I am very grateful to the numerous individuals who have read and provided insightful commentaries on earlier drafts of this introduction, including Robert Chase, Terri Gordon-Zolov, Robert Holden, Matthew Rothwell, members of the editorial board of The Americas, and the contributors to this special issue. An early impetus for this collection dates to a 2010 Latin American Studies Association panel, Discursos transnacionales y nueva izquierda a fines de los 60 organized by Aldo Marchesi and Vania Markarian; I am especially indebted to the many engaging conversations I have had over the past years with Vania and Aldo on this topic.

1. There are numerous examples of memoir-based histories and each country has its own repertoire. Some of the more notable memoirs that have been translated into English include Alberto Ulloa Bornemann, Surviving Mexicos Dirty War: A Political Prisoners Memoir, Arthur Schmidt and Aurora Camacho de Schmidt, eds. and trans. (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 2007); Maria Eugenia Vsquez Pcrdomo (foreword by Schmidt, Arthur), My Life as a Revolutionary: Reflections of a Former Guerrillera, Lorena Teraiido, trans. (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 2005);Google Scholar Guillermoprieto, Alma, Dancing with Cuba: A Memoir of the Revolution, Esther Allen, trans. (New York: Pantheon Books, 2004);Google Scholar and Veloso, Caetano, Tropical Truth: A Story of Music Revolution in Brazil, Isabel de Sena, trans., Einzig, Barbara, ed. (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2002).Google Scholar

2. Bender, Thomas, Introduction: Historians, the Nation, and the Plenitude of Narratives in Rethinking American History in a Global Age, Bender, Thomas, ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), p. 10.Google Scholar

3. The earliest citation I have found for the phrasing is from Hans Righart, Moderate Versions of the Global Sixties: A Comparison of Great Britain and the Netherlands, Journal of Area Studies 6:13 (1998), pp. 82 96. In 2011 Duke University Press added the series term Global Sixties to its catalog, reflecting the broader acceptance of the designation in recent years.

4. See in particular Gaddis, John L., We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998);Google Scholar Suri, Jeremi, Power and Protest: Global Revolution and the Rise of Dtente (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003);Google Scholar and Westad, Odd, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).Google Scholar

5. Suri, Power and Protest, pp. 262263. Emphasis is in original.

6. Gosse, Van, Rethinking the New Left: An Interpretative History (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005), p. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7. An important early example of pursuing a transnationalist frame is Gosse, Van, Where the Boys Are: Cuba, Cold War America and the Making of a New Left (London: Verso, 1996).Google Scholar Two foundational texts are Varon, Jeremy, Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004);CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Elbaum, Max, Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che (London: Verso, 2006).Google Scholar

8. Marwick, Arthur, The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c. 1958c.1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 7.Google Scholar

9. See for example Patrice McSherry, J., Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America (Lanham, Md.: Rowman Littlefield, 2005);Google Scholar Sterns trilogy, Steve J. Remembering Pinochets Chile: On the Eve of London 1998 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006);Google Scholar Battling for Hearts and Minds: Memory Struggles in Pinochets Chile, 19731988 (2006); and Reckoning with Pinochet: The Memory Qticstion in Democratic Chile, 19892006 (2010). On the role of transnational solidarity and Latin American exiles, see Green, James N., We Cannot Remain Silent: Opposition to the Brazilian Military Dictatorship in the United States (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010);Google Scholar Stites Mor, Jessica, ed., Transnational Solidarity in Cold War Latin America (Madison, Wise: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013);Google Scholar and Markarian, Vania, Left in Transformation: Uruguayan Exiles and the Latin American Human Rights Network, 19671984 (New York: Routledge, 2005).Google Scholar

10. Power, Margaret, Right-Wing Women in Chile: Feminine Power and the Struggle Against Allende, 19641973 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998).Google Scholar

11. Joseph, Gilbert, What We Now Know and Should Know: Bringing Latin America More Meaningfully into Cold War Studies, in In from the Cold: Latin Americas New Encounter with the Cold War, Joseph, Gilbert and Spenser, Daniela, eds. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2008), p. 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar This collection was based on a conference held in Mexico City in 2002 and initially published in a Spanish-language edited volume, Spenser, Daniela, ed., Espejos de la Guerra Fra: Mexico, America Central y el Caribe (Mexico: CIESAS/Angel Porrua, 2004).Google Scholar In important ways, In from the Cold built upon the epistcmological framework established in an earlier, groundbreaking collection edited by Joseph, Gilbert, LeGrand, Catherine, and Ricardo, D. Salvatore: Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar An important difference was that In From the Cold assessed the impact of the Cold War on Latin America from more of a global (versus U.S.) perspective. Notably absent from In From the Cold was examination of the Sino-Soviet conflict and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, a topic broached only by Daniela Spenser in this collection.

12. Joseph and Spenser, In from the Cold, p. 4. A foundational text that established this paradigm, and one implicitly referenced here by Joseph, is Grandin, Greg, Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also the later edited collaboration between Joseph, and Grandin, , A Century of Revolution: Insurgent and Counterinsurgent Violence During Latin Americas Long Cold War (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar A recent important contribution to this literature is Harmer, Tanya, Allendes Chile and the Inter-American Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011).Google Scholar

13. Zolov, Eric, Refried Elvis: The Rise of the Mexican Counterculture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999);CrossRefGoogle Scholar Dunn, Christopher, Brutality Garden: Tropiclia and the Emergence of a Brazilian Counterculture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000);Google Scholar Moore, Robin, Music and Revolution: Cultural Change in Socialist Cuba (Berkeley: University of California, 2006);CrossRefGoogle Scholar Manzano, Valeria, The Age of Youth in Argentina: Culture, Politics, and Sexuality from Pern to Videla (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming 2014);CrossRefGoogle Scholar Sorensen, Diana, A Turbulent Decade Remembered: Scenes from the Latin American Sixties (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2007);CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Gilman, Claudia, Entre la pluma y el fusil: debates y dilemas del escritor revolucionario en Amrica Latina (Buenos Aires: Siglo 21, 2002).Google Scholar

14. For an early effort to push the conceptual definition of the New Left in Latin America, see Zolov, Eric, Expanding Our Conceptual Horizons: The Shift from an Old to a New Left in Latin America, A Contracorriente 5:2 (Winter 2008), pp. 47 73.Google Scholar Two recent and pathbreaking contributions are Lang-land, Victoria, Speaking of Flowers: Student Movements and the Making and Remembering of 1968 in Military Brazil (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2013)Google Scholar and Pensado, Jaime, Rebel Mexico: Student Unrest and Author-itarian Political Culture During the Long Sixties (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

15. Vania Markarian, Distancia y compromiso: algunas reflexiones desde el caso uruguayo, presentation at the Taller de Historia Intelectual, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, November 15, 2012.

16. Dubinsky, Karen, Kruli, Catherine, Lord, Susan, Mills, Sean and Rutherford, Scott, eds., New World Coming: The Sixties and the Shaping of Global Consciousness (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2009), p. 3.Google Scholar

17. See the 2009 two-part forum on The International 1968 in American Historical Review 114:2 and 114:3. Recent monographs include The Third World in the Global 1960s, Christiansen, Samantha and Scarlett, Zachary A., eds. (New York: Berghahn Books, 2013);Google Scholar Rothwell, Matthew D., Transpacific Revolution aries: The Chinese Revolution in Latin America (New York: Routledge, 2013);CrossRefGoogle Scholar Wolin, Richard, The Wind from the East: French Intellectuals, the Cultural Revolution, and the Legacy of the 1960s (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012);Google Scholar Slobodian, Quinn, Third World Politics in Sixties West Germany (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2012);Google Scholar and Ivaska, Andrew, Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar Es Salaam (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2011).Google Scholar See also Timothy Brown, Scot, West Germany and the Global Sixties: The Anti-Authoritarian Revolt, 19621978 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013);CrossRefGoogle Scholar Klimke, Martin, The Other Alliance: Student Protest in West Germany and the United States in the Global Sixties (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010);Google Scholar Klimke, Martin, 1968 in Europe: A History of Protest and Activism, 19561977 (New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2008);CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Ross, Kristin, May 68 and Its Afterlives (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).Google Scholar For a refreshingly critical synthesis see DeGroot, Gerard, The Sixties Unplugged: A Kaleidoscopic History of a Disorderly Decade (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008).Google ScholarEarly efforts at a global approach to 1968 include Katsiaficas, George, The Imagination of the New Left: A Global Analysis of 1968 (Boston: South End Press, 1999);Google Scholar 1968: The World Transformed, Carol Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Dedef Junker, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Wallerstein, Immanuel and Zukin, Sharon, 1968: Revolution in the World System: Theses and Queries, Theory and Society 18:4 (July 1989), pp. 43149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

18. Christiansen and Scarlett, Third World in the Global 1960s, p. 16.

19. Westad, Global Cold War, p. 4.

20. Gould, Jeffrey, Solidarity Under Siege: The Latin American Left, 1968, American Historical Review 114:2 (April 2009), pp. 348 375;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Zolov, Expanding our Conceptual Horizons.

21. Rothwell, Transpacific Revolutionaries, p. 6.

22. See Fields, Belden, Trotskyism and Maoism: Theory and Practice in France and the United States (New York: Autonomedia, 1988).Google Scholar

23. Kalter, Christoph, A Shared Space of Imagination, Communication, and Action: Perspectives on the History of the Third World in Third World in the Global 1960s, Christiansen and Scarlett, pp. 28 29.Google Scholar

24. Among a vast historiography, see for example Young, Cynthia, Soul Power: Culture, Radicalisin and the Making of a U.S. Third World Left (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006);Google Scholar Rodriguez, Besenia, De la Esclavitud Yanqui a la Libertad Cubana: U.S. Black Radicals, the Cuban Revolution, and the Formation of a Tricontinental Ideology, Radical History Review 92 (Spring 2005), pp. 62 87;Google Scholar and Kelley, Robin D.C. and Esch, Betsy, Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution, Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society 1 (Fall 1999), pp. 6 41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25. Franco, Jean, The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City: Latin America in the Cold War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002);Google Scholar Moore, Robin, Music and Revolution: Cultural Change in Socialist Cuba (Berkeley: University of California, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar The Four Olds during the Cultural Revolution in China were Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas.

26. Suri, , Power and Protest, p. 3.Google Scholar Suri uses this term somewhat narrowly, applying it only to written texts, but the concept itself is quite useful.

27. For Mills in Mexico, see Pensado, , Rebel Mexico, p. 164.Google Scholar

28. Pacini, Deborah Hctor, Fernndez, Hernndez, LHoeste, and Zolov, Eric, eds., Rockin Las Americas: The Global Politics of Rock in Latin/o America (Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh University Press, 2004).Google Scholar

29. Ibid., see Introduction.

30. The most famous of these instances was Camilo Torres Restrepo, the Catholic priest who joined one of Colombias main guerrilla movements and was killed in action in 1966. His famous quote, If Jesus were alive today, He would be a guerrillero was a theme subsequently disseminated by the Cuban artist Alfredo Rostgaard through his poster print Christ Armed (1969). See Chesucristo: The Christification of Che, in Che Guevara: Icon, Myth, and Message, Kunzle, David, ed. (Los Angeles: University of California-Los Angeles, Fowler/Center for the Study of Political Graphics, 1997), pp. 78 87.Google Scholar

31. Barr-Melej, Patrick, Siloismo and the Self in Allende's Chile: Youth, Total Revolution, and the Roots of the Humanist Movement, Hispanic American Historical Review 86:4 (November 2006), pp. 747 784.Google Scholar This is an underexplored area of potential research.

32. See Grandin, Greg and Joseph, Gilbert, eds., A Century of Revolution: Insurgent and Counterinsur-gent Violence During Latin Americas Long Cold War (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar A recent dissertation by Luis Hernn Avila reflects the first systematic attempt to address the transnational networks of the Latin American right during the Cold War and to link these networks to local anticommunist expression. See Anti-communism, Political Violence and the Internal Enemy in Cold War Latin America: Transnational and Comparative Perspectives from Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico (19501974), (Ph.D. dissertation in progress, New School for Social Research).

33. See Brands, Hal, Latin Americas Cold War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012).Google Scholar

34. For the United States, see for example Andrew, John A., The Other Side of the Sixties: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997);Google Scholar and Perlstein, Rick, Before the Storm: Barry Goldrvater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York: Hill Wang, 2001).Google Scholar

35. Borstelmann, Thomas, The 1970s: A New Global History front Civil Rights to Economie Inequality (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2013);Google Scholar DeGroot, Gerard, The Seventies Unplugged: A Kaleidoscopic Look at a Violent Decade (London: Pan Macmillan, 2011).Google Scholar For Latin America, the new work by Louise Walker would also fit into this historiography: Waking from the Dream: Mexicos Middle Classes after 1968 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2013).

36. This is a vast topic, but for one set of perspectives see the arguments proposed in Dubinksky et al., eds., New World Coming.