Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T09:18:18.309Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

International Relations/Social Theory in a Small State: An Analysis of the Thought of Dantés Bellegarde

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Patrick Bellegarde-Smith*
Affiliation:
Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois

Extract

      L'Idée, quand elle s'est
      completement incorporée à l'être
      moral, devient aussi impulsive
      que le sentiment, se transforme
      on peut dire en sentiment.
      — D. Bellegarde.

Louis-Dantès Bellegarde, (1877-1966), is acknowledged generally to have been the most significant and influential diplomat produced by the Republic of Haiti in this century. His first diplomatic assignment came fortuitously at age forty-four, when President Philippe-Sudre Dartiguenave appointed him on an impulse to the Paris legation, the Holy See, and to the League of Nations in 1921. In that period, he also served as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (The Hague), and was the Honorary President of the Second Pan-African Congress held under the aegis of W. E. B. DuBois. Previously, from age twenty-seven, he had occupied high governmental positions at the sub-cabinet and then cabinet level, primarily in the fields of education and agriculture. His formal training had been in law, banking, and commerce. That particular training was to serve him well, but color his perspective. The League's Council named him to the Commission of Slavery and Forced Labour in 1924. In 1927, he was a special guest at the Fourth Pan-African Congress held in New York. Later, in 1930, President Louis-Eugène Roy appointed him anew to France and the League of Nations where again he created a sensation.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1982 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 “The Idea, when completely incorporated to the moral being, becomes as impulsive as sentiment; it can indeed be said that it is transformed into sentiment.” Bellegarde, Dantès, Pour une Haiti heureuse, 2 vols., Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie Chéraquit, 1927–29, Vol. I., P. 26 Google Scholar. All translations are mine unless specified otherwise.

2 Bellegarde, Dantès cited in El Universal, Caracas, October 12, 1944.Google Scholar

3 Bellegarde, Dantès, Dessalines a parlé, Port-au-Prince: Société d’Editions et de Librairie, 1948, p. 356.Google Scholar

4 Ibid, p. 355.

5 Ibid, p. 358.

Mosca, Gaetano and Gouthoul, Gaston, Histoire des doctrines politiques depuis l’antiquité, Paris : Payot, 1955, p. 335.Google Scholar

7 Leopoldo Zea, cited in Davis, Harold E., “Sources and Characteristics of Latin American Thought,Topic 20 (Fall, 1970), p. 13.Google Scholar

8 Logan, Rayford W., “The Historical Aspects of Pan-Africanism, 1900–1945,Pan-Africanism Reconsidered, ed. by The American Society of African Culture, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962, p. 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Bellegarde, , Dessalines, p. 422.Google Scholar

10 Burr-Reynaud, Frederic, “Cooperation interaméricaine,La Phalange (September 7, 1943).Google Scholar

11 Wilson, Edmund, Red, Black, Blond, Olive: Studies in Four Civilizations, New York: Oxford University Press, 1956, p. 7677.Google Scholar

12 Commission de Revision des Programmes de l’Enseignement Secondaire, “Plan de Réforme Scolaire,” Bulletin, (September, 1906).

l3 Bellegarde, , Haiti heureuse. Vol. 1, p. 29.Google Scholar

14 Cited by Rossello, Pedro, Les Précurseurs du Bureau International d’Education, Geneva: Bureau International d’Education, 1943, p. 155.Google Scholar

15 Carr, William G., Only by Understanding, Headline Series, New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1945, p. 3637.Google Scholar

16 UNESCO, “XVIIIe conférence internationale de l’instruction publique, Paris: Publication No. 166, 1955.

17 Bellegarde, Dantès, La Nation haitienne, Paris: J. de Gigord, 1938, p. viii.Google Scholar

18 Bellegarde, Dantès, Histoire du peuple haitien, Genève: Imprimerie Held, 1953, p. 96.Google Scholar

19 Bellegarde, Dantès, Haiti et ses problèmes, Montréal: Editions Valiquette, 1941, p. 20, 30.Google Scholar

20 Ibid., p. 22.

21 Ibid., p. 24.

22 Ibid., p. 16.

23 Bellegarde, , Nation haitienne, p. viii.Google Scholar

24 Senghor, Leopold S., “Discours de Réception,Congres Constitutif du Parti de la Fédération Africaine, Dakar, 1959.Google Scholar

25 Bellegarde, , Nation haitienne, p. 35.Google Scholar

26 Bellegarde, , Haiti et ses problémes, p. 37.Google Scholar

27 Bellegarde, , Haiti et ses problémes, p. 37.Google Scholar

28 Bellegarde, , Dessalines, p. 176, 323.Google Scholar

29 Bellegarde, , Haiti heureuse, Vol. 1, p. 35.Google Scholar

30 With what eventually erupted on the Latin American scene in the 1950's, Dependency theory, starting with the analysis of the UN’s Economic Commission for Latin America.

31 Bellegarde, , Dessalines, p. 1819.Google Scholar

32 Ibid., p. 20.

33 Bellegarde, Dantès, “Education pour la paix et le bien-être social,Journal of Inter-American Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1 (January, 1959, p. 7).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

34 Bellegarde, , Dessalines, p. 31.Google Scholar

35 See Bellegarde-Smith, P., “Race, Class, Ideology: Haitian Ideologies for Underdevelopment 1806–1934,Occasional Papers No. 34, AIMS (forthcoming in March, 1982).Google Scholar

36 Bellegarde, , Haiti et ses problèmes, p. 99.Google Scholar

37 Bellegarde, , Peuple haitien, p. 205206.Google Scholar

38 Bellegarde, , Haiti heureuse. Vol. 1, p. 271272.Google Scholar

39 See Graña, Cesar, Bohemian Versus Bourgeois, New York: Basic Books, 1964, p. 107.Google Scholar

40 See Gouldner, Alvin W., The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology, New York: Avon Books, 1970, p. 115 Google Scholar; Touchard, Jean, Histoire des idées politiques, 2 vols., Paris; Presses Universitaires de France, 1959, vol. II. p. 404 Google Scholar; Droz, Jacques, Histoire des doctrines politiques en France, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1966, p. 69.Google Scholar

41 Cited by Hofstadter, Richard, Social Darwinism in American Thought, New York: A Braziller, 1959, p. 151.Google Scholar

42 Bellegarde, , Dessalines, p. 99100.Google Scholar

43 Ibid, p. 109, in italic.

44 See, Bureau of the American Republics, “Haiti,” Bulletin, No. 62, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1893, p. 67.

45 Bellegarde, , Dessalines, p. 106, 273.Google Scholar

46 Ibid., p. 109, italics mine. Bellegarde's allies and friends who made such promises were Roger Baldwin, Adolf A. Berle, Jr., Ernest Gruening, Raymond Leslie Ruell, James Brown Scott, among others.

47 Bellegarde, , Haiti et ses problèmes, p. 252253.Google Scholar

48 Ibid.

49 Ibid, p. 254.

50 Dantès Bellegarde, “Rapport,” 4ème Réunion Consultative des Secrétaires d'Etat des Relations Extérieures, 1951, p. 6.

51 Bellegarde, , Haiti et ses problèmes, p. 258:259Google Scholar; Bellegarde, Dantès, Un Haitien parle, Port-au-Prince: Cheraquit, 1934, p. 255 Google Scholar, and Bellegarde, Dantès, Au Service d’Haiti, Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie Theodore, 1962, p. 180.Google Scholar

52 Bellegarde, , Haiti et ses problèmes, p. 262.Google Scholar

53 Bellegarde, , Un Haitien parle, p. 220.Google Scholar

54 Ibid, p. 214,

55 “Haitian Assails Us at League Meeting,” The New York Times (September 12, 1930).

56 “Haitian Minister Startles Diplomats with Resignation; Dramatic Announcement Made at Pan-American Governing Board Meeting; Resents U.S. Financial Administration,” The Washington Daily News, November 2, 1933, p. 38.

57 Bellegarde, , UN Haitien parle, p. 179, 180.Google Scholar

58 Ibid, p. 181.

59 For instance, Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Press, 1963 Google Scholar, chapter I, “On Violence.”

60 Bellegarde, Dantès, “Un Haitian parle,Cahiers d’Haiti, Vol. 1, No. 1, (1943), p. 35.Google Scholar

61 Cited by Allen, John H., “An Inside View of Revolutions in Haiti,Current History, 32 (May, 1930), p. 325329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

62 Bellegarde, , Un Haitien parle, p. 182.Google Scholar

63 Ibid, p. 187.

64 Ibid, p. 185.

65 Ibid, p. 183.

66 Bellegarde, Dantès, “An Inter-American Economie Policy,The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, Vol. 150 (July, 1930), p. 186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

67 Ibid., Italics mine.

68 One notes that the same benefits accrued to the U.S. during and after WWII. Between 1939 and 1945, U.S. GNP went from $91 to $199 billion.

69 Bellegarde, , AAPSS, p. 187.Google Scholar

70 Ibid. Italics in the text.

71 Bellegarde, , Un Haitien parle, p. 189.Google Scholar

72 Bellegarde, , AAAPSS, p. 189 Google Scholar, and Dessalines, p. 83.

73 Bellegarde, , Un Haitien parle, p. 190 Google Scholar. Translated from the French.

74 Cited in Galeano, Eduardo, Open Veins of Latin America, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1973, p. 1112.Google Scholar

75 “Dantès Bellegarde Dies in Haiti,” The New York Times, June 16, 1966.

76 Bellegarde, , AAAPSS, p. 190.Google Scholar

77 See Bellegarde-Smith, P., “Expression of a Culture in Crises: Dantès Bellegarde in Haitian Social Thought,” unpublished dissertation, The American University, 1977, 454 pages.Google Scholar

78 Bellegarde, , Haiti et ses problèmes, p. 194. See footnote 36.Google Scholar

79 Bellegarde, , Un Haitien parle, p. 90 Google Scholar, and Dessalines, p. 64.

80 Bellegarde, , Un Haitien parle, p. 92.Google Scholar

81 Ibid., p. 185.

82 Bellegarde, , Dessalines, p. 27.Google Scholar