Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T03:36:12.673Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Labor and the Theory of the Mexican Revolution under Lázaro Cárdenas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Joe C. Ashby
Joe C. Ashby*
Affiliation:
Arlington State College, Arlington, Texas
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Since Mexico now seems to be the key nation in Latin America in the implementation of President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, it becomes even more pressing that we in the United States understand the nature of the Mexican social order. As a point of departure for this effort, one might well begin by considering the basis for contemporary industrial and political development of Mexico as formulated in the years 1934-1940 under Mexico's New Deal of Lázaro Cárdenas. Sanford Mosk noted, “… what went on during the time of Cárdenas has had an indirect effect on the subsequent industrial development.” Or, as the United States Tariff Commission claimed, the reorientation of Mexico's economic and social policy has been an important part of her political life since 1910. The new program was given impetus by the Constitution of 1917, which contained important provisions for agrarian reform and for the protection of labor. Yet, aggressive implementation of the new policy began under president Lazaro Cardenas with the inauguration of the Six-Year Plan in 1934.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 20 , Issue 2 , October 1963 , pp. 158 - 199
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1963

References

1 Mosk, Sanford A., Industrial Revolution in Mexico (Berkeley, 1950), p. 59.Google Scholar

2 United States Tariff Commission, Economic Controls and Commercial Policy in Mexico (Washington, D. C, 1946), p. 17.

3 Aparicio, Alfonso López, El movimiento obrero en México: antecedentes, desarrollo y tendéncias (México, 1952), p. 213.Google Scholar

4 From a speech to the peasants at a town in the State of Guanajuato, March 31, 1936, as quoted in Townsend, William Cameron, Lázaro Cárdenas: Mexican Democrat (Ann Arbor, 1952), pp. 56–57.Google Scholar

5 Policies of the Present Administration of Mexico (Mexico, 1936), p. 11.

6 Townsend, , Lázaro Cárdenas, p. 212.Google Scholar

7 Zabre, Alfonso Teja, Guide to the History of Mexico: A Modern Interpretation (Mexico, 1935), p. 347.Google Scholar

8 Ibid., pp. 347–348.

9 Ibid., pp. 354–355.

10 Ibid., pp. 355–356.

11 Zabre, Teja, “El Marxismo en la Revolución Mexicana: esbozo de una interpretación histórica,” Futuro, 3 (Enero 1935), 1–14.Google Scholar

12 From a speech by Cárdenas quoted in Strode, Hudson, Timeless Mexico (New York, 1944), p. 354.Google Scholar

13 From a speech by Cárdenas quoted in Townsend, , Lázaro Cárdenas, p. 212.Google Scholar

14 Strode, , Timeless Mexico, p. 354.Google Scholar

15 From a speech by Hernán Laborde, quoted in Millan, Verna Carleton, Mexico Reborn (Boston, 1939), p. 105.Google Scholar

16 Townsend, , Lázaro Cárdenas, pp. 216–217.Google Scholar

17 P. R. M., Pacto constitutivo: declaración de principios, programa y estatutos (México, 1938) ; Nathaniel, and Weyl, Sylvia, The Reconquest of Mexico: The Years of Lázaro Cárdenas (New York, 1939), p. 347.Google Scholar

18 Vásquez, Genaro in the Introduction to Policies of the Present Administration of Mexico (Mexico, 1936), p. 5.Google Scholar

19 Strode, , Timeless Mexico, p. 311.Google Scholar

20 Beteta, Ramón (ed.), Programa económico y social de México (una controversia) (México, 1935), p. 44 Google Scholar; Senior, Clarence, Mexico in Transition (New York, 1939), p. 48.Google Scholar

21 Ibid.

22 Quoted in Mosk, Sanford A., Industrial Revolution in Mexico, p. 58.Google Scholar

23 Beteta, , Programa económico y social de México, p. 95.Google Scholar

24 Miliari, , Mexico Reborn, p. 81.Google Scholar

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid., p. 87.

27 Aparicio, López, El movimiento obrero en México, p. 219.Google Scholar

28 Plenn, J.H., Mexico Marches (New York, 1939), p. 265.Google Scholar

29 Ibid.

30 Townsend, , Lázaro Cárdenas, p. 124.Google Scholar

31 Ibid., pp. 124–125.

32 Aparicio, López, El movimien0074o obrero en México, p. 220 Google Scholar; Strode, , Timeless Mexico, p. 321.Google Scholar

33 Universidad Obrera de México, 1936, pp. 4, 5, 6.

34 Ibid., p. 7.

35 Ibid., pp. 2–3.

36 Plenn, , Mexico Marches, p. 266.Google Scholar

37 Toledano, Vicente Lombardo, “Debate en pro,” Futuro, 2 (Octubre, 1934), 50–63.Google Scholar

38 Quoted in Plenn, , Mexico Marches, p. 360.Google Scholar

39 From an address by Lombardo Toledano to the First Congress of the General ConNfederation of Workers and Peasants of Mexico, quoted in Nathaniel, and Weyl, Sylvia, The Reconquest of Mexico, p. 352.Google Scholar

40 Nathaniel, and Weyl, Sylvia, The Reconquest of Mexico, p. 237.Google Scholar

41 Ibid., pp. 236–237.

42 Ibid., p. 240.

43 Mosk, , Industrial Revolution in Mexico, pp. 100–101.Google Scholar

44 Aparicio, López, El movimiento obrero en México, p. 220.Google Scholar

45 Ibid.

46 Plenn, , Mexico Marches, pp. 298–299.Google Scholar

47 Lombardo Toledano as quoted in Plenn, , Mexico Marches, pp. 298–299.Google Scholar

48 Confederación de Trabajadores de México, La C. T. M. y la carestía de la vida (México, 1937), pp. 19–20.

49 Toledano, Lombardo, “Discurso del Lic. Lombardo Toledano,” América Latina, No. 1 (abril 1, 1939), p. 10.Google Scholar

50 Ibid., p. 9.

51 Ibid., p. 8.

52 Toledano, Vicente Lombardo, “Discurso pronunciado en la sesión inaugural del Congreso Económico de la C. T. M., reunido del 29 al 31 de enero de 1941 en el Palacio de Bellas Artes,” Importantes resoluciones al Congreso Económico de la Confederación de Trabajadores de México (México, 1941),Google Scholar n. p.

53 Ibid.

54 Ibid.

55 Ibid.

56 Toledano, Lombardo, 5th Column in Mexico (New York, n. d.), p. 17.Google Scholar

57 Ibid.

58 Polieles of the Present Administration of Mexico, p. 15.

59 Silva-Heizog, Jesús, “Lo humano, problema esencial,” Quadernos americanos, 1, No. 1 (enero-febrero, 1942), 9–16.Google Scholar

60 Ibid.

61 Ibid.

62 Inman, Samuel Guy, Latin America: Its Place In World Life (revised edition; New York, 1947), p. 278.Google Scholar

63 From a speech by Cárdenas, as quoted in Ministry of Foreign Relations, The Mexican Government in the Presence of Social and Economic Problems: Tour of the President of the Republic—Monterrey—Tampico—Guadalajara (Mexico, 1936), pp. 35–36.Google Scholar

64 Policies of the Present Administration of Mexico, p. 12.

65 Nathaniel, and Weyl, Sylvia, The Reconquest of Mexico, pp. 276–277.Google Scholar

66 Townsend, , Lázaro Cárdenas, p. 86.Google Scholar

67 Ministry of Foreign Relations, The Mexican Government in the Presence of Social and Economic Problems: Tour of the President of the Republic, p. 11.

68 Strode, , Timeless Mexico, pp. 326–327.Google Scholar

69 Aparicio, López, El movimiento obrero en México, p. 247.Google Scholar

70 Partido Nacional Revolucionario, Plan Sexenal, 1934–40 (Mexico, 1934), p. 46.

71 Parrido de la Revolución Mexicana, Pacto constitutivo, declaración de princípios, programa y estatutas (México, 1938).

72 Beteta, (ed.), Programa económico y social de México, p. 147.Google Scholar

73 Ibid.

74 Cárdenas, Lázaro, Address Made Before the First National Congress of the Confederation of Mexican Workers, February 24, 193S (Mexico, 1938), p. 9.Google Scholar

75 Aparicio, López, El Movimiento obrero en México, p. 221.Google Scholar

76 Viña, J. Manuel Corro, El Presidente Cárdenas¿ nos lleva hacia la dictadura del proletariado? (México, 1936), pp. 96, 97.Google Scholar

77 Aparicio, López, El movimiento obrero en México, pp. 221–223.Google Scholar

78 Confederación de Trabajadores de México, IV Consejo Nacional (México, 1937), p. 119.

79 Varela, Victor Manuel (ed.), Ley Federal del Trabajo: texto oficial conteniendo todas las reformas y adiciones hasta la fecha, notas y concordáncias (México, 1951), Section I, Article 249, p. 82.Google Scholar

80 Confederación de Cámaras Nacionales de Comercio e Industria, Análisis económico nacional, 1934–1940 (México, 1940), p. 36; Policies of the Present Administration of Mexico, p. 31.

81 Policies of the Present Administration of Mexico, p. 23.

82 Viña, Corro, El Presidente Cárdenas, p. 97.Google Scholar

83 For the complete document see Ministry of Foreign Relations, The Mexican Gov-ernment in the Presence of Social and Economic Problems, p. 12.

84 Townsend, , Lázaro Cárdenas, p. 130.Google Scholar

85 Ministry of Foreign Relations, The Mexican Government in the Presence of Social and Economic Problems, p. 12 ff.

86 For a discussion of Perón’s labor philosophy see Ashby, Joe C., “Labor and the Philosophy of the Argentine Revolution,” Inter-American Economic Affairs, 5 (Summer 1951), 71–96.Google Scholar

87 Aparicio, López, El movimiento obrero en México, pp. 215–216.Google Scholar

88 Partido Nacional Revolucionario, Constitución (México, 1934), p. 12.

89 Inman, , Latin America, p. 261 Google Scholar; See Trueba, (ed.), Constitución política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México, 1944).Google Scholar

90 Inman, , Latin America, p. 264.Google Scholar

91 Trueba (ed.), Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, Sections IV and V.

92 Ibid., Section VI.

93 Ibid., Section XI.

94 Ibid., Section XII.

95 Ibid., Section XIV.

96 Ibid., Sections XVI and XVII.

97 Ibid., Section XVIII.

98 Ibid.

99 Ibid., Article XIX.

100 Ibid., Article XX; and Beteta, (ed.), Programa económico y social de México, p. 177.Google Scholar

101 Trueba (ed.), Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, Article XXI.

102 Ibid., Article XXII.

103 Ibid., Article XXV.

104 Palavicini, Felix F. in Urbina, Alberto Trueba, El Artículo 123 (México, 1943), p. 13.Google Scholar

105 Aparicio, López, El movimiento obrero en México, pp. 163–164.Google Scholar

106 Palavicini, in Trueba, , El Artículo 123, pp. 13, 123.Google Scholar

107 Trueba, , El Artículo 123, pp. 27–28.Google Scholar

108 Aparicio, López, El movimiento obrero en México, p. 167.Google Scholar

109 Secretaría de Gobernación, Diario de los debates del Congreso Constituyente de 1916–17, I, 684, 701.

110 United States Tariff Commission, Economic Controls and Commercial Policy in Mexico, p. 18; Varela, Victor Manuel (ed.), Ley federal del trabajo (México, 1951).Google Scholar

111 United States Tariff Commission, Economic Controls and Commercial Policy in Mexico, p. 18.

112 Cárdenas, Lázaro, Realización del Plan Sexenal, 1935–1936 (México, 1935), pp. 34–35.Google Scholar

113 Policies of the Present Administration of Mexico, p. 12.

114 Amorós, Roberto G., Derecho de clase 2 (México, n. d.), p. 25.Google Scholar

115 Varela (ed.), Ley Federal del Trabajo; Inman, , Latin America, p. 265.Google Scholar

116 Varela (ed.), Ley Federal del Trabajo, Section IV, Article 249; Aparicio, López, El movimiento obrero en México, pp. 203–204.Google Scholar

117 Varela, (ed.), Ley federal del trabajo, p. 8.Google Scholar

118 Ibid., Section 6, Article I, p. 12.

119 Ibid., Section 8, Article I, pp. 12–13.

120 Ministry of Foreign Relations, The Mexican Government in the Presence of Social and Economic Problems: The President’s Message to Congress, 1936 (México, 1936), p. 46.

121 Varela, (ed.), Ley Federal del trabajo, Article 260, p. 83.Google Scholar

122 Ibid., Articles 262, 263, p. 84.

123 Ibid., Chapter VII, Article 576, p. 187.

124 Nathaniel, and Weyl, Sylvia, Reconquest of Mexico, p. 241.Google Scholar

125 Ibid.

126 Ibid.

127 Ibid., p. 243.

128 Ibid., pp. 243–244.

129 Ibid., p. 244. See also Beteta, (ed.), Programa económico y social de México, pp. 175–177.Google Scholar

130 Icaza, Xavier, El nuevo derecho obrero mexicano (México, 1930), p. 3 Google Scholar; See also Nathaniel, and Weyl, Sylvia, The Reconquest of Mexico, p. 240.Google Scholar

131 Nathaniel, and Weyl, Sylvia, The Reconquest of Mexico, p, 242.Google Scholar

132 Aparicio, López, El movimiento obrero en México, pp. 196–198.Google Scholar

133 Amorós, Roberto G., Derecho de clase 1 (México, n. d.), pp. 19–20.Google Scholar

134 Ibid.

135 Confederación de Cámaras Nacionales de Commercio e Industria, Análisis económico nacional, 1934–1940, p. 43.

136 Ibid., pp. 43–44.

137 From a speech by Cárdenas, , quoted in Townsend, , Lázaro Cárdenas, p. 346.Google Scholar

138 Millan, , Mexico Reborn, p. 79.Google Scholar

139 Miliari, , Mexico Reborn, p. 73.Google Scholar

140 Bahamonde, , México Es Así, p. 65.Google Scholar

141 Ibid., pp. 65, 70.

142 Ibid., p. 71.

143 Plenn, , Mexico Marches, pp. 360–361.Google Scholar

144 Strode, , Timeless Mexico, p. 311.Google Scholar

145 Simpson, Eyler N., The Ejido: Mexico’s Way Out (Chapel Hill, 1937),Google Scholar Chapters 18 and 19.