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Root’s Watchful Waiting and the Venezuelan Controversy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Embert J. Hendrickson*
Affiliation:
San José State College, San José, California

Extract

Elihu Root, Secretary of State from 1905 to 1909 under President Theodore Roosevelt, ranks as one of the most successful secretaries in dealing with Latin America before the coming of the Good Neighbor policy. His approach, the product of a practical statesman in a period of growing reaction to diplomatic adventure, concerned the means rather than the ends of inter-American relations. While the Secretary did not renounce the role of hemispheric policeman proclaimed by President Roosevelt in 1904, he did attempt to stress the benevolent character of America’s Caribbean interests and to sub-ordinate the policing aspect. Root held a special concern for Latin America and labored assiduously to improve relations and to promote the solidarity of the Western Hemisphere. When the Secretary retired in 1909 he bequeathed his successor a legacy of kindly feeling that he had successfully cultivated.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 2004

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References

1 Fagg, John Edwin, Latin America: A General History (New York, 1963), p. 817 Google Scholar; Theodore Roosevelt to John Hay, April 2, 1905, Morison, Eking E. (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (8 vols.; Cambridge, 1951-1954), IV, 1156.Google Scholar

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5 The Calvo clause, often inserted by Latin American countries in contracts with foreign nations, stipulated that foreigners agree to the settlement of all disputes arising out of their contracts in the court of that country and renounce the right of appeal for assistance to their own government. This concept stemmed from the writings of the Argentine jurist, Charles Calvo, whose six volume treatise on international law appeared during the years from 1868 to 1896. Shea, Donald R., The Calvo Clause: A Problem of Inter-American and International Law and Diplomacy (Minneapolis, 1954), pp. 1920.Google Scholar

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8 The Venezuelan government declined to retreat from its stand on any of the five issues. It upheld the expropriation of the New York and Bermúdez Company’s concession by asserting that the firm had supported a domestic uprising and had failed to fulfill all contractual obligations. In a second question, that involving the claim of A.F. Jaurett, Caracas charged that the claimant had illegally involved himself in domestic politics; therefore his immediate expulsion had been fully justified. Finally, the government contended that the other three questions had been decided either by the Venezuelan Supreme Court or by international arbitration. For a further discussion of Venezuela’s position see Foreign Relations, 1907 and 1908.

9 José de J. Paúl to W. Russell, February 29, 1908, Venezuela, Exteriores, Min. de Relaciones, El Libro Amarillo de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela, 1909 (Caracas, 1894- ), p. 125 Google Scholar. (Cited hereinafter as El Libro Amarillo.)

10 T. Roosevelt to E. Root, March 29, 1908, E. Morison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, VI, 984.

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12 For literature critical of the American position see Williams, C. Arthur, “The Truth About Venezuela,” The World Today, IX (1905), pp. 717720 Google Scholar; Comment, Editorial, “The Asphalt Scandal,” Current Literature, XXXVIII (1905), pp. 481483 Google Scholar; Comment, Editorial, “A Five Million Dollar Fine,” The Independent, LXIII (1907), pp. 10641066 Google Scholar; and Henry, Philip W., “Has the United States Repudiated International Arbitration?North American Review, CLXXXVI (1907), pp. 526536.Google Scholar

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17 Washington Post, April 18, 1908; New York Times, April 20, 1908.

18 The Times (London), April 23, 1908.

19 Washington Post, April 19, 1908.

20 E. Root to Henry White, April 13, 1908, National Archives, Washington, D. C, Department of State Records, Numerical File 5082/42A. (Cited hereinafter as DSR, NF.)

21 M. M. Hanna to Robert Bacon, April 14, 1908, DSR, NF 5082/43, department memorandum.

22 Thomas C. Dawson to E. Root, May 6, 1908, DSR, NF 5435, #92.

23 E. Root to Whitelaw Reid, May 22, 1908, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C, jElihu Root Papers.

24 Ibid.

25 T. Roosevelt to William H. Taft, August 21, 1907, E. Morison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, V, 761; T. Roosevelt to William B. Hale, December 3, 1908, Ibid., VI, 1408.

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29 E. Root to Joaquim Nabuco, June 13, 1908, DSR, NF 4832/8.

30 Chicago Daily Tribune, June 24, 1908.

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33 The United States exerted a decisive role in resolving the Venezuelan boundary controversy of the 1890’s and the Venezuelan claims controversy of 1902-03. In the earlier issue, the Caracas government had quarreled with Great Britain over the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana; while in the more recent question, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy blockaded the Venezuelan coast to force payment of claims.

34 New York World, June 25, 1908.

35 Jacob Sleeper to Secretary of State, June 19, 1908, DSR, NF 14457, #332; for background of the dispute see El Libro Amarillo and Corporaal, Karel H., De Internationaalrechtelijke betrekkingen tusschen Nederland en Venezuela, 1816-1920 (Leiden, 1920)Google Scholar. (Cited hereinafter as De Internationaalrechtelijke.)

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44 John Brewer to Secretary of State, November 26, 1908, DSR, NF 3136, telegram.

45 Ibid., November 29, 1908, 3136/69-71, telegram; Rudolph Dolge to E. Root, November 28, 1908, DSR, NF 3136/74-75, confidential letter.

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47 E. Root to Malanchton W. Stryker, November 30, 1908, Root Papers.

48 R. Dolge to E. Root, November 28, 1908, DSR, NF 3136/74-75, confidential letter.

49 James Johnson to R. Bacon, December 4, 1908, DSR, NF 14457/54, #47.

50 New York Times, December 5 and 9, 1908.

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52 New York Times, December 14, 1908.

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55 New York Times, December 18, 1908.

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57 J. Brewer to Secretary of State, December 22, 1908, DSR, NF 3136, telegram; New York Times, December 22 and 23, 1908.

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61 E. Root to William I. Buchanan, December 28, 1908, DSR, NF 4832/68, special instructions.

62 New York Times, December 22, 1908.

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