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The Development of Latin-American Studies in the United States, 1939–1945*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Lewis Hanke
Lewis Hanke*
Affiliation:
Hispanic Foundation, The Library of Congress.
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Extract

The period 1939–1945 saw an unprecedented expansion of Latin American studies in the United States. This was partly due to the wartime activities of such government agencies as the Department of State and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, and to the rising interest in the area approach to academic studies. This development would not have been possible, however, without the continuous concern of the foundations, which had helped to organize scholars in the field on a national basis, had stimulated research in relatively neglected fields, and had provided funds for the compilation and publication of certain basic bibliographical tools. Nor would this expansion have been more than a wartime boom had not the scholars and universities of the country been attracted to Hispanic studies since George Ticknor and William H. Prescott first disclosed their importance over a century ago, and to the Latin American field more particularly since 1900. The expansion was based upon solid elements.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , July 1947 , pp. 32 - 64
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1947

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Footnotes

*

For valuable assistance in compiling this information I am greatly indebted to my friends and colleagues. Francisco Aguilera, Miron Burgin, Robert C. Smith, and Elizabeth Wilder.

References

1 And even before them, as is made clear by Bernstein, Harry in Origins of Inter-American Interest, 1700–1812 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1945).Google Scholar

2 The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report for 1940, p. 51. For a statement on specific grants see also pp. 56–58, 309–313. Reports for the other years show a continuing and substantial record of support to Latin American studies, both in the United States and in Latin America. This survey, of course, does not include the notable and long-continued work of the Rockefeller Foundation in public health, which began dramatically in 1918 with the cleaning out of yellow fever from Guayaquil, Ecuador. Nor does it cover the Mexican Agricultural program, started by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1943, upon which by December, 1946, almost a half million dollars had been spent.

3 First issue came out in 1936, published by Harvard University Press.

4 Harvard University Press, 1939.

5 Harvard University Press, 1940.

6 Now in press in Rio de Janeiro, and to be published there by the Instituto Nacional do Livro. The Handbook is a joint enterprise of Brazilian scholars and United States specialists in Brazilian studies.

7 Both volumes were published in 1945 by Harvard University Press.

8 The first two volumes came out in 1946, as publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. A detailed description of the work, of which the first two volumes appeared in 1946, is to be found in The Record (Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 1–5, July, 1946), issued by the Department of State. The Institute of Social Anthropology activities are listed in the same periodical (Vol. II, No. 5, pp. 6–8, May 1946).

9 For a statement on the organization and activities of this important committee, which coordinates and developes all cooperative projects with Latin Amercan government, see the entitled, pamphlet Interdepartmental Committee on Cultural and Scientific Cooperation, Washington, D. C, Department of State, Publ. 2323, Inter-American Series 25, 1945.Google Scholar

10 For a description of this see Smith’s, Robert C. article “The Proposed Archive of Hispanic Culture,” in Proceedings of the Third Convention of the Inter-American Bibliographical and Library Association, Vol. 3. New York, H. W. Wilson Co., 1940, Part 3.Google Scholar

11 For a general statement on the Library’s activities and publications in this field see the booklet “The Hispanic Activities of the Library of Congress” (Washington, 1946). Also issued in Spanish and in Portuguese.

12 No. 1, Vol. 1 appeared July, 1944.

13 For a detailed statement in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, see The Inter-Amercan Statistical Institute (Washington, D. C, 1943), second edition.

14 Os Sertões was published by the University of Chicago Press in 1944, as Rebellion in the Backlands. Freyre’s work appeared in 1946 under the imprint of Alfred Knopf.

15 An interesting informal memorandum on “Anthropology during the War and After” was prepared by the Committee on War Service Anthropologists, of the Division of Anthropology of the National Research Council (Washington, March 10, 1943). For the effect of the war on anthropology in Latin America, see the remarks by Metreaux, Alfred in Handbook of Latin American Studies, vol. 8 (1945). p. 33.Google Scholar

Acta Americana is issued quarterly, the first number appearing in 1943, sponsored by the Inter-American Society of Anthropology and Geography.

16 Tula y los Toltecas was chosen as the official title of the first Mesa Redonda, which was held July 11–15, 1941, in Mexico City. Reports of the second and third Mesas Redondas have been published as follows:

Mayas y Olmecas. Segunda reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre problemas anthropológicos de Mexico y Central America, 27 de abril a 1 de marzo de 1942. Mexico, D. F., Ed. Style, 1942.

El norte de Mexico y el sur de los Estados Unidos. Tercera reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre problemas antropológicos de Mexico y Centro America, 25 de agosto a 2 de septiembre de 1943. Mexico, Sociedad Mexicana de antropologia, 1943.

The title of fourth Mesa Redonda to be held September 23–28, 1946 is Problemas antropológicos e históricos del occidente de Mexico.

17 Handbook of Latin American Studies, No. 3 (1938), pp. 465–489.

18 Published by New York Public Library in 1944, it lists 370 items.

19 The August 1940 issue had articles by João de Bianchi, Manuel Cardozo, Bailey W. Diffie, Charles E. Nowell, William B. Greenlee, and Arthur P. Whitaker, and the August, 1942 issue had for contributors, Frederick William Ganzert, John Melby, Manoel S. Cardozo, Alexander Marchant, and Mary Wilhelmine Williams.

20 Printed for the Hakluyt Society.

21 Harvard University Press.

22 Published by Johns Hopkins University Press in 1942, and issued in Portuguese translation by the Companhia Editora Nacional as No. 5 in the series Biblioteca Pedagógica Brasileira (Brasiliana, V. 225, Sao Paulo, 1943).

23 McGraw Hill Book Company.

24 Macmillan Company.

25 Odessey Press.

26 With articles by Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán, Duvon C. Corbitt, James Ferguson King, Fernando Romero, and Joaquín Roncat.

27 The report was edited by Melville J. Herskovits and published by the American Council of Learned Societies as its Bulletin No. 32 (Washington, September, 1941).

28 Col. 1, Nos. 1 and 2 was published by the Fondo de Cultura Económica in Mexico City.

29 See the article by Cardozo, Manoel da S. S. “Portuguese in the School Curriculum” in The Catholic Educational Review (Vol. XLIII No. 5, pp. 280–285, May, 1945.) on this subject. An interesting and erudite contribution by Robert C. Smith on the early teaching of Portuguese in the United States appeared in Hispania, Vol. 28 (1945), pp. 330–363 entitled “A Pioneer Teacher: Father Peter Babad and his Portuguese Grammar.”Google Scholar

30 See the booklet issued by the Library of Congress entitled Murals by Cândido Portinari (1943).

31 For a general view of the results, see Strong’s, William Duncan “Cross Sections of New World Prehistory” in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 104, No. 2 (Washington, 1943), and the annual sections on anthropology in the Handbook of Latin American Studies. Reference also should be made to A. L. Kroeber’s masterful review of Peruvian archaeological problems entitled Peruvian archaeology in 1942, issued in 1944 by the Viking Fund as its Publications in anthropology, No. 4, and to Wendell C. Bennett’s Archaeological regions of Colombia. A ceramic survey, which is the most important summary of the subject now available, which came out in 1944 as Yale University Publication No. 30 and Institute of Andean Research Publication No. 6A.Google Scholar

32 This work may be followed in the annual Year Book reports of the institution. The most significant publications were:

Robert, Redfield, . The Folk Culture of Yucatan, University of Chicago Press, 1941.Google Scholar

Morley, Sylvanus G. Inscriptions of Peten. 1939. 5 vols.

Lloyd, Roys. The Indiand Background of Colonial Yucatan. 1944.

O’Neale, Lila. Textiles of Highland Guatemala. 1946.

Proskovriakoss, Tatiana. Album of Maya Architecture. (In press.)

33 Printed in English, edited by W. Montague Cobb, by the Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia as its Publication No. 45, with an introducton by D. F. Rubin de la Borbolla.

34 Issued by J. J. Augustin in 1945.

35 Publication No. 1 of the Institute was Houses and House Use of the Sierra Tarascans by Ralph L. Beals, Pedro Girrasco, and Thomas McCorkle (Washington, 1944) and No. 2 was Cherán: A Sierra tarascan Village by Ralph L. Beals (Washington, 1946).

36 In Hispania (Oct., 1942), pp. 272–283.

37 In Handbook of Latin American Studies, No. 5 (1940), pp. 13–36. Since 1940, a special section of the Handbook has been devoted to describing developments in the bibliographical field.

38 Six volumes published 1941–1945 by Perine Book Co., Minneapolis (Vol. 5 published by John S. Swift Co., St. Louis, Mo.)

39 A Preliminary Bibliography of Colombia was issued in 1943, listing 781 entries, and a Preliminary bibliography of Paraguay in the same year, listing 370 items. Important items were annotated, and emphasis was placed on material published since 1900. A number of other similar publications were issued, usually in mimeographed form, as a part of the work of the Strategic Index.

40 Published in 3 vols, by Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1943. Revised edition came out in 1946.

41 Published by the American Geographical Society, Map of Hispanic American Publications, No. 5.

42 Stanford University Press.

43 The new edition is being brought out in sections by Stanford University Press. The following parts have come out to date: Part I, Mexico; Part II, Central America and Panama.

44 Proceedings of the eighth American Scientific Congress Held in Washington May 10–18, 1940, under the Auspices of the Government of the United States of America. Washington, Department of State, 1941–1943. 12 vols.

45 The following parts have been issued to date: I, Argentina; II, Bolivia; VII, Cuba; also a bibliography by Anita Melville Ker. Mexican Government Publications. 1940.

46 Printed by Tulane University, New Orleans, in 1941.

47 Published by H. W. Wilson Co., New York City, 1940.

48 First number appeared in 1943.

49 Second edition, 1944.

50 Edited by Elizabeth Phelps and published by the Institute in 1941.

51 U. S. Advisory Economic Mission to Venezuela. Report to the Minister of Finance by the American Advisory Economic Mission to Venezuela. Washington, 1940.

52 Columbia University Press.

52a Columbia University Press.

53 Harvard University Press.

54 Macmillan Company.

55 Farrar & Rinehart.

56 McGraw Hill Book Company.

57 University of New Mexico Press.

58 J. J. Augustin.

59 American Anthropological Association.

60 Behrendt, Richard F. A Bibliography of national minorities in Chile. Coordinator of inter-American Affairs, Office for Emergency Management, Research Division. 1943-? 58 p. 381 entries. German, Japanese, Italian and other minorities with the more important items annotated.

Poviña, Alfredo. La Sociología Argentina. Su pasado y su presente. Handbook No. 7. pp. 592–604.

Rohen y Gálvez, Gustavo Adolfo. Latin American Periodicals Dealing with Labor and Social Welfare. Handbook No. 8. pp. 449–479.

Saunders, Lyle. A bibliography of social and economic conditions of highland Bolivia (Bull. Int. soc. ec. research, vol. 1 no. 2 1944, pp. 267–288.)

Eugene D., Owen, Index to Publications and Articles on Latin America issued by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics 1902–1943. Washington, 1945. (Pan American Union Bibliographic Series, No. 31.)Google Scholar

61 Columbia University Press.

62 University of Minnesota Press.

63 University of Chicago Press.

64 Mennonite Brethren Publishing House.

65 Office of Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.

66 Saltz, Beate. Indianismo. Social Research, vol. 11 (1944) No. 44 pp. 441–469. Careful analysis of underlying philosophies and political beliefs reflected in literature dealing with indians.

67 Reinhold Publishing Corporation.

68 George, Sánchez, . The Development of Higher Education in Mexico. New York, Kings Crown Press, 1944.Google Scholar

69 American Council on Education, Committee on the Study of Teaching Materials on Inter-American Subjects. Latin America in School and College Teaching Materials, Washington, D. G, 1944.

70 Macmillan Company.

71 Oxford University Press.

72 Museum of Modern Art.

73 George, Kubler, . Religious Architecture of New Mexico in the Colonial Period and Since American Occupation, Colorado Springs, Taylor Museum, 1940.Google Scholar

Mitchell A., Wilder, Santos; the Religious Folk Art of New Mexico, Colorado Springs, Taylor Museum, 1943.Google Scholar

74 American Antiquity, Vol. 11 (January, 1946), No. 3, pp. 145–154.

75 It was sent to press in 1947.

76 Los Angeles, W. F. Lewis, 1941.

77 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry.

78 American Geographical Society.

79 Odyssey Press.

80 McGraw Hill Book Co.

81 Macdonald, Austin F. Government of the Argentine Republic. (Crowell Publishing Co., 1942).Google Scholar

Karl, Loewestein, . Brazil una\er Vargas. New York, Macmillan Co., 1942.Google Scholar

Cleven, Nels A. The Political Organization of Bolivia. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1940.

82 An index is being prepared to its first twenty-five years (1918–1942) by Dr. Ruth Lapham Butler and will be published by Duke University Press.

83 For illustration see Greater America. Essays in Honor of Herbert Eugene Bolton, published by the University of California Press in 1945.

84 In August 1943 issue of Hispanic American Historical Review.

  1. 1.

    1. Manuel Gamio, “Static and Dynamic Values in the Indigenous Past of America.”

  2. 2.

    2. Frank Tannenbaum, “Agrarismo, Indianismo y Nacionalismo.”

  3. 3.

    3. Robert E. McNicoll, “Intellectual Origins of Aprismo.”

  4. 4.

    4. Luis-Alberto Sánchez, “A New Interpretation of the History of America.”

  5. 5.

    5. Bailey W. Dime, “The Ideology of Hispanidad.”

  6. Luis-Alberto Sánchez and Alfred M. Saco, “Aprista Bibliography, Books and Pamphlets.”

85 Fred, Rippy, J.. Latin America and the Industrial Age. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1944.Google Scholar

86 Published by Peabody Museum.

87 Catholic University of America.

88 Stanford University Press.

89 Stackpole Sons.

90 Griffin, Charles C. Latin America, an interpretation of main trends in its history. Ithaca. 1944. 96 pp. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

91 Harcourt, Brace & Co.

92 Perkins, Dexter

The Monroe Doctrine 1823–1826, Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press, 1932.

The Monroe Doctrine 1826–1867, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1933.

The Monroe Doctrine 1867–1907, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1937.

Hands Off; A History of the Monroe Doctrine, Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1941.

93 Published by Johns Hopkins University Press.

94 Haring’s book on Argentina and U. S. (World Peace Foundation, 1941); Logan’s The Diplomatic Relations of the United States with Haiti 1776–1891 • University of North Carolina Press, 1941; Rippy, America and Hemisphere Defense, Louisiana State University Press, 1941 (Walter Lynword Fleming Lectures).

95 Published by University of Pennsylvania. Edited by Dana G. Munro.

96 Published by Harvard University Press.

97 New World Spanish on RCA Victor Records, by Henry Grattan Doyle and Francisco Aguilera. RCA Victor, Victor Albums E68, E69, with text. A Modern Spanish Language Course with Text and Records. Director, Lester Gilbert Brugada. Decca Co. Decca No. LS-16.

98 Prepared under the auspices of the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese and the Office of Inter-American Affairs. Edited by Henry Grattan Doyle and published by D. C. Heath in 1945.

99 Published by H. W. Wilson Co.

100 Oxford University Press.

101 Contemporary Spanish-American Fiction. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1944.

102 F. S. Crofts & Co.

103 Harvard University Press.

104 Harvard University Press.

105 Beebe-Center, J. G., “Educational Psychology in Brazil,” Harvard Educational Review, May, 1942, vol. XII, no. 3, pp. 269–282.Google Scholar

Beebe-Center and Ross A. McFarland, “Psychology in South America,” Psychological Bulletin, Oct. 1941, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 627–667.

W. H. D. Vernon, “Psychology in Cuba,” Psychological Bulletin, Feb. 1944, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 73–89.

106 Handbook of Hispanic Source Materials and Research Organizations in the United States. Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1942.

107 Catalogue of Mexican Pamphlets in the Sutro Collection (1623–1888) San Francisco, 1939–1940 10 pts. Supplement, 1941, 3 pts. Author Index (Charles B. Turrill, comp.) 1941.

The Sutro Library Catalogue of Works on’ the Catholic Church by Spanish, Portuguese, and Spanish American Writers before 1800. Vol. 1–2: 1941. (Occasional Papers. Bibliographical Series, No. 3) Occasional Papers. Mexican History Series, No. 1, 2. 1939–40. 2 vols.

108 A Bibliographical Check list of North and Middle American Indian Linguistics in the Edward E. Ayer Collection. 1941, 2 vols.

109 Castañeda, C. E. and J. Autrey Dabbs. “The Manuel E. Gondra Collection” (Handbook of Latin American Studies, No. 6, 1940, pp. 505–517).

110 Barlow, R. H. and Smisor, George T.. Nombre de Dios, Durango. Two documents in Nahuatl concerning its foundation. Sacramento, House of Tlaloc. 1943.Google Scholar

111 Spanish American Literature in the Yale University Library. New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1939.

112 Because of the special interest of this project, here is the statement issued on the contents of the first unit of microfilm to be issued:

No. 1. An Ethnological Study of the Ixil Indians of the Guatemala Highlands, by Jackson Steward Lincole. The full posthumous report on field work done in Nebaj. Chajul, and Cotzal, in 1940–41; prepared for publication by Mrs. Lincoln, with a foreword by Dr. Ruth Benedict, Columbia University. Alphabetical index. Pp. 1’-48’; 1–251; 15 plates; 2 maps.

No. 2. San Luis Jilotepeque: A Guatamalan Pueblo, by Melvin M. Tuvin. The full field notes of a study made in 1942–43 in a Pocoman speaking community in Eastern Guatemala, with the cooperation of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Middle American Research Program. Content index. Pp. i-xlv; 1–848; 2 maps.

No. 3. Ethnographic Materials on Agua Escondida, by Robert Redfield. Roughly ordered original field notes on a Ladino community near Lake Atitlán in Guatemala. Studied in 1938–39 and 1940–41, as part of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Middle American Research Program. Content index. Pp. 1’-38’; 1–688; 7 genealogies; 2 maps; census cards.

No. 4. Notes on San Antonio Palopó, by Robert Redfield. Roughly ordered original field notes on Cakchiquel-speaking community on the shore of Lake Atitlán in Guatemala. Studied in 1940–41, as part of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Middle American Research Program. Content index. Pp. 1’-13’; 1–379; 1 map; census cards.

No. 5 Monografías sobre los Tzeltales de Tenejapa, by Fernando Cámara Barbachano. Original field notes (roughly ordered by their author) of a study made in 1943–44 in Chiapas, Mexico, as part of the joint expedition of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (México), the State of Chiapas, and the University of Chicago, (with a grant supplied by the Viking Fund) and with the cooperation of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Content index. Pp. 1’-34’; 1–522; 3 maps.

No. 6. Monografía de los Tzolziles de San Miguel Mitontik, by Fernando Cámara Barbachano. Original field notes (roughly ordered by their author) of a study made in 1944 in Chiapas, Mexico, as part of the joint expedition of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, the State of Chiapas, and the University of Chicago, (with a grant supplied by The Viking Fund) and with the cooperation of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Content index. Pp. i-xii; 1–90.

No. 7. Notas sobre la Etnolografía de los Indios Tzeltales de Oxchuc, by Alfonso Villa Rojas. Original field notes on a community in Chiapas, México, roughly ordered by their author. The result of field work of 1942–43 and 1943–44, as part of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Middle American Research Program. Content index. Pp. 1’-49’; 1–791; map; 19 genealogies; text illustrations.

No. 8. Informe de Cancuc, by Calixta Guiteras Holmes. Original field notes (organized and retyped by their author) of a study made in 1944 in Chiapas, México, as part of the joint expedition of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, the State of Chiapas, and the University of Chicago, (with a grant supplied by The Viking Fund) and with the cooperation of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Content index. Pp. 1–30; i-iv; 1–337; map; 3 genealogies.

113 Finley, George J. Books in Latin American history, a study of collections available in colleges and universities of the U. S. Chicago, American Library Association, 1942.Google Scholar

114 Willis, Cannon Marie . “The Library of Congress and Latin America,” Library of Congress Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions, Vol. 2, nos. 3 and 4, June 1945, pp. 70–81.Google Scholar

Cannn, Marie Willis. “Latin American Book Catalogues.” Handbook no. 5, pp. 1–12. Notes on 94 catalogues with much detailed information on difficulties in buying current material.

Cannon, Marie Willis. “Some problems of the Library of Congress in the field of Hispanic Acquisitions.” Handbook no. 7, pp. 1–26.