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Colombian Reactions to the Independence of Panama, 1903-1904

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Joseph L. Arbena
Joseph L. Arbena*
Affiliation:
Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
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Extract

Although several Colombians of varying prominence had suggested the possibility of an imminent Isthmian revolt, it seems that the events of and immediately after November 3, 1903, took most of their countrymen by surprise. Certainly there is no evidence of significant prior planning for such a contingency. The achievement of Panamanian independence was followed, in turn, by a Colombian failure to establish a consistent and coherent policy designed either to regain the lost province or to implement terms by which the loss could be made more acceptable. This is not to say that Colombians, officially and unofficially, did nothing in response to the Panamanian separatist movement. Yet what is impressive is not what happened, but what did not happen: There was no sustained military movement against the Isthmus, no break in diplomatic relations with the United States, no serious reprisals against Americans and Isthmians, or their property, in Colombia, and no vigorous protest against the incumbent Colombian political leadership. Panama was apparently not a major issue even during the Presidential campaign and election of 1904. The lack of preparation alluded to above was surely a factor in determining this limited response, but it was a small factor and offers, at best, an incomplete explanation. In fact, the mildness of the Colombian reaction was the product of the unique interaction of domestic and international, contemporary and historical conditions which this article seeks to illuminate.

Type
Articles
Information
The Americas , Volume 33 , Issue 1 , July 1976 , pp. 130 - 148
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1976

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References

1 Examples of such isolated and unheeded warnings include: Juan B. Pérez y Soto to José Manuel Marroquín, 2 Sept. 1903, in Pérez y Soto, INRI (Habana, 1905), pp. 44–50; “Discurso pronunciado en el Congreso de Colombia el 2 de Octubre, 1903, por Luis de Roux,” in Junta Nacional del Cincuentenario, Documentos fundamentales para la historia de la nación panameña (Panamá, 1953), pp. 363–369; Blanco, Antonio R., Canal: Artículos referentes al tratado Herrán-Hay (Cartagena, 1903), pp. 29–32;Google Scholar Tomás Herrán to Luis Carlos Rico, 11 Sept. 1903 and 28 Oct. 1903, in Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Libro Azul. Documentos diplomáticos sobre el canal y la rebelión del istmo de Panamá (Bogotá, 1904), pp. 363–364, 367.

2 At worst, it was believed by many, rejection of the Hay-Herrán Treaty would cause the United States to shift its attention to the alternate Nicaragua route. Discurso pronunciado por el Sr. Dr. Luis Carlos Rico … 12 de agosto de 1903 (Bogotá, 1903), pp. 5–6;Google Scholar Posada, Eduardo, “El Canal de Panamá,” reprinted in Discursos y conferencias (Paris, 1908), p. 134;Google Scholar Uribe, Rafael Uribe, por la América del Sur (Bogotá, 1955), I, 111.Google Scholar

3 Similarly, there has been no lasting bitterness among Colombians toward either the United States for its role in the Panama affair or the Isthmians themselves for rejecting their former fatherland. See Arbena, Joseph L., “The Image of an American Imperialist: Colombian Views of Theodore Roosevelt,” West Georgia College Studies in the Social Sciences, VI (June 1967), 3–20;Google Scholar Ernesto J. Castillero R., “Panamá y Colombia: historia de su reconciliación” (Unpublished manuscript, Panamá, 1938). A copy of the latter is available in the Library of the Academia Colombiana de Historia, Bogotá.

4 A brief overview of the War of the Thousand Days is found in Delgado, Luis Martínez, República de Colombia (1896–1910), Vol. X, 2 of Historia Extensa de Colombia (Bogotá, 1970).Google Scholar

5 Fabriciano Botero to Tomás Herrán, 7 Aug. 1902, Tomás Herrán MSS, Georgetown University Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as Herrán MSS).

6 Estimates and descriptions of the destructiveness of the Thousand Days are found in Departamento de Antioquia, Mensaje del Gobernador del Departamento á la Asamblea de 1903 (Medellín, 1903), pp. 4–13;Google Scholar El Reporter (Barranquilla), 21 March 1903, p. 2;Google Scholar El Conservador (Cali), 24 Feb. 1904, p. 62; Gómez, Adolfo León, Informe del Presidente de la Sociedad Colombiana de Jurisprudencia (Bogotá, 1903), p. 12;Google Scholar Marroquín, José Manuel , Mensaje que el Vice-presidente de la República … dirige al Congreso Nacional … de 1904 (Bogotá, 1904), pp. 25, 41;Google Scholar Márquez, R. Cuervo, Colombia y su renacimiento (Caracas, 1907), pp. 83–84;Google Scholar Botero, Fabriciano, Ferrocarril de Antioquia (Medellín, 1902), pp. 23–24;Google Scholar Parsons, James J., “The Settlement of the Sinú Valley of Colombia,” Geographical Review, 42 (1952), 76;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Beyer, Robert C., “The Colombian Coffee Industry: Origins and Major Trends, 1740–1940” (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1947), pp. 131–133,140.Google Scholar

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23 For examples of these see El Adalid Católico, 31 Dec. 1903, p. 139;Google Scholar Boletín Militar de Colombia (Bogotá), 1 Jan. 1904, p. 13;Google Scholar El Trabajo, 21 Nov. 1903, p. 1, and 19 Mar. 1904, pp. 4–5; La Qruta, 14, 21 Nov., 14 Dec. 1903, pp. 198, 207, 250–251.

24 Copy in Archivo Histórico de Luis Martínez Delgado, 1901–1910, Academia Colombiana de Historia (hereafter cited as AH de LMD).

25 Esteban Jaramillo to Gobernadores, 8 Nov. 1903, in El Trabajo, 14 Nov. 1903, p. 2; Departmental Cabinet of Cundinamarca to all Cundinamarqueses, AH de LMD; El Trabajo, 16 Jan. 1904, p. 5.

26 La Gruta, 14 & 21 Nov. 1903, pp. 195, 215–218; León Gómez, Informe del Presidente de la Sociedad Colombiana de Jurisprudencia, pp. 6n-7n.

27 Pérez y Soto, INRI, p. 105; El Trabajo, 9 Jan. 1904, p. 2.

28 Ibid., 21 Nov. 1903, pp. 2–4; El Adalid Católico, 3 Dec. 1903, p. 126; Luciano Herrera, Independencia de Panamá (Pasto, 1903), p. 36.

29 Diario Comercial (Barranquilla), 3 Dec. 1903, p. 2;Google Scholar La Gruta, 21 Nov. 1903, p. 215.Google Scholar

30 Letter in Marroquín MSS.

31 Nicolás Esguerra to Marroquín, 8 Nov. 1903, Marroquín MSS. For a similar statement by Benjamín Herrera, see circular in El Trabajo, 28 Nov. 1903, p. 4.

32 Letter in AH de LMD. See also Directorio del Partido Nacional to Rafael Reyes, IS Nov. 1903, AH de LMD.

33 La Organización (Medellín), 13 Nov. 1903, p. 1;Google Scholar La Gruta, 14 Nov. 1903, pp. 201–202;Google Scholar El Adalid Católico, 10 Dec. 1903, p. 129;Google Scholar El Comberma, 21 Nov. 1903, p. 2.Google Scholar,

34 La Gruta, 28 Nov. 1903, pp. 227, 229.

35 El Adalid Católico, 10 Dec. 1903, p. 129 Google Scholar. See also Ibid., 4 Feb. 1904, p. 160, and El Trabajo, 26 Mar. 1904, special sheet between pp. 2 & 3.

36 José Joaquín Herrera C. to Marroquín, 9 Nov. 1903, Marroquín MSS.

37 El Conservador, 18 Nov. 1903, p. 5; El Norte (Cartago), 15 May 1904, p. 5; El Trabajo, 14 May 1904, p. 2; Aristides Fernández, et. al., Renuncia de dos ministros y contestación del Vicepresidente de la República (Bogotá, 1903), pp. 6–10; El Adalid Católico, 19 Nov. 1903, p.115.

38 El Nuevo Tiempo (Bogotá), 6 Nov. 1903, p. 2; El Día, 27 Aug. 1903, p. 1; La Organización, 19 Nov. 1903, pp. 2–3, and 22 Jan. 1904, p. 2; Pérez, Raul, “The Treacherous Treaty: A Colombian Plea,” North American Review, CLXXVII (Dec. 1903), 939.Google Scholar

39 El Norte, 13 March 1904, p. 1.Google Scholar

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42 La Gruta, 28 Nov. 1903, p. 229.Google Scholar

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44 Ibid., p. 5; Rafael Camacho L. to Rafael Uribe Uribe, 10 Nov. 1903, Rafael Uribe Uríbe MSS, Academia Colombiana de Historia (hereafter cited as Uribe Uribe MSS). See also Andrés Gómez to Uribe Uribe, 15 Dec. 1903, Uribe Uribe MSS.

45 La Organización, 3 Dec. 1903, p. 2;Google Scholar Pitt O’Nell (psyd.) to Rafael Uribe Uribe, 10 Nov. 1903, Uribe Uribe MSS.

46 El Adalid Católico, 19 Nov. 1903, p. 155 Google Scholar. See also Ramón González Valencia to Marroquín, 17 Dec. 1903, in El Trabajo, 16 Jan. 1904, p. 6; Luis Martínez Silva to Luis Felipe Rueda, 7 April 1904, AH de LMD.

47 Evarista García to Marroquín, 1 Jan. 1904, and Belosario Palacios to Marroquin, 1 Jan. 1904, Marroquín MSS; El Zig-zag (Buga), 26 June 1904, p. 55; El Conservador, 13 Jan. 1904, p. 40; A. Vasquez Cobo to Gobernantes, 24 Dec. 1903, in El Boyacense (Tunja), 5 Jan. 1904, p. 4; Daniel Ortiz to Marroquín, 28 Dec. 1903, Marroquín MSS; El Trabajo, 6 Mar. 1904, p. 2; Luciano Herrera to Marroquín, 26 Jan. 1904, in El Adalid Católico, 18 Feb. 1904, p. 168; La Gruta, 21 Nov. 1903, p.217.

48 Rafael Reyes to Minister of War, 16 Nov. 1903, in Reyes, , Misión diplomática y militar, 1903–1904 (Bogotá, 1904), p.40.Google Scholar

49 Julio Palacios to Marroquín, 11 Dec. 1903, Nicolás Esguerra to Marroquín, 8 Nov. 1903, Daniel Ortiz to Marroquín, 22 Jan. 1904, Marroquín MSS; Aldana, Abelardo, et al., The Panama Canal Question: A Plea for Colombia (New York, 1904), p. 48;Google Scholar Diario Comercial, 20 Nov. 1903, pp. 2–3;Google Scholar El Trabajo, 16 Jan. 1904, p. 7; El Adalid Católico, 19 Nov. 1903, p. 116.

50 El Adalid Católico, 26 Nov. 1903, p. 119; Daniel Ortiz to Marroquín, 16 Dec. 1903, in Ortiz, Daniel and Galvis, Rafael, Los Estados Unidos y su robo de Panamá. Tratado de 1846: antecedentes y consecuentes (Bogotá, 1920), p. 84 Google Scholar. This feeling reflected the Colombian conviction that the separatist movement lacked popular support among the Isthmians; see Arbena, Joseph L., “The Panama Problem in Colombian History” (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1970), pp. 261–265.Google Scholar

51 El Adalid Católico, 18 Feb. 1904, p. 167;Google Scholar Pitt O’Nell (psyd.) to Rafael Uribe Uribe, 10 Nov. 1903, Uribe Uribe MSS.

52 Los Hechos (Bogotá), 1 Dec. 1903, p. 1.Google Scholar

53 Becerra, Ricardo, Opiniones de un patriota (Barranquilla, 1904), pp. 4, 6;Google Scholar La Gruta, 14 Dec. 1903, p. 243;Google Scholar El Trabajo, 9 Jan. 1904, pp. 2, 4, 23 Jan. 1904, p. 1, 27 Feb. 1904, p. 4; El Espectador (Medellín), 2 Jan. 1904, p. 246.

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55 El Trabajo, 14 May 1904, p. 3.Google Scholar

56 La Gruta, 14 Nov. 1903, p. 204;Google Scholar Vélez R., Asuntos de Panamá, pp. 21–22.

57 Becerra, , Opiniones de un patriota, p. 15 Google Scholar. A similar statement in support of peaceful approaches to a settlement is found in El Adalid Católico, 31 Dec. 1903, p. 139.

58 There were also calls for progressive legislation to aid agriculture, mining, and labor. El Trabajo, 14 May 1904, p. 3;Google Scholar La Organización, 3 Dec. 1903, p. 5;Google Scholar El Cauca, 24 Aug. 1904, p. 205.Google Scholar.

59 Alvaro Restrepo in La Organización, 3 Dec. 1903, p. 4.

60 In Ibid., 19 Jan. 1904, pp. 5–6.

61 Ibid., 3 Dec. 1903, p. 5. See also El Zig-zag, 22 May 1904, p. 33.

62 La Gruta, 21 Nov. 1903, p. 217.Google Scholar

63 In El Conservador, 16 Dec. 1903, Supl., p. 1 Google Scholar. See also El Norte, 15 May 1904, p. 1; El Combeima, 24 Dec. 1903, pp. 2–3.

64 A complaint about the Government’s failure to keep the public informed is found in La Organización, 3 Dec. 1903, p. 3.

65 Arboleda, Julio Holguín, Mucho en serio y algo en broma (Bogotá, 1959), pp. 225–226;Google Scholar Arthur Beaupré to John Hay, 11 Nov. 1903, in U.S. Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States … 1903 (Washington, 1904), p. 227; La Gruta, 14 Nov. 1903, pp. 202–205; Rafael Reyes to J.C. Arbelael, et al., 10 Nov. 1903, AH de LMD.

66 Reyes, , Misión diplomática y militar, p. 3;Google Scholar Tomás Herrán, “The Isthmian Question,” The Independent, LVI (Jan. 1904), 65.

67 Allocution from the National Cabinet, 6 Nov. 1903, AH de LMD; Marroquín to Leonidas Plaza, President of Ecuador, 9 Nov. 1903, in El Trabajo, 5 Dec. 1903, p. 4; various letters in Ortiz and Galvis, Los Estados Unidos y su robo de Panamá, pp. 70–71; Reyes, Misión diplomática y militar, pp. 3, 38–39.

68 José Vicente Concha to Marroquín, 8 Nov. 1903, Marroquín MSS.

69 Joaquín F. Vêlez to Marroquín, 12 Nov. 1903, Marroquín MSS; Cavelier, Germán, La política internacional de Colombia (Bogotá, 1959), III, 17–18;Google Scholar Beaupré to Hay, 14 Nov. 1903, Foreign Relations (1903), p. 229.

70 Enrique Cortes to Marroquin, 13 Nov. 1903, Marroquin MSS.

71 Jorge Holguín to Marroquín, 13 Nov. 1903, Marroquín MSS.

72 Reyes to Marroquín, 16 Nov. 1903, Marroquín MSS. Colombian diplomats in the United States had already reached similar conclusions. Arturo Mutis de Brigard to Tomás Herrán, 7 Nov. 1903, Herrán to Ignacio Gutiérrez Ponce, 12 Nov. 1903, Herrán to Vicente Hurtado, 14 Dec. 1903, Herrán to Julio Uribe, 15 Jan. 1904, Herrán MSS.

73 Reyes, , Misión diplomática y militar, p. 9;Google Scholar Reyes to Marroquín, 21 Nov. 1903, Marroquin MSS; Reyes to Ministro de Gobierno, 23 Nov. 1903, Libro Azul, p. 377.

74 Jorge Holguín to Marroquín, 3 Dec. 1903, Marroquín MSS; also misc. correspondence in Libro Azul, pp. 381, 382, 391,412,413, 521, 530.

75 La Gruta, 5 Dec. 1903, p. 241, 14 Dec. 1903, p. 247; A. Vásquez Cobo to Gobernantes, 24 Dec. 1903, in El Boyacense, 5 Jan. 1904, p. 4; El Conservador, 20 Jan. 1904, p. 43.

76 Luis Carlos Rico to Tomás Herrán, 28 Nov. 1903, Libro Azul, pp. 379–380; Rico to

77 Reyes, et al., to Ministro Gobierno, 16 Jan. 1904, Libro Azul, p. 528.

78 Marroquín and Rico to Reyes, 24 Jan. 1904, quoted in Herrán to Reyes, 25 Jan. 1904, Herrán MSS; A. Vásquez Cobo to Señores Comandantes Generales de Ejército, 26 Jan. 1904, in El Trabajo, 30 Jan. 1904, p. 5.

79 Reyes, , et al., to Bogotá, 27 Jan. 1904, Libro Azul, pp. 533–534.Google Scholar

80 For Marroquín’s explanation of Colombia’s lack of forceful military action, see Mensaje, pp. 102–103. In March 1904, the standing army was reduced from 11,000 to 5,000 men; Alban G. Snyder, Bogotá, to John Hay, 10 March 1904, telegram paraphrased in Foreign Relations (1904), p. 305.

81 Beaupré to Hay, 6 & 11 Nov. 1903, Foreign Relations (1903), pp. 225, 228; Rico to Reyes & Reyes to Rico, 1 Jan. 1904, Libro Azul, pp. 372–373, 433, 434; Marroquín to Ministro Colombia, 3 Dec. 1903, Rico to Reyes, 15 Dec. 1903, Herrán MSS; Reyes, Rafael, “Colombia and the United States,” The Independent, LV (Dec. 1903), 2899–2900;Google Scholar Aldana, et al., The Panama Canal Question, pp. 18, 55–56.

82 Marroquín to President of the United States Senate, Nov. 1903, Marroquín to Consul Colombia, 23 Nov. 1903, Reyes to Rico, 25 Dec. 1903, Libro Azul, pp. 369, 377, 415; Herrán to Brigard, 26 Nov. 1903, Herrán MSS; Holguín to Marroquín, 18 Dec. 1903, Holguin MSS; Reyes, Misión diplomática y militar, p. 11.

83 Herrán to Reyes, Jan. 1904, Herrán to Vicente Hurtado, 25 Feb. 1904, Herrán MSS.

84 Reyes to Jorge Holguín, 23 Dec. 1903, AH de LMD.

85 Reyes to Marroquín, 4 Feb. 1904. Marroquín MSS. For statements supporting this pessimistic conclusion, see Herrán to Brigard, 22 Nov. 1903, Brigard to Herrán, 23 Nov. 1903, Herrán MSS; Holguin to Marroquín, 3 Dec. 1903, Marroquín MSS; Reyes y Holguín to Rico, 4 Dec. 1903, Libro Azul, pp. 388 389.

86 Arguments in favor of such a break are found in Marroquín to Herrán, 14 Nov. 1903, Herrán MSS; Rico to Ministro Colombia, 2 Dec. 1903, Libro Azul, p. 381; Rico to Reyes, 23 Dec. 1903, Herrán MSS. Arguments in opposition are in Reyes, Misión diplomática y militar, p. 5; Holguín to Marroquín, 17 Dec. 1903, and 27 Feb. 1904, Holguín MSS; Reyes to Marroquín, 2 Jan. 1904, Marroquín MSS; Reyes to Rico, 22 Jan. 1904, Libro Azul, p. 529.

87 Marroquín to Presidents of Latin America, 10 Nov. 1903, in Marroquín, Mensaje, p. 99; Reyes, Misión diplomática y militar, pp. 44 45; Reyes to Rico, 13 Nov. 1903, Reyes to Colombian Government, 22 Nov. 1903, in Libro Azul, pp. 374, 376; Burns, E. Bradford, “The Recognition of Panama by the Major Latin American States,” The Americas, XXVI (July 1969), 3–14.Google Scholar

88 Julian Restrepo Hernández to Marroquín, 16 Nov. 1903, Marroquín MSS; Holguín to President of Council of Foreign Bondholders, London, 2 Dec. 1904, Holguín MSS; José Pablo Uribe, Paris, to Rico, 8 Dec. 1903, Libro Azul, p. 393; Diario Comercial, 11 Dec. 1903, p. 3; Ponce, Ignacio Gutiérrez, Reminiscencias de vida diplomática …(London, 1926), pp. 208–220 Google Scholar. No doubt the principal campaign developed in Paris, where, in addition to their other goals, the Colombians sought unsuccessfully to block the transfer of the concession and assets of the New Panama Canal Company to the United States. Reyes to Holguín, 17 Dec. 1903, AH de LMD; Reyes, , Misión diplomática y militar, pp. 10–11;Google Scholar various correspondence in Libro Azul, pp. 508, 513, 521, 545–546, 549, 555; Holguín to Marroquín, 23 Jan. 1904, Holguín to Ministro de Hacienda, 30 Jan. 1904, Holguín MSS; Cavelier, , La política internacional de Colombia, III, 25–26.Google Scholar

89 Reyes to J.S. Arbelael, et al., 10 Nov. 1903, and Reyes to Gobierno, 1 Feb. 1904, AH de LMD; Reyes to Rico, 29 Jan. 1904, Libro Azul, p. 537; El Trabajo, 14 May 1904, p. 4; Reyes, Misión diplomática y militar, pp. 29–31.Google Scholar

90 La Gruta, 14 Nov. 1903, pp. 203–204, 21 Nov. 1903, pp. 214, 218; Reyes, , Misión diplomática y militar, pp. 38–39;Google Scholar El Adalid Católico, 26 Nov. 1903, p. 119; Los Hechos, 1 Dec 1903, p. 2; La Organización, 12 Jan. 1904, p. 1; El Comercio (Bogotá), 25 Jan. 1904, p. 2; Pérez y Soto, INRI, pp. 106–107; Alban Synder to Hay, 2 Jan. 1904, 28 Feb. 1904, 26 March 1904, Foreign Relations (1904), pp. 304–306; Herrán to Brigard, 24 Feb. 1904, Julio Uribe S. to Herrán, 20 Nov. 1903, Herrán to C.F.Z. Caracristi, 13 Dec. 1903, Herrán MSS.

91 Erasmo M. del Valle to Rafael Uribe Uribe, 25 Sept. 1904, Uribe Uribe MSS; El Nuevo Tiempo, 29 Oct. 1906, p. 2; Arbena, , “The Panama Problem in Colombian History,” pp. 334 336.Google Scholar

92 Julio Uribe S. to Herrán, 20 Nov. 1903, Herrán MSS; La Gruta, 14 Nov. 1903, p. 204, 28 Nov. 1903, p. 227; El Trabajo, 12 Dec. 1903, p. 3, 14 May 1904, p. 3; El Combeima, 17 Dec. 1903, p. 3; El Adalid Católico, 24 Dec. 1903, p. 135; Becerra, Opiniones de un patriota, pp. 22–23.

93 La Organización, 3 Dec. 1903, p. 3;Google Scholar Diario Comercial, 11 Dec. 1903, p. 2; La Gruta, 5 Dec. 1903, p. 241, 14 Dec. 1903, pp. 246–247; Vélez R., Asuntos de Panamá, p. 46; El Conservador, 10 Feb. 1904, p. 55; Luis Martínez Silva to Pedro Nel Ospina, 11 May 1904, AH de LMD.