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⁵ North American visitors to Central America during the nineteenth century consistently reported on the region’s backwardness. For example, see: United States National Archives, Despatches From Ministers to Central America, 1824–1906; Charles, Cecil, Honduras: The Land of Great Depths (Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1910)Google Scholar; and Curtis, William E., “Central America: Its Resources and Commerce,” Forum, 25 (April 1898), 166–67.Google Scholar

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¹⁰ For a discussion of U.S. policy toward Central America through the 1840s, see: Lockey, Joseph B., “Diplomatic Futility,” HAHR, 30 (Aug. 1930), 265–94Google Scholar; Stansifer, Charles L., “United States—Central American Relations, 1824–1850,” in Shurbutt, Ray T., ed., United States—Latin American Relations: The Formative Years (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991)Google Scholar; Manning, William R., Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, vol. 2 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1925),Google Scholar and vol. 3 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1933). For a discussion of the Clayton—Bulwer Treaty and the 1860s, see Williams, Mary W., Anglo—American Diplomacy, 1815–1915 (Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association, 1916), chap. 3Google Scholar; and Jones, Wilbur D., The American Problem in British Diplomacy, 1841&1861 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1974), chap. 5.Google Scholar

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¹² For a discussion of the Walker period, see: Brown, Charles, Agents of Manifest Destiny: The Lives and Times of Filibusters (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980)Google Scholar; Carr, Albert, The World of William Walker (New York: Harper and Row, 1963)Google Scholar; Scroggs, William O., Filibusters and Financiers (New York: MacMillan Publishing, 1916), pp. 93–107 Google Scholar; May, Robert, Southern Dream of Empire (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1963)Google Scholar; José Ramirez, M., José de Marcoleta, padre de la diplomocia nicaraguense (Managua: Imp. nacional, 1975)Google Scholar; Loria, Rafael Obregón, Costa Rica y la guerre del 56 (la campaña del Transito 1856–1857) (San José: Editorial Costa Rica, 1976)Google Scholar; and Bauer, Carlos García, Antonio de Irisarri, diplomáticao de America, su acteración en los Estados Unidos: la colonizal colonización negro y la invasion filibustera (Guatemala: Universidad San Carlos, 1970).Google Scholar

¹³ For a discussion of the Lincoln colonization plan, see: Bauer, Irisarri; Beck, Warren A., “Lincoln and Negro Colonization in Central America,” Abraham Lincoln Quarterly, 6 (1950–51), 162–83Google Scholar; and Schoonover, Thomas, “Misconstrued Mission: Expansionism and Black Colonization in Mexico and Central America During the Civil War,” Pacific Historical Review, 49 (Nov. 1980), 607–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For a discussion of the black experience in Central America, see Leonard, Thomas M., “Black Experience in Central America,” in Alagoa, E.J., ed., Oral Tradition and Oral History (Lagos: University of Lagos, 1990).Google Scholar

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¹⁹ Baker, George W., “Ideals and Realities in the Wilson Administration’s Relations with Honduras,” the Americas, 21 (July 1964), 3–6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kneer, Warren, Great Britain and the Caribbean, 1901–1913 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1975), pp. 134–63Google Scholar; and Paredes, Juan E., The Morgan—Honduranian, 1908–1911 (New Orleans, 1912).Google Scholar

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²² Demanda de república de Costa Rica contra de la Nicaragua, ante la corte de justica centroamericana, con motivo de una convención firmada por la segunda con la república de los Estados Unidos de Amárica, par la venta del río San Juan, y otros objetos (San José: Impr. nacional, 1916); Gonzalez, Rodríguez, El Golfo de Fonseca y el tratado Bryan—Chamorro celebrado entre los Estados Unidos de Norte América y Nicaragua: doctrina Meléndez (San Salvador: Impr. nacional, 1917)Google Scholar; Hudson, Manley O., “The Central American Court of Justice,” American Journal of International Law, 26 (October 1932), 759–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Adler, Selig, “Bryan and Wilsonian Caribbean Penetration,” HAHR, 20 (May 1940), 199–204.Google Scholar

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