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The Brazilian Negro

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

J. V. D. Saunders
J. V. D. Saunders*
Affiliation:
Mississippi State College, State College, Mississippi
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Extract

An adequate comprehension of Brazilian institutions, history, economics, and other aspects of national life could be but with great difficulty acquired without a consideration of the role played by the Negro in the development of the Brazilian nation. His influence has been far-reaching, encompassing the major social institutions; and his impress is to be found in virtually every phase of the culture. Although originating from a wide diversity of African nations with distinctive cultural backgrounds, he has received as well as given culturally, and is distinctively Brazilian.

In this paper the Negro in Brazil will be discussed from three different points of view: the demographic; the historical; and the social.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , January 1959 , pp. 271 - 290
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1959

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References

1 Ewbank, Thomas, Life in Brazil: or a Journal of a Visit to the Land of the Cocoa and the Palm (New York: Harper Brothers, 1856), pp. 431, 432.Google Scholar

2 Mendonça, Renato, A Influência Africana no Português do Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia Editôra Nacional, 1935), pp. 52–53.Google Scholar

3 Goulart, Mauricio, Escravidão Africana no Brasil (São Paulo: Livraria Martins Editôra, 1950), p. 265.Google Scholar

4 História do Brasil, (1930), p. 88. Cited by Mendonça, op. cit., p. 60.

5 Rugendas, João Maurício, Viagem Pitoresca Através do Brasil (São Paulo: Livraria Martins Editôra, 1941), p. 60.Google Scholar

6 Mendonça, op. cit., p. 71.

7 Ibid., p. 66.

8 Ramos, Arthur, O Negro Brasileiro (São Paulo: Companhia Editôra Nacional, 1951), pp. 21–22.Google Scholar

9 L’Abolition de L’Esclavage (Paris, 1851), II, 281. Quoted in de Moraes, Evaristo, A Escravidão Africana no Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia Editôra Nacional, 1933), p. 11.Google Scholar Historical material for this section unless otherwise stated is derived from the last-mentioned work.

10 Expilly, Charles, Mulheres e Costumes do Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia Editôra Nacional, 1935), p. 20. (First pub. 1863).Google Scholar

11 Koster, Henry, Viagens ao Nordeste do Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia Editôra Nacional, 1942), p. 495. (First pub. 1817).Google Scholar

12 Calmon, Pedro, História Social do Brasil (São Paulo: Companhia Editôra Nacional, 1937), 2, 77.Google Scholar

13 Atravéz da Baía (2nd ed.; Baía, 1928), p. 99. Quoted in Calmon, op. cit., p. 85.

14 Koster, op. cit., pp. 495–496.

15 Ibid., p. 497.

16 Ibid., p. 299.

17 Calmon, op. cit., pp. 79–80.

18 Rugendas, op. cit., p. 191.

19 Expilly, op. cit., p. 109 ff. The Portuguese wording of the billboard was as follows: REPRESENTAÇÃO EXTRÁORDINARIA EM BENEFÍCIO DE UMA RAPARIGA JOVEM, BELA E INFELIZ. O PRODUTO DA FESTA SERA DESTINADO A PAGAR A SUA LIBERDADE. FIDALGOS, MOÇAS, SENHORAS, RESPONDEI AO NOSSO APELO COMO SÃO VICENTE DE PAULO: “VINDE PARTIR AS CADEIAS DA ESCRAVA.” As a sequel, Fruchot, the Frenchman in question, and Expilly went north with the slave girl, Manuela, for the purpose of buying her father’s freedom.

20 On Moslem slaves see Freyre, Gilberto, Interpretação do Brasil (Rio: Livrari a José Olympio Editôra, 1947), pp. 184–187.Google Scholar See also Fletcher, James C. and Kidder, D. P., Brazil and the Brazilians (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1866), p. 136.Google Scholar On Negroes in the colonial militia see Koster, op. cit., pp. 261, 484–486.

21 de Azevedo, Femando, Brazilian Culture. Trs. Crawford, W. R. (New York: Macmillan Company, 1950), p. 31.Google Scholar

22 Freyre, Gilberto, The Masters and the Slaves. A study in the development of Brazilian Civilization. Trs. Putnam, Samuel (New York: Alfred A. Knopt, 1946), p. 85.Google Scholar

23 Ibid., p. 12.

24 The Brazilian scene offers a sharp contrast to the American in this connection. Frazier, E. Franklin in The Negro Family in the United States (rev. and abr. ed.; New York: Dryden Press, 1951),Google ScholarPubMed reports: “The accession to the free Negro class through unions of free white women and Negro men and free colored women and white men was kept at a minimum by the drastic laws against such unions” (p. 146). Speaking of the free mulatto caste in New Orleans after the Reconstruction he states: “But when white domination was once more established, the color line was drawn so as to include the former free people of color and their descendants and the former slaves in the same category, and both were subjected on the whole to the same restrictions” (p. 202). See also pp. 168–169, 175, 177 and 182.

25 Rugendas, op. cit., p. 95.

26 Bennett, Frank, Forty Years in Brazil (London: Mills & Boon, Limited, 1914), p. 9.Google Scholar

27 Cited by Freyre, Gilberto, Nordeste (Rio: José Olympio Editôra, 1937), p. 148.Google Scholar

28 Koster, op. cit., p. 480.

29 Ibid., p. 486.

30 Cf. Kidder and Fletcher, op. cit., p. 132.

31 Freyre, , Masters and Slaves, pp. 406 f.Google Scholar

32 Rugendas, op. cit., p. 94.

33 Cf. Calmon, op. cit., p. 90; Freyre, , Interpretação …, pp. 193, 195.Google Scholar

34 Ewbank, op. cit., p. 267.

35 A particularly good discussion of these points and of the social status of the Negro generally is to be found in Pierson, Donald, Negroes in Brazil (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942), ch. 8.Google Scholar

36 Willems, Emilio, “Racial Attitudes in Brazil,” The American Journal of Sociology, 54, No. 5 (March, 1949), 407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

37 For a thorough discussion of branqueamento see Smith, T. Lynn, Brazil: People and Institutions (rev. ed.; Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1954), pp. 160–161.Google Scholar

38 Tavares de Sá, Hernane, The Brazilians: Peoples of Tomorrow (New York: John Day Company, 1947), pp. 30–31.Google Scholar

39 “An Inquiry Into Race Relations in Brazil,” UNESCO Courier, V, Nos. 8–9 (August-September, 1952), 6. The reader interested in detailed and intensive analyses of race relations in contemporary Brazil is referred to Wagley, Charles, ed., Race and Class in Rural Brazil (Paris: UNESCO, 1952)Google Scholar; Harris, Marvin, Town and County in Brazil (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956), ch. 3Google Scholar; and Wagley, Charles, Amazon Town (New York: Macmillan Company, 1953), passim.Google Scholar