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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
On May 5, 1865, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento returned to the United States as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the Argentine Republic. A more accurate title would have been Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Peripatetic, for no other minister or ambassador has ever spent as much time traveling through the United States, talking to its people, and studying its institutions. He was fifty-four years old now, an aging man whose clothes were formal but untidy, whose manner was truculent and conceited, a passionately opinionated man who stated his beliefs with fire and vigor and was rude to the point of insolence to those who sought to waste his time with frivolity—and yet who managed to form many warm friendships and to arouse in many Americans a personal liking for himself and an interest in his country. He was to spend three years and four months in the United States, and they were to be years crammed with work—studying, collecting information to send to Argentina, traveling, and writing. He wrote constantly. Dozens of letters came to him every day, and he wrote dozens himself. He reported often to Argentina's Minister of Foreign Relations, and he wrote constantly to friends and advisers in the United States. During his stay in America he wrote numerous newspaper articles, on topics as varied as grape culture, votes for women, and export laws. He started a periodical, Ambas Américas, whose mission was to draw the United States and all Latin American countries closer together. He wrote and published two books: Vida de Abrán Lincoln, the first biography of Lincoln in Spanish, and Las escuelas: base de la prosperidad y la república en los Estados Unidos. He translated a book on school architecture and a biography of Horace Mann into Spanish.
1 In an article published in El Zonda early in 1866, Sarmiento, wrote that he had been in six states in six days. Obras de D. F. Sarmiento: Tomo XXIX: Ambas Américas (Buenos Aires, 1899), p. 90.Google Scholar
2 Bunkley, Allison Williams (ed.), A Sarmiento Anthology (Princeton, N. J., 1948), p. 285.Google Scholar
3 Sarmiento-Mitre correspondencia, 1846–1868 (Buenos Aires, 1911), p. 364.
4 Obras de D. F. Sarmiento, Tomo XXXIV: Cuestiones americanas (Buenos Aires, 1900), p. 185.
5 Bunkley, , Sarmiento Anthology, p. 269.Google Scholar
6 Sarmiento-Mitre correspondencia, 1846–1868, p. 364.
7 Obras de D. F. Sarmiento, Tomo XXXIV: Cuestiones americanas, pp. 188–189.
8 Bunkley, Allison Williams, The Lije of Sarmiento (Princeton, N. J., 1952), p. 340.Google Scholar
9 Bunkley, , Sarmiento Anthology, p. 270.Google Scholar
10 Ibid., pp. 270–271.
11 Ibid., p. 271.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid., p. 272.
14 Clinton Place is now West 8th Street, and number 8 is part of the Whitney Museum of Art. Luiggi, Alice Houston, “Some Letters of Sarmiento and Mary Mann, 1865–1876, Part I,” HAHR, 32 (May, 1952), p. 193.Google Scholar
15 Bunkley, , Sarmiento Anthology, pp. 273–274.Google Scholar
16 Ferris, Nathan L., “The Relations of the United States with South America During the American Civil War,” HAHR, 21 (Feb., 1941), 77–78.Google Scholar
17 “Message of the President of the United States, and Accompanying Documents, to the Two Houses of Congress,” Executive Documents, Part IV, Thirty-Ninth Congress, First Session (Washington, 1866), pp. 8–10.
18 Bunkley, , Life of Sarmiento, p. 426.Google Scholar
19 Sarmiento-Mitre correspondencia, 1846–1868, p. 363.
20 Luiggi, op. cit., p. 187. Forty-seven years later, on July 9, 1913, Argentina arranged to present to Boston a statue of Sarmiento, in commemoration of his fondness for the United States and for Boston in particular. However, World War I and the death of the sculptor, Bela Pratt, prevented fulfillment of the plans. Normano, J. F., “A Lost Monument: Sarmiento in Boston,” HAHR, 12 (May, 1932), 236–237.Google Scholar
21 Bunkley, , Life of Sarmiento, p. 428.Google Scholar
22 Luiggi, op. cit., p. 188.
23 Bunkley, , Sarmiento Anthology, pp. 274–275.Google Scholar
24 Dr. Gould later went to Argentina, where in 1870 he established the first observatory in the Argentine republic.
25 Bunkley, , Sarmiento Anthology, p. 275.Google Scholar
26 Ibid., p. 276.
27 Luiggi, op. cit., pp. 187, 191–192.
28 Bunkley, , Sarmiento Anthology, p. 299.Google Scholar
29 Dr. J. G. Randall states that this poem was one of Lincoln's favorites and that “he often recited it.” He attributes authorship to “the otherwise undistinguished William Knox.” Randall, J. G., Mr. Lincoln (New York, 1957), p. 390.Google Scholar
30 Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, “ Vida de Abrán Lincoln ,” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 17, No. C, February, 1866, pp. 252–253.Google Scholar
31 The books which Sarmiento collected in the United States are now in the Sarmiento Museum in Buenos Aires. They include Thomas Hare’s The Election of Representatives, Joseph Story’s Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Horace Burney’s The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus, Alfred Conkling’s The Power of the Executive Department, Francis Lieber’s On Civil and Self Government.
32 Ottolenghi, Julia, Vida y obra de Sarmiento en síntesis cronológica (Buenos Aires, 1950), p. 220.Google Scholar
33 Stewart, Watt and French, William Marshall, “The Influence of Horace Mann on the Educational Ideas of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento,” HAHR, 20 (Feb., 1940), 28.Google Scholar
34 North and South America: A Discourse Delivered before the Rhode Island Historical Society, December 27, 1865, by His Excellency, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Argentine Minister to the United States (Providence, 1866), passim. The Rhode Island Historical Society still retains one water-marked and tattered copy of the booklet in its library. The speech is also available in Spanish in Volume XXI of the collected works of Sarmiento, which the Argentine government published 1884–1903.
35 Stewart and French, op. cit., p. 13.
36 The first two teachers sailed from Boston on May 31, 1867. They were Samuel Storrow Higginson, A. B. Harvard 1863, M. A. Harvard 1866, who had served as a chaplain in the Union army during the Civil War, and Foster Thayer, A. B. Columbia 1862, M. A. Columbia 1866, M. D. Bellevue Hospital Medical College, United States Navy acting surgeon 1864-1865. Over 60 American teachers went to Argentina in the years 1867–1880. Luiggi, op. cit., p. 199.
37 Gálvez, Manuel, Vida de Sarmiento, el hombre de autoridad (Buenos Aires, 1945), p. 389.Google Scholar
38 Ibid., p. 390.
39 The complete text of these articles is in Volume XXIX of Sarmiento’s collected works, pp. 86–137.
40 Gálvez, op. cit., p. 234.
41 Luiggi, op. cit., p. 195.
42 Ibid., p. 196.
43 Sarmiento-Mitre correspondencia, 1846–1868, p. 366.
44 Bunkley, , Sarmiento Anthology, p. 277.Google Scholar
45 Wesley, Edgar B., NEA: The First Hundred Years (New York, 1957), pp. 42–44.Google Scholar
46 “National Association of School Superintendents,” Indianapolis Daily Journal, August 14, 1866.
47 Bunkley, , Sarmiento Anthology, p. 278.Google Scholar
48 Ibid., p. 277.
49 Luiggi, op. cit. p. 197.
50 John Sartain (1808-1897) was an English engraver who worked in the United States after 1830. His work was very popular, and he has been called the originator of pictorial magazines.
51 Sarmiento sent Sartain a photograph of himself to be used as the basis for the mezzotint. Sartain later called on Sarmiento in New York in order to study his subject in the flesh.
52 Ibid., pp. 197–198.
53 Sarmiento-Mitre correspondencia,1846–1868, p. 371.
54 “Message of the President of the United States, and Accompanying Documents, to the Two Houses of Congress,” Executive Documents, Part II, Thirty-Ninth Congress, Second Session (Washington, 1867), p. 283.
55 Ibid., p. 285.
56 “Message of the President of the United States, and Accompanying Documents, to the Two Houses of Congress,” Executive Documents, Part II, Fortieth Congress, Second Session (Washington, 1868), p. 32.
57 Franco, Antonio Díaz and Giuria, Carlos Alberto (eds.), Sarmiento: selección popular (Buenos Aires, no date), p. 92.Google Scholar
58 Gálvez, op. cit., p. 395.
59 Faustina’s husband, August Belin, was a French publisher whom Sarmiento had met in Paris in 1845 and whom he had induced to go to Valparaiso, Chile, and enter the publishing business there. Belin later edited Sarmiento’s complete works (52 volumes), which were published by the Argentine government.
60 Luiggi, op. cit., p. 201.
61 Ibid., pp. 200–201.
62 Sarmiento-Mitre correspondencia, 1846–1868, p. 370.
63 Jeffrey, William H., Mitre and Argentina (New York, 1952), p. 73.Google Scholar
64 Luiggi, op. cit., p. 202.
65 Ibid., pp. 204–205.
66 Gálvez, op. cit., p. 399.
67 There is a description of Ida Wickersham in Volume XLIX of Sarmiento’s collected works, p. 297.
68 This was a year after Mary Mann had written to Henry Barnard that Sarmiento “spoke English beautifully.”
69 Bunkley, , Life of Sarmiento, p. 435.Google Scholar
70 Ibid., pp. 435–436.
71 Ibid., pp. 435–437.
72 These two teachers were George Albert Stearns, A. B. Harvard 1865, M. A. 1868, and John William Stearns, A. B. Harvard 1860, M. A. 1866. Luiggi, Alice Houston, “Some Letters of Sarmiento and Mary Mann, 1865–1876, Part II,” HAHR, 32 (August, 1952), p. 367.Google Scholar
73 Ibid.
74 Ottolenghi, op. cit., p. 231.
75 Peterson, Harold F., “Efforts of the United States to Mediate in the Paraguayan War,” HAHR, 21 (1932), 4–5.Google Scholar
76 Ibid., p. 5.
77 Ibid., pp. 6–11.
78 Ibid., pp. 7–15.
79 Ibid., pp. 15–16.
80 Escobar, Ismael Bucich, Historia de los Presidentes Argentinos (Buenos Aires, 1924), p. 168.Google Scholar
81 Bunkley, , Sarmiento Anthology, p. 281.Google Scholar
82 Ibid., pp. 282–283.
83 The text of Sarmiento’s letter to Seward is in Volume XLIX of Sarmiento’s collected works.
84 Luiggi, , “Some Letters of Sarmiento and Mary Mann, 1865–1876, Part I,” p. 210.Google Scholar
85 Bunkley, , Sarmiento Anthology, pp. 286–287.Google Scholar
86 “Message of the President of the United States, and Accompanying Documents, to the Two Houses of Congress,” Executive Documents, Part II, Fortieth Congress, Third Session (Washington, 1869), p. 249.