gojman, p. 59.

3 Gojman, p. 56.

4 Gojman, p. 126.

5 For Mexico’s relations with the Soviet Union, see Spenser, Daniela, El Triángulo Imposible: Mexico, Rusia Soviética y Estados Unidos en Los Años Veinte (Mexico: Ed. Ciesas,1998).Google Scholar

6 For Mexico’s attitude towards Hitler’s annexation of Austria, see “Mexiko und der Anschluss Österreich,” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Lateinamerika, Nr. 11 (Vienna, 1976) and Kaplan, Marcos, Mexico Frente Al Anschluss (Mexico: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 1998).Google Scholar

7 For a detailed history of Mexico’s policies with regard to the Spanish refugees, see the collection of essays (no editor named), El Exilio Español en Mexico (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1982).

8 Rodríguez en Francia, Misión de Luis, La Protección de Los Refugiados Españoles. Julio a Diciembre 1940 (Mexico: El Colegio de Mexico, 2000), pp. 452–454.Google Scholar

9 Rodríguez, p. 454.

10 Schuler, Friedrich E., Mexico Between Hitler and Roosevelt (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998), pp. 91–112.Google Scholar

11 Diary of German minister to Mexico Rüdt von Collenberg, Entry of 14-18 April 1938, Archivo de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de Mexico, Mexico, D.F. (subsequently referred to as AREM).

12 Schuler, pp. 194–195.

13 Rodríguez, p. 10.

14 Rodríguez, pp. 9–50. See also Rolland, Denis, Vichy et La France Libre au Mexicque (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1990), pp. 141–155.Google Scholar

15 See Bosques, Gilberto, Historia Oral de la Diplomacia Mexicana (Mexico: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 1988), pp. 33”39.Google Scholar

16 Vaughan, Mary Kay, Cultural Politics in Revolution (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997), pp. 73–74.Google Scholar

17 For Alemán’s attitude toward refugees, see Kiessling, Wolfgang, Brücken Nach Mexiko Dietz Verlag (Berlin, 1989), p. 301.Google Scholar For Alemán's relations with Krueger, Hilda, see British Security Coordination: The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas 1940–45 (New York: Fromm International, 1998), p. 331.Google Scholar

18 Bosques, p. 52–55.

19 Undated Report by Bosques, Expediente Bosques, p. 28, AREM.

20 Fry, Varian, Surrender on Demand (Boulder: Johnson Books, 1998), p. 24.Google Scholar

21 Kiessling, pp. 303–304.

22 Bosques, p. 67.

23 Kiessling, p. 296.

24 Kiessling, p. 306.

25 Letter to AREM from Mario Montagnana (undated), Expediente Bosques, AREM.

26 Bosques, p. 64.

27 Letter from Juan Vicente (undated), Expediente Bosques, AREM.