Article contents
Social Medicine and “Leprosy” in the Peruvian Amazon*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
Extract
Starting in the early twentieth century, Latin American physicians organized expeditions to study remote rural populations living in their own countries. These expeditions usually aimed to solve scientific mysteries, spread western medicine, protect urban populations from epidemic diseases coming from the countryside and increase the productivity of new areas of economic exploitation. They also produced fascinating knowledge, images and stereotypes on individuals and diseases considered rare in Latin American cities.
In this paper I will analyze a similar case: the medical dimension of an effort to “colonize” or modernize the Peruvian Amazon during the 1940s. This region, an expanse of more than 500 square kilometers, was—according to a prominent Peruvian economist—“territorio inculto” scarcely populated by primitive tribes. Economic, nationalistic and political motivations coincided in the term Colonización de la Amazonía used by governmental and international agencies. Its meaning included diverse proposals such as: to encourage the migration of Andean peasants, the implementation of scientific agriculture, the creation of rural schools and military posts, the “civilization” of local natives—a process developed by religious orders in the nineteenth century—and the construction of roads to facilitate access to urban markets.
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- Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 2004
Footnotes
A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the Conference “Practices of Healing in Modern Latin America and Spain” organized by the Center of Latin American and Caribbean Studies and the King Juan Carlos I of Spain Center of New York University. The Conference took place in New York City on April 27-28, 2001.
References
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29 E-mail interview with Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, son of Máxime Kuczynski, 9 June 1999.
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66 This appears in his brief introduction to Vida de una Leprosa (Lima: La Reforma Médica, 1947), p. 1. This pamphlet will be analyzed in the following section.
67 An example of his attempt to understand the indigenous conceptions of health and disease is his article “El pensamiento-mítico del campesino peruano, ensayo de interpretación” Anales de la Sociedad Peruana de Historia de la Medicina (Lima) 9 (1947), pp. 4–44.
68 The pamphlet is in the National Library of Lima: Vida de una Leprosa [hereafter Vida]. The publication has a subtitle “Narraciones médico-sociales extraordinarias.” Another patient's narrative outside Peru is Burguess, Perry, Who Walk Alone (New York: Holt, 1940).Google Scholar On Catagua or Catahua, see Silva, Hermann and Ruíz, Juan García, La Medicina Tradicional en Loreto (Iquitos: Instituto Peruano de Seguridad Social, 1997), p. 76.Google Scholar According to a study the herb cured Hansen's disease and is still used for asthma and snake bites (among other illnesses); see Egg, Antonio Brack, “Plantas nativas utilizadas en el Perú en relación con la salud humana,” in Salud y Población Indígena de la Amazonía, Estrella, Eduardo and Crespo, Antonio, eds., Vol. 2 (Quito: Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica, 1993), pp. 61–176;Google Scholar see also pp. 107–108, 161.
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71 Vida, p. 9.
72 Vida, p. 10.
73 Vida, p. 16.
74 Silva, Federico Bresani, “El Síndrome Neural Leproso: Ensayo de sistematización,” reprint of the Revista Peruana de Salud Publica 6 (1956), pp. 1–90,Google Scholar 88. Library of the Universidad Cayetano Heredia (Lima).
75 For its use in the Amazon, see Mora, Carlos, “Una revisión del concepto de Cholo en la Amazonía Peruana,” Amazonia Peruana 25 (Octubre 1995), pp. 145–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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77 Ullman, James Ramsey, The Other Side of the Mountain: An Escape to the Amazon (New York: Carrick and Evans, 1938), p. 237.Google Scholar This book is available at the Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.
78 Vida, p. 14.
79 Vida, p. 10–11.
80 Kuczynski a Sigerist, Enero 16, 1947 and Abril 16, 1947. A collection of letters between Kuczynski and Henry Sigerist are kept in the Sigerist Papers Collection, Alan Manson Chesney Archives, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (hereafter cited as Sigerist Papers).
81 Vida, p. 15.
82 Vida, p. 12
83 “Supervisión Sanitaria del Nor Oriente, Abril 16, 1941,” and “Supervisión de Sanidad y Asistencia del Nor Oriente, Febrero 28, 1942,” Prontuario, pp. 496–498 and 623–624.
84 “Servicio Cooperativo InterAmericano de Salud Pública Julio 14, 1942,” Prontuario, pp. 60–661.
85 “Salud Pública y Asistencia Social,” in Mensaje Presentado al Congreso por el Señor Doctor Don José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, Presidente Constitucional de la República, Lima-Perú, 1946 (Lima: Tip. Peruana, 1946), p. 186.
86 Kuczynski to Henry Sigerist; 1st October 1944. Sigerist Papers.
87 “Servicio Nacional Antileproso, Enero 17, 1944,” Prontuario, pp. 845–847.
88 Maletta, , Perú: las provincias, pp. 41–43.Google Scholar
89 Kuczynski, Maxime, La Protección del Hombre en el Estado del Porvenir, sentido y finalidad de los servicios médico-sociales con referencia especial a las condiciones del Oriente Peruano (Lima: Imp. Lux, no date; according to Catalogue of National Library of Perú, 194?), p. 19.Google Scholar
90 Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social, Presupuestos Administrativos para el año 1943 (Lima: Imp. Americana, 1943), pp. 10–11 ; Idem, Presupuestos Administrativos, 1945 (Lima: Imp. Americana, 1945), p. 121.
91 Kuczynski-Godard, Maxime H., La Pampa de llave; Estudios Médico-Sociales en las Minas de Puno, con anotaciones sobre las migraciones indígenas (Lima: Scheuch, 1945);Google Scholar A Propósito del saneamiento de los valles yungas del Cuzco (la Convención, Lares y Ocobamba) (Lima: Imp. La Tinta, 1946); 1. Estudio Familiar demográfico-ecológico, en estancias indias de la altiplanicie del Titicaca (Ichupampa) 2. La Condición social del indio y su insalubridad, miradas sociográficas del Cuzco 3. El Instituto Médico Higiénico Social del Sur, un proyecto organizador (Lima: Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social, 1945).
92 Kuczynski-Godard, Maxime H. and Paz Soldán, Carlos Enrique, Disección del Indigenismo Peruano, un examen sociológico y medico social (Lima: Instituto de Medicina Social, 1948), pp. 141, 146.Google Scholar
93 Ibid., p. 26.
94 Kuczynski to Isaiah Bowman, 29th June 1945, Sigerist Papers. A copy of the letter was sent by Bowman to Sigerist. 20 January 1947.
95 List of ministers in the webpage of the Peruvian Ministerio de Salud (http://www.minsa. gob.pe/ministerio/ministros/Listado:htm. last accessed March 18, 2004).
96 Kuczynski to Sigerist, 8 January 1944 and Kuczynski to Sigerist, 1 October 1944, Sigerist Papers.
97 E-mail interview with Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, 9 June 1999.
98 A recent study of changes in the region is Santos, Fernando and Barclay, Frederica, La Frontera Domesticada: historia económica y social de Loreto, 1850–2000 (Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica, 2002).Google Scholar
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