Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T08:47:07.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

American Marines in Haiti, 1915-1922

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Walter H. Posner
Walter H. Posner*
Affiliation:
San Diego State College, San Diego, California
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The landing of marines in Haiti on July 28, 1915, was the climax to more than a century of political, financial, and diplomatic problems on that unhappy island. The Haitians had not been prepared for the hard-fought independence proclaimed on January 1, 1804. In the intervening years, they had been theoretically governed under fourteen constitutions. Only two of their twenty-six chief executives had managed to serve a regular constitutional term of office and then retire alive. Indeed, the occuption forces landed when an enraged mob was cutting President J. V. Guillaume Sam into pieces.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 20 , Issue 3 , January 1964 , pp. 231 - 266
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1964

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Leyburn, James G., The Haitian People (New Haven, 1945), pp. 238–240.Google Scholar

2 Davis, Harold P., Black Democracy: The Story of Haiti (New York, 1936), pp. 324–325.Google Scholar

3 Ibid., pp. 166–167.

4 Millspaugh, Arthur C., Haiti Under American Control, 1915–1930 (Boston, 1931), pp. 4, 8, 14, 15.Google Scholar

5 Kelsey, Carl, “The American Intervention in Haiti and the Dominican Republic,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 100, No. 189 (March, 1922), pp. 127–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6 United States Senate Select Committee on Haiti and Santo Domingo, Inquiry Into Occupation and Administration of Haiti and Santo Domingo: Hearings Pursuant to S. Res. 112, 67th Congress, First and Second Sessions (Washington, 1922), Vols. 1 and 2, pp. 114–115. Hereafter referred to as Hearings.

7 United States Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1919 (Washington, 1919), p. 829.

8 Montague, Ludwell L., Haiti and the United States, 1714–1938 (Durham, 1940), pp. 197–198.Google Scholar

9 Ibid., pp. 199–200.

10 Douglas, Paul H., “The American Intervention of Haiti,” Political Science Quarterly, 42 (June, 1927), 230.Google Scholar

11 Millspaugh, , Haiti Under American Control, p. 21.Google Scholar

12 Buell, Raymond L., The American Occupation of Haiti (New York, 1929), p. 334.Google Scholar

13 Douglas, , “American Intervention” p. 230–231.Google Scholar

14 Quoted in Millspaugh, , Haiti Under American Control, pp. 21–22.Google Scholar

15 United States Department of State, Seventh Annual Report of the American High Commissioner at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to the Secretary of State: 1928 (Washington, 1929), p. 20.

16 Douglas, paul H., “The National Railway of Haiti,” The Nation, Vol. 124, No. 3211 (January 19, 1927), p. 59.Google Scholar

17 United States Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1915 (Washington, 1922–1938), pp. 540–542. Hereafter referred to as Foreign Relations.

18 Ibid., 1916, pp. 544–545.

19 Ibid., 1914, pp. 359, 363–364.

20 Kelsey, , “American Intervention,” p. 158.Google Scholar

21 Hearings, p. 105. Testimony of R. L. Farnham.

22 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 189.Google Scholar

23 Buell, , American Occupation, pp. 333–334.Google Scholar

24 Hearings, p. 110. Testimony of R. L. Farnham.

25 Davis, , Black Democracy, p. 144.Google Scholar

26 Buell, , American Occupation, pp. 333–334.Google Scholar

27 Davis, , Black Democracy, pp. 144–145.Google Scholar

28 Kelsey, , “American Intervention,” p. 159.Google Scholar

29 Buell, , American Occupation, p. 336.Google Scholar

30 Davis, , Black Democracy, pp. 146–151.Google Scholar

31 Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the Second Session of the Sixty-Seventh Congress, Vol. LXII, Part 6 (Washington, 1922), p. 6487. Hereafter referred to as Congressional Record.

32 Foreign Relations, 1914, pp. 345–346.

33 Kelsey, , “American Intervention,” p. 157.Google Scholar

34 Foreign Relations, 1914, p. 347–350, 359, 365–369.

35 Kelsey, , “American Intervention,” p. 159.Google Scholar

36 The money, plus interest, was returned in 1919.

37 Foreign Relations, 1915, p. 502; 1914, p. 374.

38 Ibid., 1914, pp. 372, 377–378.

39 Foreign Relations, 1915, p. 502; 1914, pp. 372, 374, 377, 378, 380–381.

40 lbid., 1915, p. 501; 1914, p. 382.

41 Hearings, p. 292. Testimony of Admiral Caperton.

42 Foreign Relations, 1915, pp. 508, 510, 516–519.

43 Hearings, pp. 63–64.

44 Congressional Record, pp. 6485–6486.

45 Hearings, pp. 1223–1234. Millspaugh, , Haiti under American Control, p. 18.Google Scholar

46 Hearings, p. 105.

47 Perkins, Dexter, Hands Off: A History of the Monroe Doctrine (Boston, 1941), p. 262.Google Scholar

48 Congressional Record, p. 6485.

49 Dennis, Alfred L.P., Adventures in American Diplomacy, 1896–1906 (New York, 1928), pp. 271–278.Google Scholar Montague, , Haiti and the United States, pp. 182–184.Google Scholar

50 Congressional Record, p. 6486.

51 Foreign Relations, 1915, pp. 514–515. Ibid., The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, II, 465–466.

52 Buell, , American Occupation, p. 338.Google Scholar

53 Congressional Record, pp. 6486–6487.

64 The following account has been taken mainly from Hearings, pp. 281–294, Testimony of Admiral Caperton, and Foreign Relations, 1915, pp. 461–463.

55 “ Memoir on the Political, Economic, and Financial Conditions Existing in the Republic of Haiti Under the American Occupation by the Delegates to the U. S. of the Union Patriotique d'Haiti,” The Nation, Vol. CXII, No. 2916 (May 25, 1921), pp. 752, 770–771.

56 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 207.Google Scholar

57 Kelsey, , “American Intervention,” p. 135.Google Scholar

58 Buell, , American Occupation, p. 339.Google Scholar

59 Foreign Relations, 1916, pp. 311–313.

60 Hearings, p. 306, Testimony of Admiral Caperton.

61 Davis, , Black Democracy, p. 161.Google Scholar

62 Foreign Relations, 1916, p. 472.

63 Hearings, pp. 300–307; Foreign Relations, 1916, pp. 314–317; Davis, , Black Democracy, pp. 166–167.Google Scholar

64 Foreign Relations, 1915, pp. 475–476.

65 Foreign Relations, 1916, pp. 310–320.

66 United States Department of Commerce, Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States for the Year Ending June 30, 1914 (Washington, 1915), pp. xiv-xv.

67 United States Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1915 (Washington, 1915), pp. 716, 724.

68 Millspaugh, , Haiti Under American Control, p. 22.Google Scholar

69 Hearings, p. 111–112, Testimony of R. L. Farnham.

70 National Popular Government League, Address to the Secretary of State of the United States Against the American Occupation of Haiti (Washington, 1922), as reprinted in Congressional Record, Vol. LXII, Part 9, pp. 8969, 8971.

71 Gruening, Ernest H., “The Conquest of Haiti and Santo Domingo,” Current History, Vol. 15, No. 6 (March, 1922), p. 889.Google Scholar

72 Buell, , American Occupation, pp. 340, 344–345.Google Scholar

73 Hearings, pp. 308–309, Testimony of Admiral Caperton. Two Americans were killed according to Chargé Davis in Foreign Relations, 1915, p. 476.

74 Davis, , Black Democracy, p. 169.Google Scholar

75 Foreign Relations, 1915, pp. 465, 470, 477–480; Hearings, p. 313.

76 Hearings, pp. 315, 319–321; Millspaugh, , Haiti Under American Control, p. 41 n,Google Scholar quoting Senate Report No. 794, 1922, p. 7.

77 Foreign Relations, 1915, pp. 434, 438–447, 452–453, 457–461, 488–490, 493–495, 515–516, 549.

78 Hearings, pp. 67–68, 77, United States Navy Information.

79 Foreign Relations, 1915, pp. 493–496.

80 Davis, , Black Democracy, p. 189.Google Scholar

81 Foreign Relations, 1915, pp. 447, 521, 528–537.

82 Ibid., 1916, pp. 342–343.

83 Ibid., p. 332–333, 337.

84 United States Secretary of State, Statutes of the United States of America Passed at the First Session of the Sixty-Fourth Congress, 1915–1916 (Washington, 1916), Part I, p. 223.

85 Foreign Relations, 1916, pp. 334–336.

86 Millspaugh, , Haiti Under American Control, pp. 68–69.Google Scholar

87 Foreign Relations, 1916, p. 339.

89 Franklin, John H., From Slavery to Freedom (New York, 1947), p. 424.Google Scholar

90 Buell, , American Occupation, p. 349.Google Scholar Leyburn, , The Haitian People, p. 103.Google Scholar

91 Foreign Relations, 1916, pp. 354–357, 361, 366–384.

92 Foreign Relations, 1917, pp. 829–833.

93 Foreign Relations, 1919, p. 348.

94 Douglas, Paul H., “The American Intervention of Haiti,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 3 (September, 1927), pp. 383–385.Google Scholar

95 Mammoth Oil Co. vs. United States, 275, U. S. 13, 53, as quoted in Buell, , American Occupation, p. 372 n.Google Scholar

96 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 247.Google Scholar

97 Millspaugh, , Haiti Under American Control, pp. 84–85,Google Scholar from reports of the financial adviser-general receiver.

98 Foreign Relations, 1911, pp. 803–804, 815–817.

99 Foreign Relations, 1919, pp. 347–351.

100 Hearings, pp. 106–107, Testimony of R. L. Farnham.

101 Foreign Relations, 1919, pp. 352, 357–368.

102 Buell, , American Occupation, pp. 335–336, 340.Google Scholar

103 Foreign Relations, 1920, pp. 763–767.

104 Kelsey, , “American Intervention,” p. 160.Google Scholar

105 Foreign Relations, 1920, pp. 766–767.

106 Hearings, p. 1420, Testimony of John McIhenny.

107 Douglas, Paul H., “American Intervention,” pp. 380–381, 388–389.Google Scholar

108 Foreign Relations, 1922, p. 500.

109 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 245; Foreign Relations, 1923, pp. 411–418.Google Scholar

110 Senate Report 794, 1922, p. 9, as in Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 245 n.Google Scholar

111 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 246 n.Google Scholar

112 Le Moniteur, 1925, p. 355, and 1926, p. 211 ff., as in Buell, , American Occupation, p. 371 n.Google Scholar

113 Ibid., p. 370.

114 Foreign Relations, 1922, pp. 534, 527.

115 Douglas, , “American Intervention,” pp. 386–387.Google Scholar

116 Buell, , American Occupation, p. 347.Google Scholar

117 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 227.Google Scholar

118 Davis, , Black Democracy, p. 201.Google Scholar

119 Hearings, pp. 415–420, 622–624.

120 Davis, , Black Democracy, pp. 202, 204–205.Google Scholar

121 Foreign Relations, 1917, p. 802.

122 Ibid., pp. 192, 263–264, 536–539, 566–567, 692–703, 1508.

123 Foreign Relations, 1918, pp. 687–702.

124 Hearings, p. 699, Testimony of General Cole.

125 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 230.Google Scholar

126 Foreign Relations, 1915, pp. 443–445; 1916, pp. 324–326.

127 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, pp. 221–222.Google Scholar

128 Foreign Relations, 1915, pp. 501–510; 1916, pp. 379–383, 362–365; 1919, pp. 317–328.

129 Millspaugh, , Haiti Under American Control, p. 65.Google Scholar Hearings, p. 1411.

130 Davis, , Black Democracy, p. 239.Google Scholar

131 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 225,Google Scholar from the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1920.

132 Hearings, pp. 88–89, 643, 1391–1392.

133 Millspaugh, , Haiti Under American Control, pp. 64, 67–71.Google Scholar

134 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 225.Google Scholar

135 Foreign Relations, 1919, p. 309.

136 Foreign Relations, 1920, pp. 762–797, 800, 806–808, 810, 815, 816. Hearings, pp. 1405–1408.

137 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 232.Google Scholar

138 Hearings, pp. 82, 142, 529, 605.

139 Congressional Record, Vol. LXII, Part 9, p. 8960.

140 Davis, , Black Democracy, pp. 216–218.Google Scholar

141 Hearings, p. 83, United States Navy Information.

142 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, p. 233.Google Scholar

143 Foreign Relations, 1919, pp. 329, 331–336.

144 Davis, , Black Democracy, pp. 219–223, 318.Google Scholar

145 Montague, Haiti and the United States.

146 The Nation, Vol. CXI (July 1-December 31, 1920).

147 Hearings, pp. 1722, 425–432, Testimony of Major-General George Barnett.

148 Ibid., pp. 86, 239, 1753–1754.

149 Kelsey, , “American Intervention,” p. 165.Google Scholar

150 Foreign Relations, 1922, pp. 461–466.

151 Montague, , Haiti and the United States, pp. 238–240.Google Scholar

152 Congressional Record, Vol. LXII, Part 9, pp. 8938–8974.

153 Leyburn, , The Haitian People, pp. 99–110;Google Scholar Davis, , Black Democracy, pp. 272–280.Google Scholar

154 Report of the President’s Commission for the Study and Review of Conditions in the Republic of Haiti, 1930, pp. 8, 19, as quoted in Millspaugh, , Haiti Under American Control, p. 185.Google Scholar