¹ For an account of the life of General Miller, see Delaney, Robert W., “The Latin American Career of General William Miller” (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation; University of New Mexico, 1955).Google Scholar Briefly, Miller’s activities included the following: he served for four years under Wellington in Portugal and Spain against Napoleonic forces and was then transferred to fight in North America against the United States in the last days of the War of 1812; entering South America with the rank of captain of artillery, he served under San Martín and Blanco Encalada in the liberation of Chile; he was commandant of marines and chief of land operations under Lord Cochrane and served again under San Martín until the latter’s retirement from Peru; he exercised various commands under Bolívar and Sucre and was commanding general of the combined cavalry in the battles of Junín and Ayacucho; he, then, was appointed president of Puno and president of Potosí before returning to England. After the downfall of the Confederación Perú-Boliviana, Miller was British Consul General of the Pacific for eighteen years. He is considered by Peru as one of the próceres of her independence and is buried in the Panteón de los Próceres, adjacent to the historic University of San Marcos in Lima.

² La Mar to Miller, Oct. 7, 1827, in the Collección Paz Soldan in the Biblioteca Nacional in Lima; this collection will hereafter be referred to as CPZ. Also, San Martín to Miller, May 1, 1828 in San Martín: Su correspondencia, 1823–1850, Vol. XXXIX of Biblioteca Ayacucho (Madrid, 1919), pp. 138–139, hereafter cited as San Martín: Correspondencia.

³ San Martín to Miller, Nov. 6, 1827; May 1, 1828; Aug. 19, 1828; and Oct. 10, 1828; San Martín: Correspondencia, pp. 137–145.

⁴ Lord Cochrane to Miller, July 4, 1829, CPZ.

⁵ Markham, Clements R., A History of Peru (Chicago, 1892), pp. 285–89,Google Scholar hereafter referred to as Markham, History; Wm. Radcliff to Henry Clay, June 18, 1839, in Record Group 59, General Records of the Dept. of State, “Dispatches from U. S. Consuls in Lima, 1823–1854,” II, hereafter cited as U. S. Consular Dispatches. See also, El Ciudadano Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente and El Ciudadano Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente a los habitantes de la República dated June 6, 1829, volantes contained in U. S. Consular Dispatches, II.

⁶ Extract from Mercurio peruano (Lima), June 28, 1830; and Javier de Luna Pizarro to Miller, Aug. 26, 1830, CPZ.

⁷ Yaben, Jacinto R., “El Gran Mariscal Guillermo Miller,” Revista del Instituto Sanmartiano, Buenos Aires, No. 32 (Oct.-Dec, 1953), p. 48,Google Scholar hereafter referred to as Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal.” Miller, William, Resumen de los servicios del General Miller en Sud America con documentos comprobantes (Lima, 1861), p. 13,Google Scholar hereafter cited as Resumen; see also, El Conciliador (Lima), Sept. 18 and Dec. 25, 1830.

⁸ Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 48 Google Scholar; Resumen, p. 13.

⁹ Basadre, Jorge, Historia de la república del peru (2 vols.; Lima, n. d.), 1, 81 Google Scholar; hereafter cited as Basadre, Historia.

¹⁰ Markham, , History, p. 294 Google Scholar; Cleven, N. Andrew N. “The Dictators of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador,” South American Dictators (Washington, 1937), p. 295,Google Scholar hereafter cited as Cleven, “The Dictators of Peru.”

¹¹ Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” p. 295 Google Scholar; Miller to San Martín, Oct. 2, 1830, Documentos del archivo de San Martín (12 vols.; Buenos Aires, 1910–1911), IX, 367–368.

¹² Kendall, Lane Carter, “Andrés Santa Cruz and the Peru-Bolivian Confederation,” Hispanic-American Historical Review, 16 (Feb., 1936), 34–36,CrossRefGoogle Scholar hereafter cited as Kendall, “Andrés Santa Cruz.”

¹³ Miller to San Martín, Oct. 2, 1830, Documentos del archivo de San Martín, IX, 367–368.

¹⁴ Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” p. 295.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Bassadre, , Historia, 1, 94–95 Google Scholar; Markham, , History, pp. 293–294.Google Scholar The bitterness and break of the two factions was demonstrated just previously at a ball given by Miller; see Basadre, Jorge, La iniciación de la república (2 vols.; Lima, 1929), I, 201–203.Google Scholar El centinela de la libertad (Lima), from April, 1831 to June, 1834 published many documents designed to prove the complicity of De la Fuente in a plot.

¹⁶ Pruvonena, P. (Riva Agüero), Memorias y documentos para la historia de la independencia del Perú y causas del mal exito que ha tenido ésta (2 vols.; Paris, 1858),Google Scholar hereafter cited as Pruvonena, , Memorias y documentos, 1, 359–360.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Pruvonena, , Memorias y documentos, 1, 360.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Pruvonena, , Memorias y documentos, 1, 361 Google Scholar; see also, II, 607–611 for documents published at the time giving Eléspuru's justification for the revolt, dated April 19, 1831.

¹⁹ Resumen, p. 13.

²⁰ Richardson, James D., comp., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (11 vols.; Washington, 1910), 2, 1133.Google Scholar

²¹ For accounts of Miller’s sojourn there, see Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” pp. 48–49 Google Scholar; Paske-Smith, , Early British Consuls in Hawaii, p. 18 Google Scholar; GeneralMiller, William, “Notes on South America and Oceania,” The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 12 (1842), 137–139 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kuykendall, Ralph S., The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854 (Honolulu, 1938), pp. 121–122 Google Scholar; and British Foreign Office, 58/21. This is the first volume of Miller’s correspondence with the Foreign Office as British Consul-General of the Pacific.

²² Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 49.Google Scholar

²³ La Miscelanea (Lima), Mar. 8, 1832, published a eulogy of Miller mentioning his: scars and his services to Peru, his consistent refusal to join factional disputes, and asked the government to reconsider the action taken.

²⁴ A law of Dec. 12, 1831, gave Gamarra the right to reform the whole army and get rid of all “suizos” or foreigners; see Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” p. 297.Google Scholar

²⁵ Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” pp. 49–50.Google Scholar

²⁶ Markham, , History, p. 295.Google Scholar

²⁷ The Times (London), Apr. 23, 1832, p. 3, c. 2 quoting Gamarra’s speech to the congress from the Mercurio Peruano of Lima. Text of the treaty with Bolivia which also limited the size of the armies of both nations is in Suplemento al Iris de la Paz (Lima), No. 18, Feb. 20, 1832.

²⁸ Markham, , History, pp. 295–296.Google Scholar

²⁹ Markham, , History, p. 296 Google Scholar; Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” p. 296.Google Scholar

³⁰ El Conciliador (Lima), Dec. 20, 1833; Valdivia, Juan Gualberto, Memorias sobre las revoluciones de Arequipa desde 1834 hasta 1860 (Lima, 1874), p. 1,Google Scholar hereafter cited as Valdivia, Memorias.

³¹ Markham, , History, p. 297 Google Scholar; Cristóval, Evaristo San El Gran Mariscal Luis José de Orbegoso (Lima, 1941), pp. 11–26,Google Scholar hereafter cited as San Cristóval, Orbegoso.

³² Cristóval, San Orbegoso, pp. 26–32 Google Scholar; Markham, , History, pp. 297–298.Google Scholar

³³ Markham, , History, pp. 297–298 Google Scholar; Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 36.Google Scholar

³⁴ El Conciliador (Lima), Jan. 5 to Jan. 25, 1834. A few issues are missing from the file at the Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

³⁵ Markham, , History, p. 298 Google Scholar; Valdivia, , Memorias, p. 6.Google Scholar

³⁶ Orbegoso to Miller, Dec. 21, 1833, CPZ.

³⁷ An interesting account of Orbegoso’s rather bizarre taking of the Real Felipe is in Valdivia, , Memorias, pp. 2–3.Google Scholar

³⁸ Orbegoso to Miller, Jan. 8, 1834, CPZ.

³⁹ El Genio del Rimac (Lima), Aug. 18, 1834, printing the speech of Orbegoso to the National Convention on July 30, 1834.

⁴⁰ Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 51 Google Scholar; Resumen, p. 14.

⁴¹ Orbegoso to Miller, February 25, 1834, CPZ. In this connection occurred probably the only example of a civilian’s accusing of Miller as having acted arbitrarily. In an extraordinary number of El Genio del Rimac (no date, but between Aug. 29 and Sept. 1, 1834), Manuel del Burgo, priest at Cerro de Pasco, accused Miller of mistreating him. Miller's reply to the cleric is also printed, claiming that he had good reason for wanting to interview the priest and had sent an order to that effect not knowing his bad state of health. Upon learning that the priest was ill, Miller rescinded the order and allowed him to remain wherever he wished, “far be it from me to offend the decorum of any person, much less an ecclesiastic. …”

⁴² Salaverry to Miller, March 8, 1834, CPZ; Markham, , History, p. 298 Google Scholar; Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” pp. 51–52.Google Scholar

⁴³ Echenique, José Rufino Memorias para la historia del Perú (2 vols.; Lima, 1952), 1, 56,Google Scholar hereafter cited as Echenique, Memorias.

⁴⁴ Basadre, Modesto y Chocano, , Diez años de historia política del Perú (Lima, 1953), pp. 12–20,Google Scholar hereafter cited as Basadre, , Diez años; Augustín Gamarra, Epistolario, Alberto Tauro, comp. (Lima, 1952), p. 254,Google Scholar hereafter cited as Gamarra, Epistolario; Echenique, Memorias, 1, 56–62 Google Scholar; Orbegoso, , Memorias, p. 64 Google Scholar; Markham, , History, pp. 298–299.Google ScholarPubMed

⁴⁵ Markham, , History, p. 299 Google Scholar; El Republicano (Arequipa), May 14, 1834.

⁴⁶ Markham, , History, p. 300 Google Scholar; Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 37.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Resumen, p. 15; Francisco Valle Riestra to Miller, June 11, 1834, CPZ.

⁴⁸ Cristoval, San Orbegoso, pp. 61–62.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ El Genio del Rimac (Lima), Oct. 24, 1834.

⁵⁰ José Rufino Echenique to Miller, Oct. 25, 1834, CPZ; Resumen, p. 15.

⁵¹ Valle Riestra to Miller, Oct. 25, 1834, CPZ. Three routine letters of Miller regarding his command, dating from Oct. 2, 1834 to March 4, 1835, are in the “Manuscritos” section of the Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

⁵² Wm. F. Taylor to John Forsyth, March 1, 1836, Consular Dispatches, III.

⁵³ Basadre, , Historia, 1, 115.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ El Veterano (Lima), Nov. 6 and Nov. 18, 1834; El Genio del Rimac (Lima), Aug. 2, 1834, censured another newspaper for insulting Miller and other generals of Orbegoso. Even at this early date, El Veterano was apparently advocating in Lima a confederation of Peru and Bolivia. Several times in Nov. and Dec., 1834, this newssheet printed in bold type, “Cual es el origin de las degracias que ha sufrido y sufre el Perú? Será tal vez la separación de Bolivia? ”

⁵⁵ Wm. F. Taylor to John Forsyth, March 1, 1836 (Arequipa), U. S. Consular Dispatches, III. Taylor was U. S. Consul at Arequipa but his correspondence is in with the Consular Dispatches from Lima.

⁵⁶ Cristóval, San Orbegoso, pp. 62–63 Google Scholar; Markham, , History, pp. 301–303 Google ScholarPubMed; Wm. F. Taylor to John Forsyth, March 1, 1836 (Arequipa), U. S. Consular Dispatches, III.

⁵⁷ El Republicano (Arequipa), Nov. 22, 1834.

⁵⁸ Cristóval, San Orbegoso, p. 64.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Valdivia, , Memorias, p. 99 Google Scholar; Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” pp. 301, 306.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Cristóval, San Orbegoso, p. 64 Google Scholar; Orbegoso, , Memorias, p. 78.Google Scholar

⁶¹ GeneralMiller, William “Notice of a Journey to the Northward and also to the Eastward of Cuzco, and among the Cunchos Indians in July, 1835,” The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 6 (1836), 174,CrossRefGoogle Scholar hereafter cited as Miller, Journey.

⁶² Resumen, p. 15.

⁶³ El General Miller al pueblo cuzqueno, March 13, 1834, single sheet papel volante, in the Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

⁶⁴ Cristóval, San Orbegoso, p. 64 Google Scholar; Basadre, , Diez años, p. 24.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Miller to Orbegoso, March 15, 1835, CPZ. Details of the revolt are also given in a letter of the following day in case the previous ones were not allowed to reach Orbegoso, Miller to Orbegoso, March 16, 1835, CPZ.

⁶⁶ Markham, , History, pp. 308–309.Google ScholarPubMed

⁶⁷ Gaceta del Gobierno (Lima), April 11, 1835.

⁶⁸ Cristóval, San Orbegoso, pp. 65–66 Google Scholar; Baldivieso, Salinas, Historia diplomatica de Bolivia, p. 40.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Markham, History, p. 310; Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 37 Google Scholar; Resumen, p. 15.

⁷⁰ Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” p. 307.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Basadre, , Diez años, p. 30 Google Scholar; Markham, , History, p. 310 Google ScholarPubMed; Cristóval, San, Orbegoso, pp. 68–70 Google Scholar; Pruvonena, , Memorias, 2, 521–522 Google Scholar; Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” pp. 302–303.Google Scholar

⁷² Markham, , History, p. 310 Google ScholarPubMed; Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” p. 308 Google Scholar; El Perú-Boliviano (Lima), April 14, 1836. The newspapers of Trujillo in northern Peru were especially partisans of Salaverry and approved all his actions to rid Peru of Bolivian troops and the war to the death; see especially El Eco Nacional (Trujillo), for Oct., 1835, and Jan., 1836.

⁷³ Markham, , History, p. 310 Google Scholar; Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 38.Google Scholar For documents showing Gamarra treating at the same time with Salaverry and Santa Cruz, see Cristóval, San, Orbegoso, pp. 72–75.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” p. 314 Google Scholar; Markham, , History, p. 311.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Resumen, p. 16.

⁷⁶ Ibid.

⁷⁷ Diario de Comercio (Lima), Feb. 12, 1836.

⁷⁸ Wm. F. Taylor to John Forsyth, March 1, 1836, U. S. Consular Dispatches, III.

⁷⁹ Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” p. 314.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Cristóval, San, Orbegoso, p. 76.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” p. 314 Google Scholar; Cristóval, San, Orbegoso, p. 76.Google Scholar

⁸² Dellepiane, , Historia militar, pp. 334, 339Google Scholar; “Boletín No. 7 del Ejercito Unido,” dated Feb. 8, 1836 in Diario de Comercio (Lima), Feb. 29, 1836; Valdivia, , Memorias, p. 153 Google Scholar; Basadre, , Historia, 1, 127.Google Scholar

⁸³ Markham, , History, p. 317.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Resumen, p. 16.

⁸⁵ Valdivia, , Memorias, p. 154.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Bilbao, Manuel, Historia del General Salaverry (Lima, 1936), p. 273.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Miller to Santa Cruz, Feb. 8 and Feb. 9, 1836 in Resumen, pp. 38–39.

⁸⁸ Miller to Carrillo, , Feb. 11, 1836, El Peruano (Lima),Google Scholar Sept. 25, 1839, also printed in Bilbao, , Historia del General Salaverry, p. 394 Google Scholar; Miller to Echenique, April 30, 1853, CPZ.

⁸⁹ Santa Cruz to Miller, Feb. 10, 1836, and Felipe Braun to Miller, Feb. 10, 1836 in Resumen, pp. 39–40.

⁹⁰ Santa Cruz to Orbegoso, Feb. 11, 1836, MS section Biblioteca Nacional, Lima; Santa Cruz to Vice-President of Bolivia, Feb. 7, 1836 in Colección de documentos y sucesos notables en las campañas de la pacificación (Lima, 1837), p. 93. This folleto of 215 pages has many documents designed to prove the legal right of Santa Cruz to be in Peru and is No. 87–5 of the Zagarra Collection, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

⁹¹ Bilbao, Historia del General Salaverry, pp. 273–274.

⁹² Diario del Comercio (Lima), March 4, 1836; Valdivia, , Memorias, p. 156 Google Scholar; de Velasco, Manuel Sanchez Memorias para la historia de Bolivia (Sucre, 1938), p. 261 Google Scholar; Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” p. 315.Google Scholar General Pablo Fernandini, Salaverry’s second in command, tried to escape, was seized by some of the people present, and shot by one of the guards.

⁹³ Bilbao, Historia del General Salaverry, pp. xiii, xx–xxiii.

⁹⁴ Bilbao, Historia del General Salaverry, p. 272.

⁹⁵ The last words of Salaverry and his plea that he had given himself up voluntarily are in Bilbao, Historia del General Salaverry, pp. xiii, xx. In his last will and testament, Salaverry mentions a certain sum of money which he had deposited with the captain of H. M. S. Basilisco, “de cuyo dinero tiene conocimiento el señor general Miller,” the implication being that he trusted Miller to see it delivered to his widow, p. xviii. It is probable that Salaverry entrusted the money to Miller immediately after capture, since on Feb. 10 Miller wrote the English captain of the action taken by Postigo, Admiral, Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 55.Google Scholar Arias, Juan Gordillo, Historia del asesinato del General Salaverry (Callao, 1951)Google Scholar is a small pamphlet, laudatory without restraint, which tries to prove that Salaverry and his companions were completely innocent of any crime whatsoever, but it adds nothing to Bilbao’s account. Another folleto is de Salaverry, Felipe S., Candidaturas, 49 Google Scholar pages with no indication of publisher or date, but apparently written about 1860. It was apparently by General Salaverry’s son, and tries to prove that Manuel Mendiburu was a traitor to Salaverry after having been placed in the army as a spy. The author further contends that Salaverry lost the battle because of the disobedience of Mendiburu. This raises the point of why Mendiburu failed to return to Miller’s custody when sent to arrange surrender of the fleet, if he were a spy. The folleto referred to is in the private library of Ruben Vargas Ugarte under the binder’s title, “Historia varios,” No. 94.

⁹⁶ Santa Cruz to Orbegoso, March 10, 1836, MS Section, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima; Resumen, p. 16. For a defense of Miller in the Salaverry affair, see Salmon, José Luis, “Por las luces de la historia nacional,” Revista del Centro de Estudios Histórico-Militares del Perú, No. 7 (Jan.-Nov., 1952), pp. 85–90.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 40 Google Scholar; Colección de documentos y de sucesos notables en las campañas de la pacificación, pp. 157–183; Basadre, , Historia, 1, 129–130 Google Scholar; The Times (London), Oct. 4, 1836, p. 2, c. 5; Oct. 6, 1836, p. 4, c. 6; Niles Register, L (March-Sept., 1836), 388.

⁹⁸ Wm. F. Taylor to John Forsyth, Aug. 14, 1836, U. S. Consular Dispatches, III.

⁹⁹ Wm. F. Taylor to John Forsyth, April 1, 1836, U. S. Consular Dispatches, III.

¹⁰⁰ Wm. F. Taylor to John Forsyth, Oct. 1, 1836, U. S. Consular Dispatches, III.

¹⁰¹ Markham, , History, p. 323 Google Scholar; Basadre, , Historia, 1, 130–131.Google Scholar

¹⁰² Wm. F. Taylor to John Forsyth, June 23, 1836, U. S. Consular Dispatches, III.

¹⁰³ The Times (London), Oct. 24, 1838, p. 3, c. 5, quoting El Eco del Protectorado (Lima), Jan. 6, 1838.

¹⁰⁴ Santa Cruz to Orbegoso, March 10, 1836, MS Section, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima; Gen. Braun to Miller, March 1, 1836, CPZ.

¹⁰⁵ Cristóval, San, Orbegoso, pp. 95–96 Google Scholar; Wm. F. Taylor to John Forsyth, Oct. 1, 1836, U. S. Consular Dispatches, III.

¹⁰⁶ Mackenna, Benjamin Vicuña, Don Diego Portales, Vol. 6 of Obras completas de Vicuña Mackenna, pp. 313, 315–329.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Markham, , History, pp. 324–325 Google Scholar; Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 41.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ Santa Cruz to Miller, June 14, 1860, in Mackenna, Vicuña, Don Diego Portales, p. 349.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ Mackenna, Vicuñ, Don Diego Portales, pp. 331, 340.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Mackenna, Vicuña, Don Diego Portales, p. 344.Google Scholar Vicuña Mackenna, p. 331, labels this, “unos de los actos más odiosos que se rejistran en los anales de nuestras repúblicas.” Elliot, , Chile, p. 207 Google Scholar; Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 43 Google Scholar; Wilkes, Charles, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 (5 vols.; Philadelphia, 1845), 1, 219,Google Scholar hereafter cited as Wilkes, Narrative.

¹¹¹ Basadre, , La iniciación de la república, 2, 75 Google Scholar; Mackenna, Vicuña, Don Diego Fonales, p. 337n.Google Scholar

¹¹² Miller to Echenique, April 30, 1853, CPZ.

¹¹³ Mackenna, Vicuña, Don Diego Fonales, p. 348 Google Scholar; Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 45.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ Basadre, , Historia, 1, 136 Google Scholar; Wilkes, , Narartive, 1, 220.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ Basadre, , La iniciación de la república, 2, 131–133 Google Scholar; Basadre, , Historia, 1, 137.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Galindo, Blanco, Resumen de la historia de Bolivia, p. 112 Google Scholar; Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 44.Google Scholar For the text of the Argentine declaration of war, see El Tribuno del Pueblo (Lima), Oct. 6, 1838; The Times (London), Aug. 22, 1837, p. 2, c. 6. Argentine preparations and an attempt to win over the Indians of Bolivia are reported in The Times (London), Oct. 18, 1837, p. 4, c. 3.

¹¹⁷ Vargas, , Historia del Peru independiente, 8, 123–125.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Basadre, , La iniciación de la república, 2, 116–129 Google Scholar; Basadre, , Diez años, p. 50.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ Cleven, , “The Dictators of Peru,” pp. 349–355.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ Santa Cruz was especially desirous of a treaty with Ecuador. “Pero lo importante es que llegue a hacer el tratado que nos de seguridades por el Ecuador,” he wrote to Orbegoso on Oct. 22, 1836, MS Section, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹²¹ Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 56.Google Scholar Orbegoso heartily approved the appointment of Miller, Orbegoso to Santa Cruz, Oct. 10, 1836, D1567, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹²² Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 56.Google Scholar

¹²³ Baldivieso, Salinas, Historia diplomática de Bolivia, p. 41.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ Pio de Tristan to Miller, , Oct. 11, 1836, in “Correspondencia reservada del estado mayor del ejército del norte,” D1392, p. 3,Google Scholar Biblioteca Nacional, Lima. García del Rio, Minister of Foreign Relations for the Confederation, later sent Miller a sum of money to expedite the business of the Confederation, “Correspondencia con el señor secretario general y ministro de guerra y jefe de E. M. e individuos militares desde enero de 1837 á marzo de 1839,” Libro R0358, Archivo Histórico, Lima.

¹²⁵ Santa Cruz to Orbegoso, Oct. 22, 1836, MS Section, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹²⁶ Santa Cruz to Orbegoso, Oct. 24, 1836, MS Section, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹²⁷ Rocafuerte to Miller, May 24, 1837, CPZ; LJO (Orbegoso) to Juan José Flores, Jan. 15, 1837, D1567, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹²⁸ Basadre, , Diez años, p. 53.Google Scholar Text of the treaty is in Aranda, Ricardo, Colección de los tratados, convenciones, capitulaciones, armisticios, y otros actos diplomáticos y políticos celebrados desde la independencia hasta el día … (14 vols.; Lima, 1895), 5, 26–29.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Rocafuerte to Miller, May 24, 1837, CPZ.

¹³⁰ Tratado con el General Santa Cruz (Guayaquil, Jan. 4, 1837), a folleto of 22 pages in Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹³¹ LJO (Orbegoso) to Cruz, Santa, Feb. 12, 1837, in “Copias de cartas particulares sobre asuntos públicos, dirigidos al Sr. Protector Sr. Andrés Santa Cruz, traidas de adelante desde la ultima fecha 28 de Mayo 1837,” D1567,Google Scholar Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹³² Vargas, , Historia del Perú independiente, 8, 69.Google Scholar

¹³³ Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 57.Google Scholar

¹³⁴ Basadre, , La iniciación de la república, 2, 138 Google Scholar; Orbegoso to Santa Cruz, April 13, 1837, D1567, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹³⁵ Resumen, p. 16; Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 57.Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Basadre, , La iniciación de la república, 2, 81.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ Oviedo, Juan, Colección de leyes, decretos, y órdenes publicados en el Perú desde el año del 1821 hasta 31 de deciembre de 1859 (16 vols.; Lima, 1861), 7, 34–35,Google Scholar here-after cited as Oviedo, Colección de leyes.

¹³⁸ Oviedo, , Colección de leyes, 14, 7–8.Google Scholar Bernardo O’Higgins congratulated Miller on being chosen for this high office, O’Higgins to Miller, May 28, 1837, CPZ.

¹³⁹ Orders of Miller while holding this position are in El Eco del Protectorado (Lima), running from May 20 to August 23, 1837; see also Oviedo, , Colección de leyes, 13, 66–69.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ El Eco del Protectorado (Lima), June 10, 1837.

¹⁴¹ Ibid., June 17, 1837.

¹⁴² Ibid., May 20, 1837.

¹⁴³ Resumen, p. 16; Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 57.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ El Callao heróico y glorioso, 1836–1936 (Lima, 1936), pp. 239–241.

¹⁴⁵ Melo, Rosendo, El Callao (3 vols.; Lima, 1899), 3, 72.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ Resumen, pp. 16–17; Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 57 Google Scholar; Miller to Echenique, April 30, 1853, CPZ. Miller referred with pride to the building going on in Callao and what had been accomplished in three months of his administration in O. L. 262-1039 and 1040, Archivo Histórico, Lima. Melo, , El Callao, 3, 80,Google Scholar mentions Miller’s interest in building up Callao, but is in error on the date.

¹⁴⁷ Wilkes, , Narrative, 1, 233.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Basadre, , Diez años, pp. 53–54.Google Scholar Documents signed by Miller from Sept. 22, 1837, to July 26, 1838, on routine business having to do with customs, entry and exit of ships, and other commerce are in O. L. 253–1238 to 1311 and O. L. 262–1033 to 1137, Archivo Histórico, Lima.

¹⁴⁹ El Redactor Peruano (Lima), Sept. 14, 1838.

¹⁵⁰ Miller to Orbegoso, Oct. 31, 1837, MS Section, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹⁵¹ Otero to Miller, Nov. 3, 1837 in D1392, p. 23, MS Section, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹⁵² Otero to Miller, Nov. 7, 1837 in D1392, pp. 23–24, MS Section, Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

¹⁵³ Basadre, , Historia, 1, 135 Google Scholar; Wilkes, , Narrative, 1, 218–219 Google Scholar; The Times (London), June 15, 1837, p. 6, c. 2; Markham, , History, p. 325.Google ScholarPubMed It should be noted here that Markham, pp. 326–327 is in error regarding dates and the sequence of events leading up to the Chilean expedition.

¹⁵⁴ Basadre, , Historia, 1, 137 Google Scholar; Cristóval, San, Orbegoso, p. 95 Google Scholar; Vargas, , Historia del Perú independiente, 8, 71–73 Google Scholar; Wilkes, , Narrative, 1, 220–221.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁵ U. S. Consular Dispatches, Vol. III.

¹⁵⁶ Basadre, , Historia, 1, 138 Google Scholar; Elliot, , Chile, p. 207 Google Scholar; Wilkes, , Narrative, 1, 224 Google Scholar; Galindo, Blanco, Resumen de la história de Bolivia, pp. 112–113 Google Scholar; Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 46.Google Scholar See Manifiesto del Gobierno Protectoral Sobre el Decreto del Gobierno de Chile de 18 de Diciembre de 1837 en que reusa [sic] Su Ratificación al Tratado de Paz de 17 de Noviembre del mismo año (Paz de Ayacucho, 1838) 32 pp. (In U. S. Consular Dispatches, Vol. III). The appendix gives the proclamation of Joaquín Prieto, president of Chile, repudiating the treaty and answer of Santa Cruz to these proclamations.

¹⁵⁷ Bartlett to Forsyth, Feb. 17, 1838, U. S. Consular Dispatches, III.

¹⁵⁸ Wilkes, , Narrative, 224–225 Google Scholar; Galindo, Blanco, Resumen de la historia de Bolivia, pp. 113–114.Google Scholar Text of the treaty and reasons alleged in Chile for non-ratification are in The Times (London), March 27, 1838, p. 6, c. 1. See also, Bartlett to Forsyth, March 15–March 16, 1838, U. S. Consular Dispatches, III.

¹⁵⁹ Santa Cruz to Miller, Feb. 10, 1838, CPZ. In El Eco del Protectorado (Lima), Wed., Jan. 17, 1838 (#58), Miller said that although inferior in numbers, Chileans had been badly treated by Peruvian boats. The port of Callao was ready to give them what they deserved if they returned.

¹⁶⁰ Galindo, Blanco, Resumen de la historia de Bolivia, p. 114.Google Scholar Bartlett says the Chileans were at Callao on Aug. 7 and landed at Ancon on Aug. 8.

¹⁶¹ El Redactor Peruano (Lima), July 30, 1838. The northern departments of Peru had previously voiced their sentiments in favor of Orbegoso’s leading a united Peru against all foreign invaders, El Grito de la Libertad (Trujillo), No. 1, July 24, 1838.

¹⁶² Bartlett to Forsyth, Sept. 20, 1838, U. S. Consular Dispatches. IV.

¹⁶³ The Times (London), Nov. 29, 1838, p. 3, c. 6; de Velasco, Sánche, Memorias para la historia de Bolivia, p. 294.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁴ Miller to Minister of War, July 31, 1838, CPZ; Resumen, p. 43.

¹⁶⁵ Juan José Loyola to Miller, Aug. 1, 1838, CPZ. Basadre, , Diez años, p. 71,Google Scholar says that Miller was operating in the south on July 30, but Miller’s correspondence with the Minister of War shows this to be in error.

¹⁶⁶ Resumen, p. 43.

¹⁶⁷ Bartlett to Forsyth, Sept. 20, 1838, U. S. Consular Dispatches, IV.

¹⁶⁸ El Tribuno del Pueblo (Lima), Oct. 15, 1838.

¹⁶⁹ El Tribuno del Pueblo (Lima), Oct. 22, Oct. 25, Oct. 27, Oct. 29, Nov. 1, Nov. 3, Nov. 5, and Nov. 8, 1838.

¹⁷⁰ El Tribuno del Pueblo (Lima), Oct. 25, 1838 and succeeding issues to Nov. 1, 1838.

¹⁷¹ Galindo, Blanco, Resumen de la historia de Bolivia, p. 114.Google Scholar

¹⁷² El Redactor Peruano (Lima), Aug. 25, 1838.

¹⁷³ Bartlett to Forsyth, Sept. 20, 1838, U. S. Consular Dispatches, IV.

¹⁷⁴ Resumen, p. 43.

¹⁷⁵ El Redactor Peruano (Lima), Sept. 25, 1838. This paper strongly supported Gamarra after the Chileans occupied Lima, claiming that Miller directed this skirmish from eight leagues away with a telescope. It labels Brown, Miller, Moran, Otero, and others as “adventurers” and “slaves of Santa Cruz.” See also issue of Nov. 2, 1838. El Redactor Peruano was the official organ of Orbegoso after his defection from the Confederation.

¹⁷⁶ El Redactor Peruano (Lima), Oct. 5, 1838.

¹⁷⁷ Santa Cruz to Miller, Oct. 21, 1838, CPZ.

¹⁷⁸ Dellepiane, , Historia militar, p. 372 Google Scholar; von Tshudi, J.J., Travels in Peru during the Years 1838–1842, Ross, Thomasina, tr. (London, 1847), pp. 200–201.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁹ Galindo, Blanco, Resumen de la historia de Bolivia, p. 115.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁰ Bartlett to Forsyth, Sept. 20, 1838, U. S. Consular Dispatches, IV.

¹⁸¹ Bartlett to Ballard, Oct. 13, 1838, U. S. Consular Dispatches, IV.

¹⁸² Resumen, p. 43.

¹⁸³ Markham, , History, p. 328 Google ScholarPubMed; Galindo, Blanco, Resumen de la historia de Bolivia, pp. 118–122.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁴ Resumen, p. 43; Yaben, “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 58. At Arequipa, Santa Cruz resigned as president of Bolivia and dissolved the Confederation; see Kendall, , “Andrés Santa Cruz,” p. 46.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁵ Basadre, , Diez años, p. 77 Google Scholar; Niles Register, LVI (March to Sept., 1839), p. 258; La Libertad Restaurada (Cuzco), May 18, 1839. Letters from the Military Governor of Arequipa to the British consul strongly protesting his actions are printed in La Libertad Restaurada (Cuzco), March 9, 1839.

¹⁸⁶ Yaben, , “El Gran Mariscal,” p. 58 Google Scholar; Pruvonena, , Memorias y documentos, 1, 391–393.Google Scholar Santa Cruz justified his conduct in a manifesto issued from Guayaquil entitled, El Jeneral Santa Cruz explica su conducta pública y los moviles de su política en la presidencia de Bolivia y en el protectorado de la confederación peru-Boliviana (Guayaquil, 1841). Two other officers published their justifications: Nieto, Domingo, Memorias de los hechos que justifican la conducta política que como jeneral del ejército del Perú ha tenido Domingo Nieto (Lima, 1839)Google Scholar; Moran, Trinidad, Exposición que hace Trinidad Moran á los pueblos del Perú sobre la injusticia … (Arequipa, 1850).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁷ Oviedo, , Colección de leyes, 14, 180–181 Google Scholar; Basadre, , Diez años, p. 80 Google Scholar; La Libertad Restaurada (Cuzco), May 11, 1839, gave a list of the officers barred, and computed the saving to the government on their salaries, including the 7,000 pesos annually assigned to Miller.

¹⁸⁸ Colvocoresses, George M., Four Years in the Government Exploring Expedition Commanded by Captain Charles Wilkes (5th ed.; New York: J. M. Fairchild … Co., 1855), pp. 55–60.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁹ Basadre, , Diez años, p. 166.Google Scholar