¹ Beals, Ralph L., Carrasco, Pedro and McCorkle, Thomas, Houses and House Use of the Sierra Tarascans (Washington, 1944), p. 33.Google Scholar

² A crucial moment in the elaboration of the legend was the 1766 appearance of Moreno, Juan Mosé, Fragmentos de la vida y virtudes del … Vasco de Quiroga, Don Vasco De Quiroga: Documentos, Spencer, Rafael Aguayo, ed. (Mexico, 1939), pp. 5–225.Google Scholar Brading, David, Church and State in Bourbon Mexico (Cambridge, 1994), p. 38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Miranda, Francisco, “Vasco de Quiroga, artifice humanista de Michoacán,” Humanismi y ciencia en la formación de Méxoco, Herrejón, Carlos, ed. (Zamora, 1984), p. 148.Google Scholar

³ The classic work of Silvio Zavala is brought together in Recuerdo de Vasco de Quiroga (México, 1965). On Mistral and Pereyra, see Zavala, José, D. Vasco de Quiroga (Morelia, 1964), pp. 76–77.Google Scholar The precise influence of Vasco de Quiroga and other Spanish colonials on pre-existing craft production remains disputed, although multiple influences are evident. See Canclini, Nestor Garcia, Hybrid Cultures, Chiappari, Christopher L. and López, Silvia L., trans. (Minneapolis and London, 1995), pp. 144 and 152–170;Google Scholar and Las culturas populares en el capitalismo (La Habana, 1982), pp. 63 and 82. Becker, Marjorie, Setting the Virgin on Fire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 112–113.Google Scholar Van Zantwijk, R.A.M., Servants of the Saints (Netherlands, 1967), pp. 64–66.Google Scholar Foster, George M., Empire’s Children, (Washington, 1948), pp. 17–18 Google Scholar and Tzintzuntzan Boston, 1967), p. 24. Carrasco, Pedro, Tarascan Folk Religion (New Orleans, 1952), pp. 26–29.Google Scholar West, Robert C., Cultural Geography of the Modern Tarascan Area (Washington, 1948), p. 57.Google Scholar

⁴ Warren, Fintan B., Vasco de Quiroga and His Pueblo-Hospitals of Santa Fe (Washington, D.C., 1963), p. 24.Google Scholar

⁵ See Warren, J. Benedict, “Los estudios linguisticos en Michoacán en el siglo XVI: Una expresion del humanismo crisitiano,” Humanismo, Herrejón, Carlos, ed., pp. 113–124, esp. 119.Google Scholar

⁶ Galeano, Eduardo, Belfrage, Cedric, trans., Memory of Fire: Genesis, vol. 1 (New York, 1985), p. 132.Google Scholar

⁷ Fuentes, Carlos, Valiente mundo nuevo (Madrid, 1990), p. 64.Google Scholar Fuentes misidentifies Quiroga as a Dominican. Lest historians relish this literary inaccuracy too much, it should also be noted that he was not a Franciscan, as claimed in Burkholder, Mark A. and Johnson, Lyman L., Colonial Latin America (Oxford, 1990), p. 86 Google Scholar and Pagden, Anthony, The Uncertainties of Empire (Aldershot and Brookfield, 1994), p. xii.Google Scholar

⁸ Hernández, Francisco Martín, Don Vasco de Quiroga (Protector de los indios) (Salamanca, 1993), p. 19.Google Scholar Quiroga, Vasco de, La utopía en América, edición de Paz Serrano Gassent (Madrid, 1992), p. 44.Google Scholar

⁹ Vasco de Quiroga y Obispado de Michoacán (Morelia, 1986), p. 18.

¹⁰ A detailed description is provided in Hernández, Martín, Don Vasco, p. 261.Google Scholar

¹¹ On the historical and specifically Castillian nature of early colonial Catholicism in Mexico, see Poole, Stafford, Our Lady of Guadalupe (Tucson, Arizona, 1995), p. 19.Google Scholar

¹² For a discussion of the enduring importance of material culture, and specifically architecture, in recalling the Latin American past, see Young, Eric Van, “Material Life,” The Countryside, Hoberman and Socolow, eds., pp. 49–74, esp. 69–71.Google Scholar

¹³ Toussaint, , Pátzcuaro (Mexico, 1942), pp. xii and 126.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Rowe, William and Schelling, Vivian, Memory and Modernity (London and New York, 1991), p. 65.Google Scholar Canclini, Nestor García, Las culturas, p. 76.Google Scholar Becker, , Setting, p. 159.Google Scholar

¹⁵ For an example of Vasco de Quiroga’s appeal drawn from popular culture, and a nuanced discussion of Cárdenismo in Michoacán, see Becker, , Setting, p. 141.Google Scholar In addition to works discussed below, Toussaint, Pátzcuaro, an artifact of this era, provides evidence for this position. See Ibid., pp. xi–xii and 126. On the Cárdenas era in Mexico, see Hamilton, Nora, The Limits of State Autonomy (Princeton, 1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁶ Toussaint, , Pátzcuaro, p. 126.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Toussaint, , Pátzcuaro, pp. 107–9Google Scholar and 126. Montes, Mina Ramírez, La catedral de Vasco de Quiroga (Zamora, 1986), pp. 63–100, esp. 67.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Benjamin, Walter, Illuminations, Arendt, Hannah, ed., Zohn, Harry, trans. (New York, 1968), p. 256.Google Scholar A classic analysis of colonial political economy is Semo, Enrique, Historia del capitalismo en México (México, 1973).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Montes, Ramírez, La catedral, PP. 80–85.Google Scholar Toussaint, , Pátzcuaro, p. 108.Google Scholar

²⁰ Godinez, Francisco Miranda, Don Vasco de Quiroga y su Colegio de San Nicolas (Morelia, 1972), pp. 223–227.Google Scholar Gerhard, Peter, A Guide to the Historical Geography of New Spain (Norman and London, 1993), p. 350.Google Scholar Lynch, John, The Spanish American Revolutions 1808–1826 (New York, 1973), pp. 306–319.Google Scholar

²¹ Toussaint, , Pátzcuaro, pp. 107–112.Google Scholar On the importance of Marian devotion in regional popular culture, see Becker, , Setting, pp. 10–38.Google Scholar Brading, , Church, p. 97 Google Scholar notes a “flood-tide” of women’s vocations in the late-19th century. For wider contextual setting, see Arrom, Silvia Marina, The Women of Mexico City, 1790–1857 (Stanford, 1985), pp. 259–268.Google Scholar

²² Toussaint, , Pátzcuaro, pp. 123–126.Google Scholar Benjamin Jarnes account, also published in 1942, talks a lot about the remains and makes no mention of the transfer to the Basilica, locating them in the Colegio de la Companía. This leads me to -conclude that the move took place sometime in 1942. See Jarnes, Benjamin, Don Vasco de Quiroga obispo de utopia (Mexico, 1942), p. 311.Google Scholar

²³ León, Nícolas, El ylmo. señor Don Vasco de Quiroga primer obispo de Michoacán (Morelia, 1903), pp. 138 and 142.Google Scholar

²⁴ Jarnes, , Don Vasco, p. 311.Google Scholar León, , El ylmo. señor, p. 138.Google Scholar

²⁵ Toussaint, , Pátzcuaro, pp. 123–126.Google Scholar

²⁶ “Porfirian” refers to the era of the authoritarian ruler Porfirio Díaz (1876–1910). See Meyer, Michael C. and Sherman, William, The Course of Mexican History (Oxford, 1991), pp. 466–479.Google Scholar Brand, Donald D., Quiroga: A Mexican Municipio (Washington, 1951), p. 6.Google Scholar

²⁷ León, , El ylmo. señor, pp. 127 and 138–146.Google Scholar Grayson, , The Church, pp. 9–11.Google Scholar Reich, , Mexico’s, pp. 8–11.Google Scholar Interesting comparisons can be found in Tenenbaum, Barbara A., “Streetwise History: The Paseo de la Reforma and the Porfirian State, 1876–1910,” in Beezley, , et. al., Rituals, pp. 127–150.Google Scholar

²⁸ León, , El ylmo. señor, p. 146.Google Scholar

²⁹ Moreno, , Fragmentos, pp. 9–15.Google Scholar Brading, , Church, p. 38.Google Scholar

³⁰ León, , El ylmo. señor, p. 151.Google Scholar

³¹ León, , El ylmo. señor, pp 148–149.Google Scholar

³² Leon, , El ylmo. señor, pp. 143–148, esp. 144–45.Google Scholar

³³ Toussaint, , Pátzcuaro, p. 126.Google Scholar

³⁴ Moreno, , Fragmentos, pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

³⁵ Caso, Alfonso, “Presencia de Don Vasco,” Cuadernos Americanos 4:141 (Julio-Agosto, 1965), pp. 139–147, esp. 147.Google Scholar

³⁶ For example, Ibid., p. 150. Leon, , El ylmo. señor, pp. 121,Google Scholar 127 and 141. Jarnes, , Don Vasco, pp. 306–308.Google Scholar Warren, , Vasco, p. 117.Google Scholar Zavala, , Don Vasco, pp. 23 and 61.Google Scholar Siller, Clodomiro, “La iglesia en el medio indígena,” Religión y política en México, de la Rosa, Martín and Reilly, Charles A., eds. (México, 1985), p. 220.Google Scholar Hernández, Martín, Don Vasco, pp. 19, 24 and 153.Google Scholar

³⁷ Gilberti, Maturino, Diccionario de la lengua tarasca (Morelia, 1983), p. 107.Google Scholar

³⁸ Grayson, , The Church, p. 19.Google Scholar Carrasco, , Tarascan, p. 23.Google Scholar

³⁹ For pioneering research on the colonial period, see Stern, Steve J., The Secret History of Gender (Chapel Hill and London, 1995).Google Scholar See also Alonso, Ana María, Thread of Blood (Tucson, 1995).Google Scholar On “Tata Lázaro,” see Becker, , Setting, pp. 155–162.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Moreno, , Fragmentos, p. 150.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Warren, , Vasco, pp. 3–7.Google Scholar Herrejón, , “Dos obras señaladas,” p. 66.Google Scholar Warren, , Vasco de Quiroga, pp. 48–50 and 84.Google Scholar Muriel, , Hospitales, pp. 85–86.Google Scholar There is no doubt that this pattern was extensive, although the claim by José Bravo Ugarte, based on Muriel, that 92 of the 111 hospitals founded in sixteenth-century New Spain were located in the Bishopric of Michoacán seems excessive. See Bravo Ugarte, José, Historia sucinta de Michoacán, vol. 2 (México, 1962), pp. 77–81.Google Scholar

⁴² Gerhard, , A Guide, pp. 349–350.Google Scholar

⁴³ Pollard, Helen Perlstein, Tariacuri’s Legacy (Norman and London, 1993), p. 79.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Muriel, Josefina, Hospitales de la Nueva España (México, 1956), pp. 55–110.Google Scholar Martínez, , “ Reorientaciones ,” pp. 150 and 149–160.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Brading, David, Church and State in Bourbon Mexico (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 20–39 CrossRefGoogle Scholar and The First America (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 492–513. Mazín, Oscar, Entre dos Majestades (Zamora, 1987).Google Scholar Lynch, , The Spanish, pp. 1–37 and 7.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Muriel, , Hospitales, p. 77.Google Scholar de Lejarza, Fidel O.F.M., “Don Vasco de Quiroga en las crónicas franciscanas,” Missionalia Hispánica, año 28:68 (1966), pp. 129–256.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ For example, note the absences in Ramírez, Felipe Tena, Vasco de Quiroga y sus pueblos de Santa Fe en los siglos XVIII–XIX (México, 1977).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Gruzinski, Serge, The Conquest of Mexico, Corrigan, Eileen, trans. (Cambridge, 1993), p. 75.Google Scholar On recent work in central Mexico, see Lockhart, James, The Nahuas After the Conquest (Stanford, 1992)Google Scholar and “A Vein of Ethnohistory: Recent Nahuatl-based Historical Research,” Nahuas and Spaniards (Stanford, 1991), pp. 183–200.

⁴⁹ Warren, J. Benedict, “Writing the Language of Michoacán: Sixteenth Century Franciscan Linguistics,” Franciscan Presence in the Americas, Morales, Francisco O.F.M., ed. (Potomac, 1983), p. 311.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Ibid., p. 322. Martínez, , “Reorientaciones,” p. 98.Google Scholar

⁵¹ On the ambiguities of communication during colonial evangelization attempts, see Mills, Kenneth, An Evil Lost to View? (Liverpool, 1994).Google Scholar Rafael, Vicente, Contracting Colonialism (Ithaca, 1988).Google Scholar MacCormack, Sabine, “The Heart Has Its Reasons: Predicaments of Missionary Christianity in Early Colonial Peru,” Hispanic American Historical Review 67 (1985), pp. 443–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Clendinnen, Inga, Ambivalent Conquests (Cambridge, 1987)Google Scholar and especially “Disciplining the Indians: Franciscan Ideology and Missionary Violence in Sixteenth-Century Yucatán,” Past and Present 94 (Feb., 1982), pp. 27–48.

⁵² ibid., pp. 71 and 184.

⁵³ Hernández, Martín, Don Vasco, 260.Google Scholar León, , El ylmo., p. 122.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Moreno, , Fragmentos, p. 9.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Florescano, Enrique, Memory, Myth and Time in Mexico, Bork, Albert G. and Bork, Kathryn R., trans. (Austin, 1994), p. 81.Google Scholar González, Luis, “Viaje a las crónicas monásticas de Michoacán en busca de los purépecha,” La cultura purhé, Miranda, Francisco, ed. (Zamora, 1980), pp. 50–70.Google Scholar For comparison, see Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing.

⁵⁶ See Spivak, Gayatri, “Can the Subaltern Speak?,” Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, Nelson, Cary and Grossberg, Lawrence eds. (Urbana, 1988), pp. 271–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Intelligent responses to Spivak include Cooper, Frederick, “Conflict and Contention: Rethinking Colonial African History,” Americanf Historical Review 99:5 (December, 1994), pp. 1516–1545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Schwartz, Stuart B., “Introduction,” Implicit Understandings (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 1–19.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Hernández, Martín, Don Vasco, p. 24.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Sider, Gerald, “When Parrots Learn to Talk, and Why They Can’t: Domination, Deception and Self-Deception in Indian-White Relations,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29 (1987), pp. 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁹ Miranda, “Vasco de Quiroga, artifice.” Lara, Ramón López, “Los Hospitales de la Concepción,” Vasco de Quiroga: Educador, Miranda, Francisco, et. al., pp. 112–128, esp. 127.Google Scholar See Ma. Sánchez López, del Socorro, et al., Ixitijuchiti irieta: Asi es mi pueblo (Morelia, 1987), p. 105.Google Scholar This is not a systematic study, but contains several Purépecha testimonies about local life. For comparison and context, see Annis, Sheldon, God and Production in a Guatemalan Town (Austin, 1987).Google Scholar Berryman, Phillip, Stubborn Hope (New York and Maryknoll, 1994).Google Scholar Stoll, David, Is Latin America Turning Protestant? (Berkeley, 1990).Google Scholar Burdick, John, Looking For God in Brazil (Berkeley, 1993).Google Scholar

⁶⁰ For interesting comparisons with Vasco de Quiroga, see Beezley, William H., Martin, Cheryl English and French, William E., “Introduction: Constructing Consent, Inciting Conflict,” in Rituals, Beezley, , et. al., eds., pp. xii–xxxi.Google Scholar Poole, Our Lady. Taylor, William, “The Virgin of Guadalupe in New Spain: An Inquiry into the Social History of Marian Devotion,” American Ethnologist 14 ( 1987), pp. 9–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶¹ Miranda, , “Vasco de Quiroga, artifice,” p. 148.Google Scholar

⁶² Brading, , Church, p. 38.Google Scholar

⁶³ Moreno, , “Fragmentos,” p. 61.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Hernández, Martín, Don Vasco, pp. 268–269.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Lynch, , The Spanish, pp. 306–319.Google Scholar Miranda, , Vasco, pp. 233–240.Google Scholar Pastor, Rodolfo y Romero Frizzi, María de los Angeles, “El crecimiento del siglo XVIII,” Florescano, ed. Historia, pp. 195–218, esp. 218.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Hernández, Martín, Don Vasco, p. 269.Google Scholar Miranda, , Don Vasco de Quiroga, pp. 233–241.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Moreno, , “Fragmentos,” pp. 9–16.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ For a detailed and nuanced discussion of the multiple elaborations of Mexican conservatism, liberalism and revolutionary ideology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, see Mallon, Florencia, Peasant and Nation (Berkeley, 1995).Google Scholar

⁶⁹ León, , El ylmo. señor, p. 147.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Brand, Donald D., Quiroga, p. 100.Google Scholar León, , El ylmo. señor, p. 129.Google Scholar Meyer, and Sherman, , The Course, pp. 373–374.Google Scholar

⁷¹ See Franco, Jean, Plotting Women (Columbia, 1989), pp. xi–xxiv and 79–101.Google Scholar

⁷² Palacio, Vicente Rivas, México á través de los siglos , vol. 2 (Barcelona, 1888–89), p. 226.Google Scholar

⁷³ Paz, Zavala, D. Vasco, p. 152.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Moreno, , Fragmentos, pp. 172–173.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ See León, , El ylmo. señor, p. 140.Google Scholar Jarnes, , Don Vasco de Quiroga obispo. Zavala Paz, D. Vasco.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Jarnes, , Don Vasco de Quiroga obispo, pp. 324–325.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Tenenbaum, , “Streetwise,” p. 136.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Palacio, Rivas, México, pp. 225–226.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ León, , El ylmo. señor, pp. 3 and 138–149.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Grayson, , The Church, p. 11.Google Scholar For documents on modern Catholic social teaching see O’Brien, David J. and Shannon, Thomas A., Renewing the Earth (New York, 1977).Google Scholar

⁸¹ Ramírez, Tena, Vasco, pp. 165–168.Google Scholar One study of Franciscan hospitals recovers some of this past and looks at the political implications of their eighteenth century demise in the neighboring state of Jalisco. Taylor, William B., “Banditry and Insurrection: Rural Unrest in Central Jalisco,” Katz, Friedrich, ed. Riot, Rebellion and Revolution: Rural Social Conflict in Mexico (Princeton, 1988), pp. 205, 232 and 234–237.Google Scholar

⁸² Caso, , “Presencia,” p. 147.Google Scholar

⁸³ Dealy, Ross, The Politics of an Erasmian Lawyer, Vasco de Quiroga (Malibu, 1976), p. 1.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ León, , El ylmo. señor, p. 16.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Camin, Héctor Aguilar and Meyer, Lorenzo, In the Shadow of the Mexican Revolution, Fierro, Luis Alberto, trans. (Austin, 1993), pp. 1–36.Google Scholar Meyer, and Sherman, , The Course, pp. 481–566.Google Scholar Mallon, , Peasant, esp. pp. 310–330.Google Scholar Vanderwood, Paul J., “Explaining the Mexican Revolution,” The Revolutionary Process in Mexico, Rodriguez O., Jaime E., ed. (Los Angeles, 1990), pp. 97–114.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Rowe, and Schelling, , Memory, p. 64.Google Scholar Franco, , Plotting, p. 102.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Becker, , Setting, pp. 6, 40 and 125.Google Scholar Meyer, La Cristiada.

⁸⁸ On Lombardo Toledano, see Carr, Barry, Marxism and Communism in Twentieth-Century Mexico (Lincoln and London, 1992), pp. 7 and 195–201.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Zavala, Silvio, “Vasco de Quiroga ante las comunidades de indios,” Humanismo, Herrejón, Carlos ed., pp. 27–35 and 34.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Toledano, Vicente Lombardo, “Don Vasco de Quiroga fundador de la escuela de la acción,” Excelsior (Mexico City), 7 September 1929, pp. 5 and 9.Google Scholar

⁹¹ de Mendizábel, Miguel O., “Don Vasco de Quiroga,” Crisol (June 1931), p. 427.Google Scholar As cited in Gonzalez, Francisco Rojas, “Los tarascos en la época colonial,” Los tarascos, Mendieta, Lucio y Nuñéz, , et. al. (México, 1940), pp. 53–102 and 65.Google Scholar

⁹² Ibid., p. 5. For a fuller elaboration of Lombardo Toledano’s views, see El problema del indio (México, 1973), esp. pp. 191–194. See also Lacas, M.M., “A Social Welfare Organizer in Sixteenth-Century New Spain: Don Vasco de Quiroga, First Bishop of Michoacán,” The Americas 14 (1957–58), pp. 76–7.Google Scholar Lacas strongly criticizes Lombardo Toledano’s anti-clerical tendencies, citing Toledano’s, Lombardo El problema de la educación en México (México, 1924), p. 19.Google Scholar

⁹³ Zavala, Silvio, “La utopia de Tomas Moro en la Nueva España,” Recuerdo, pp. 9–40.Google Scholar de Quiroga, Vasco, Información, p. 216.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ “Discurso de bienvenida y retrato del doctor Zavala,” Humanismo, Herrejón, Carlos, ed., pp. 17–23.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Estrada, Genaro, “Introducción a la ‘Utopia’ de Tomas Moro en la Nueva España (1937),” Recuerdo de Vasco de Quiroga, pp. 164–165.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Fernandez, Justino and O’Gorman, Edmundo, Santo Tomas More y “La Utopia de Tomas Moro en la Nueva España” (México, 1937).Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Ibid., esp. pp. 20–22, 25, 27–29 and 32.

⁹⁸ Ibid.

⁹⁹ St More, Thomas, Utopia, Surtz, Edward, S.J., ed. (New Haven, 1964), p. 53.Google Scholar On the debate over More’s position on property, see Kenyon, Timothy, Utopian Communism and Political Thought in Early Modern England (London, 1988), esp. pp. 33 and 72.Google Scholar For an article which situates Vasco de Quiroga in some of the broader trends sweeping the Europe of his era, see Davis, Natalie Zemon, “Poor Relief, Humanism and Heresy,” Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford, 1975), esp. p. 36.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ One comparable effort was the failed attempt of Bartolomé de Las Casas to found a colony of Spanish and indigenous settlers in Venezuela in 1517. See Hanke, Lewis, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Philadelphia, 1949), pp. 54–56.Google Scholar Hanke is a bit harsh to characterize Vasco de Quiroga’s effort as merely a copy of Thomas More, since Vasco de Quiroga succeeded to a greater extent than others, indicating a certain uniqueness. For arguments concerning the uniqueness of Vasco de Quiroga and his project, see Gallegos Rocafull, Jose M., El pensamiento mexicano en los siglos XVI y XVII (México, 1951), pp. 191–202,Google Scholar esp. 198. Silvio Zavala, “La Utopia,” and Miranda, José, “La fraternidad cristiana y la labor social de la primitiva iglesia mexicana,” Cuadernos Americanos 4:141 (July-August, 1965), pp. 130–138 and 148–158, respectively.Google Scholar Muriel, Josefina, Hospitales, p. 87.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Herrejón, , “Cinco documentos sobre Vasco de Quiroga,” Don Vasco de Quiroga y Arzobispado de Morelía, pp. 163–164 and 165–166.Google Scholar Leon, , Documentos ineditos, pp. 1–5.Google Scholar Warren, , Vasco, pp. 43–44, 89 and 90–97.Google Scholar

¹⁰² Warren, , Vasco, pp. 62–63.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ de Quiroga, Vasco, Reglas y ordenanzas, pp. 266–267.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Leitz, , “Don Vasco de Quiroga,” (Ph.D. diss., Loyola University, 1940), pp. 138–139.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Bayle, Constantino, S.J., El clew secular y la evangelización de America (Madrid, 1950), p. 306.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Callens, Paul L., S.J., Tata Vasco (México, 1959), p. 92.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Ibid., pp. 128–132.

¹⁰⁸ Warren, , Vasco, p. 120.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ Ramírez, Tena, Vasco, p. 54.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Carrasco, , Tarascan, p. 21.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ A very important study of political life at the village level in an indigenous community in Michoacán is Friedrich, Paul, The Princes of Naranja (Austin, 1986), esp. pp. 25, 68 and 189.Google Scholar The pages cited deal with popular religion, and the emergence of anti-clerical politics at the village level, a trend which waxes and wanes in the area, even within individuals. Becker, , Setting, esp. pp. 143–145.Google Scholar For other areas within Michoacán, see González, Luis, San José de Gracia (Austin, 1972), pp. 146–214.Google Scholar Santamaría, Jesus Tapia, Campo religioso y evolución política en el bajío zamorano (Zamora, 1986), esp. pp. 179–230.Google Scholar Moheno, César, Las historias y los hombres de San Juan (Zamora, 1985), pp. 133–173.Google Scholar Carrasco, , Tarascan, p. 22.Google Scholar Brand, , Quiroga, p.6.Google Scholar

¹¹² Becker, , Setting, p. 159.Google Scholar

¹¹³ Mendieta y Nuñéiez, Los Tarascos, pp. lxiv and lxxi.

¹¹⁴ Ibid., 63, 65–66, 133, 162, 235 and 278.

¹¹⁵ As quoted in Edwards, Emily and Bravo, Manuel Álvarez, Painted Walls of Mexico (Austin, 1966), p. 241,Google Scholar which presents a clear though black and white reproduction of the mural. On the mural and on O’Gorman, see Luna Arroyo, Antonio, Juan O’Gorman (México, 1973), esp. pp. 410–414.Google Scholar Prampolini, Ida Rodríguez, Juan O’Gorman arquitecto y pintor (México, 1982).Google Scholar Akiyama, Terukazu, et. al. The Dictionary of Art, vol. 23 (New York, 1996), pp. 369–370.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Stevenson, Robert, Music in Mexico (New York, 1952), pp. 262–264.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ Magner, James A., Men of Mexico (Freeport, 1968, orig. 1942), pp. v and 141.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Foster, , Empire’s Children, 18.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ Zantwijk, Van, Servants of the Saints, pp. 64–65.Google Scholar Sepúlveda, María Teresa y H., Los cargos políticos y religiosos en la región del lago de Pátzcuaro (México, 1974).Google Scholar

¹²⁰ Becker, , Setting, p. 141.Google Scholar

¹²¹ Moreno, , Fragmentos, p. 130.Google Scholar

¹²² León, , El ylmo. señor, pp. 155–156.Google Scholar

¹²³ Zavala, Silvio, “Ideario de Vasco de Quiroga,” Recuerdo, p. 67.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ Leitz, Paul S., “Don Vasco de Quiroga and the Second Audiencia of New Spain” (Ph.D. diss., Loyola, 1940), p. 41.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ Warren, , Vasco, p. 117.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Alvarez, Moran, El pensamiento, p. 234.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Bloch, Ernst, The Principal of Hope (Cambridge, 1986, orig. 1959), p. 443.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ Mignolo, Walter, The Darker Side of the Renaissance (Ann Arbor, 1995), pp. 1–25,Google Scholar esp. 7. Bauer, Arnold, “The Colonial Economy,” in The Countryside in Colonial Latin America, Louisa Schell Hoberman and Susan Migden Socolow, eds. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996), pp. 19–20.Google Scholar de Certeau, Michel, The Writing of History, Tom Conley, trans. (New York, 1988), pp. 56–113.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Miranda, , Don Vasco, pp. 39–40 for information on the Colegio de San Nicolás.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ La Voz de Michoacán (Morelia, Mich., México), Viernes 26 Octubre 1990, pp. 9-A, 1-B, 9-B. La Jomada (Mexico City), Domingo 28 Octubre 1990, p. 14. Hernández, Martín, Don Vasco, p. 261.Google Scholar Toussaint, Manuel, Pátzcuaro (Mexico, 1942), p. 126.Google Scholar

¹³¹ For an understanding of the circumstances that made this type of rapprochement possible, and for the complicated history of the Church/State relationship in Mexico, see Tangeman, Michael, Mexico at the Crossroads (Maryknoll, 1995), pp. 67–87.Google Scholar Grayson, George W., The Church in Contemporary Mexico (Washington, D.C., 1992), pp. 65–90.Google Scholar Reich, Peter Lester, Mexico’s, esp. pp. 105–112.Google Scholar A classic work demonstrating a pattern of cooperation between the elites of Mexico’s post-revolutionary ruling party and the upper echelons of the Catholic church is Meyer, Jean, La Cristiada (Mexico, 1976), esp. Vol. 2,Google Scholar El conflicto entre la iglesia y el estado-1926–1929, pp. 303–380.

¹³² On commodification, tourism, and the “ethnographic voice” see Young, Eric Van, “Conclusion: The State as Vampire—Hegemonic Projects, Public Ritual, and Popular Culture in Mexico, 1600–1990,” Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance, Beezley, William H., Martin, Cheryl English and French, William E., eds. (Wilmington, 1994), pp. 343–374,Google Scholar esp. 344 and 367–68. Candlini, García, Hybrid, pp. 145–183.Google Scholar Kemper, Robert V., “Urbanización y desarrollo en la region tarasca a partir de 1940,” Antropoligía social de la región purépecha, de la Peña, Guillermo, comp. (Zamora, 1987), pp. 67–96.Google Scholar

¹³³ Aviles, Alejandro, “Presencia de Don Vasco en el Arte Teatral,” La voz de Michoacán, Viernes 26 Octubre 1990, p. 1B.Google Scholar

¹³⁴ Toussaint, , Pátzcuaro, p. 130.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ On the complexity of Purépecha textiles, see Lechuga, Ruth, El traje indígena de México (México, 1985), pp. 192–194.Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Additional sources discussing Zavala’s lecture, besides the author’s notes, are La Voz de Michoacán (Morelia, México), Viernes 26 Octubre 1990, p. 9-B and La Jornada (Mexico City), Domingo 28 Octubre 1990, p. 14.

¹³⁷ On political violence and human rights violations in Michoacán during this time, Gledhill, John, Neoliberalism, Transnationalization and Rural Poverty (Boulder, 1995), 1–23 and 68–78.Google Scholar Beltrán del Río, Pascal, Michoacán, ni un paso atrás (México, 1993), pp. 149–184.Google Scholar