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Soviet Retreat in Sinkiang? Sino-Soviet Rivalry and Cooperation, 1950-1955

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2019

Oleh S. Fedyshyn
Oleh S. Fedyshyn*
Affiliation:
Russian Institute, Columbia University
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Extract

Soviet interest in Sinkiang is a legacy of Tsarist Russia. Although the new Soviet government formally renounced, in 1917, all claims to the Russian spheres of influence in China, it soon reasserted its interest in Sinkiang, and by the mid-thirties, after the construction of the Turksib Railway, it held a virtual economic monopoly there. Soviet attempts to work out a permanent agreement for the "joint" exploitation of Sinkiang's mineral resources date back to October, 1931, and at various times at least four or five agreements were concluded or proposed by Moscow. None, however, ever became fully operative; most of them were short-lived and were concluded without the knowledge of Nanking.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Slavic and East European Review , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , April 1957 , pp. 127 - 145
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 1957

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References

1 Chang, Li, “The Soviet Grip on Sinkiang,” Foreign Affairs, XXXII, No. 3 (Apr., 1954), 495 Google Scholar.

2 Max Beloff, The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia (1947), I, 323.

3 For the full treatment of Soviet policy in Sinkiang in the pre-1950 period see the following: Owen Lattimore, Pivot of Asia (1950), Li Chang, op. cit., Max Beloff, op. cit., and his Soviet Policy in the Far East (1953).

4 Li Chang, op. cit., pp. 502-3.

5 Lattimore, op. cit., p. 119.

6 Bol'shaja sovetskaja enciklopedija (1947), LV, 719.

7 Li Chang, op. cit., pp. 502-3.

8 Beloff, Soviet Policy in the Far East, p. 73.

9 Pravda and Izvestia, March 29, 1950, p. 2. See also the Current Digest of the Soviet Press (henceforward referred to as the CDSP), II, No. 13, 20. Current Background. No. 62 (Mar. 5, 1951), p. 10 (after the New China News Agenci (NCNA) March 29, 1950). This source is published by the U. S. Consulate General in Hong Kong.

10 New York Times, April 3, 1950, p. 16.

11 The Survey of China Mainland Press, No. 636 (Aug. 21, ‘53), p. 13 (after the China Nam Service, Peking, Aug. 23, 1953). This source, published by the U. S. Consulate General in Hong Kong, will henceforward be referred to as the SCMP.

12 Amar Lahiri, “Communist New Deal in Sinkiang,” United Asia, III, No. 2 (Dec. 3, 1950), 143.

13 New York Times, March 31, 1950, p. 30, and New York Herald Tribune, Jan. 13, 1952, S. 2, p. 5.

14 Pravda and Izvestija, Apr. 5, 1950, pp. 4 and 3 respectively.

15 Daily News Release, No. 336 (Apr. 6, 1950), p. 25. (after the NCNA), Peking.

16 New York Times, March 23, 1951, p. 4.

17 Daily News Release, No. 522 (Oct. 17, 1950), p. 142.

18 The SCMP, No. 793 (Apr. 23, 1954), pp. iv-v (after the Urumchi Sinkiang Jih Pan, March 4, 1954.

19 Both the New York Times (March 23, 1951) and the New York Herald Tribune (Jan. 13, 1952) gave exact estimates of Soviet forces in the province. These data were based on the reports of the refugees who fled Sinkiang in 1949.

20 Izvestija, July 8, 1951, p. 3 and Pravda, Jan. 28, 1952, p. 4 (see also the CDSP, III, No. 27, 20, and IV, No. 4, 6).

21 The SCMP, No. 413 (Sept. 11, ‘52), p. 14 (after the Hong Kong Ta Rung Pao, Sept. 10,'52).

22 Current Background. No. 176 (May 2, ‘52), p. 10 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, March 27, ‘52).

23 The SCMP, No. 445 (Nov. 3-4, ‘52), p. 23 (after China News Agency, Tihwa, Oct. 23, ‘52).

24 Ibid., No. 659 (Sept. 29, ‘53), p. 43; No. 791 (Apr. 20, ‘54), p. 35; No. 719 (Jan. 1-4, ‘54), p. 41, Izvestia, Dec. 23, ‘53, p. 3 (also the CDSP, V, No. 51, 16).

25 The SCMP, No. 519 (Feb. 25, 1953), p. 30, and No. 662 (Oct. 6, 1953), pp. 10-11 after NCNA); Pravda, Sept. 28, 1953, p. 4.

26 The SCMP, No. 662 (Oct. 6,1953), p. 9 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Oct. 3, 1953).

27 Ibid., p. 10.

28 Ibid., No. 788 (Apr. 14, 1954), pp. vii-viii (after the Urumchi Sink. Jih Pao, Feb. 14 1954).

29 Ibid., No. 709 (Dec. 16, 1953), p. 28 (after the NCNA, Peking, Dec 11, 1953).

30 Ibid., No. 773 (March 24, 1954), pp. vi-vii (after the Tihwa Sink. Jih Pao, Jan. 3, 1954).

31 Ibid., pp. vii-viii.

32 Ibid., No. 574 (May 20, ‘53), p. 20 (after NCNA, Tihwa, May 17, ‘53., pp. 44-45).

33 Ibid., No. 659 (Sept. 29, 1953), pp. 44-45 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Sept. 26, 1953).

34 Ibid., No. 821 (June 3, 1954), p. 44 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, June 2, 1954).

35 Ibid., No. 936 (Nov. 27-9, 1954) p. 35 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, Nov. 26, 1954).

36 Ibid., No. 906 (Oct. 12, 1954), pp. 5-6 (after the NCNA, Peking, Oct. 12, 1954).

37 Ibid., No. 907 (Oct. 13-14, 1954), pp. 18-19, and No. 915 (Oct. 26, 1954), p. 6 (both after the NCNA, Urumchi, Oct. 13 and 14, 1954).

38 Ibid., No. 916 (Oct. 27, 1954), p. 31 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, Oct. 18, 1954).

39 Ibid., No. 958 (Dec. 31, 1954), pp. 3-4 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, Dec. 30, 1954).

40 Ibid., pp. 1-2.

41 Lahiri, op. cit., p. 144.

42 The SCMP, No. 1017 (March 29, 1955), p. 16 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, March 28, 1955).

43 Loc. cit.

44 Ibid., No. 912 (Oct. 21, 1954), p. 39 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, Oct. 18, 1954).

45 Ibid., No. 1068 (June 14, 1955), p. 35 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, June 13, 1955).

46 Ibid., No. 608 (July 11-13, 1953), p. 33 (after the NCNA, Sian, July 10, 1953). There are 6.5 mow to 1 acre.

47 Ibid., No. 808 (May 14, 1954), p. 19 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, May 10, 1954).

48 Ibid., No. 851 (July 20, 1954), p. 38 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, July 10, 1954).

49 Ibid., No. 854 (July 23, 1954), pp. 32-33 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, July 20-21, 1954).

50 New York Times, May 7, 1955, p. 3.

51 The SCMP, No. 1052 (May 20, 1955), p. 19 (after the NCNA, May 18, 1955).

52 Ibid., No. 911 (Oct. 20, 1954), p. 29 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, Sept. 16, 1954).

53 Ibid., No. 788 (Apr. 14, 1954), p. vii (after the Urumchi Sinkiang Jih Pao, Feb. 4, 1954).

54 Ibid., No. 793 (Apr. 23, 1954), pp. iv-v (after the Urumchi Sink. Jih Pao, March 4, 1954).

55 Ibid., No. 289 (March 6, 1952), p. 13 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, March 5, 1952).

56 Ibid., No. 624 (Aug. 5, 1953), p. 301 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Aug. 2, 1953).

57 Ibid., No. 445 (Nov. 3-4, 1952). p. 23 (after the China News Agency, Tihwa, Oct. 23, 1952).

58 Ibid., No. 971 (Jan. 19, 1955), p. iv (after the Urumchi, Sink. Jih Pao, Dec. 19, 1954).

59 Ibid., No. 676 (Oct. 25-26, 1953), p. 40 (after the NCNA, Lanchow, Oct. 23, 1953).

60 Ibid., No. 428 (Oct. 2-4, 1952), p. 56 (after the China News Service, Lanchow, Oct. 1, 1952).

61 Ibid., No. 488 (Jan. 9, 1953), p. 18 and No. 528 (March 11, 1953), p. 22 (after the NCNA, Lanchow, Jan. 8 & March 10, ‘53, resp).

62 Loc. cit.

63 Ibid., No. 595 (June 23, 1953), p . 20 (after the China News Service, Sian, June 20, 1953).

64 Ibid., No. 760 (March 5, 1954), p. 14 (after the Peking Jen Min Jih Pao, Feb. 11,1954).

65 People's China, No. 21 (Peking, China), Nov. 1, 1954, p. 9.

66 The SCMP, No. 1010 (March 18, 1954), p. 11 (after the Hong Kong Ta Rung Pao, March 18, 1955).

67 Ibid., No. 932 (Nov. 20-22, 1954), p. 25 (after the China News Service, Lanchow, Nov. 19, 1954).

68 Ibid., No. 1010 (March 18, 1955), p. 11 (after the Hong Kong Ta Rung Pao, March 18, 1955).

69 Loc cit.

70 Ibid., No. 914 (Oct. 23-25, 1954), p. 13 (after the NCNA, Peking, Oct. 24, 1954).

71 Ibid., No. 1061 (June 3, 1955), pp. 36-37 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, May 29, 1955).

72 Ibid., No. 1092 (June 18-20, 1955), p. 30 (after the NCNA, Peking, June 17, 1955).

73 Ibid., No. 249 (Jan. 6-7, 1952), p. 21 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Oct. 17, 1952).

74 Christian Science Monitor, May 31, 1952, p. 11.

75 Loc. cit.

76 The SCMP, No. 584 (June 6-8, 1953), p. 9 (after the Tientsin Ta Rung Pao, May 24, 1953).

77 See the footnote No. 37.

78 The SCMP, No. 584 (June 6-8, 1953), p. 9 (after the Tientsin Ta Rung Pao, May 24, 1953).

79 For details see Lattimore, op. cit., ch. 4, and S. O. K. Caroe, Soviet Empire (1953). ch. 1 & 2.

80 Daily Mews Release, No. 458 (Aug. 7, 1950), p. 47.

81 The SCMP, No. 550 (Apr. 14, 1953), p. 15 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Apr. 13, 1953).

82 Daih News Release, No. 458 (Aug. 7, 1950), p. 45.

83 The SCMP, No. 609 (July 14, 1953), p . 16 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, July 12, 1953).

84 Ibid., No. 749 (Feb. 17, 1954), pp. 23-24 (after the NCNA, Lanchow, Feb. 16, 1954).

85 Ibid., No. 1036 (Apr. 28, 1955), pp. 50-51 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, Apr. 19, 1955).

86 Ibid., No. 816 (May 26, 1954), p. 5 (after the Sian Chun Chung Jih Pao, May 7, 1954).

87 Ibid., No. 672 (Oct. 21, ‘53), p. 18 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Oct. 20, ‘53).

88 Ibid., No. 190 (Oct. 7-9, ‘51), p. 25 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Oct. 7, ‘51).

89 Ibid., No. 578 (May 26, 1953), p. 29 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, May 25, 1953).

90 Ibid., No. 614 (July 21, 1953), p. 15 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, July 17, 1953).

91 Ibid., No. 297 (March 18, 1952), pp. 32-33 (after the Peking Jen Min Jih Pao, Oct. 20, 1951).

92 Ibid., pp. 33-36 (after the same source, Nov. 20, 1951).

93 Ibid., p. 35.

94 Ibid., No. 662 (Oct. 6, 1953), pp. 46-47 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Sept. 30, 1953).

95 Ibid., No. 640 (Aug. 27, 1953), pp. xii-xiii (after the Tihwa Sinkiang Jih Pao, June 20. 1953).

96 Ibid., No. 416 (Sept. 16, 1952), pp. 20-21 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Sept. 17, 1952).

97 Ibid., No. 879 (Aug. 28-29, 1954), pp. 42-43 (after the NCNA, Peking, Aug. 28, 1954).

98 Ibid., No. 548 (Apr. 10, ‘53), p. 14 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Apr. 8, ‘53), also Lattimore, op. cit., p. 110.

99 The SCMP, No. 793 (Apr. 23, 1954), pp. ii-iv (after the Urumchi Sinkiang Jih Pao, March 17, 1954).

100 Ibid., No. 548 (Apr. 10, 1953), p. 14 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Apr. 8, 1953).

101 Ibid., No. 454 (Nov. 18, 1952), p. 15 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Nov. 17, 1952).

102 For details see Lattimore, op. cit., p. 99, Li Chang, op. cit., pp. 500-2 and Beloff, Soviet Policy in the Far East, pp. 97-99.

103 The SCMP, No. 747 (Feb. 13-15, 1954), p. 35 (after the NCNA, Urumchi, Feb. 6,1 1954).

104 Ibid., No. 400 (Aug. 22-23, 1952), pp. 17-18 (after the NCNA, Sian, Aug. 21, 1952).

105 Ibid., No. 414 (Sept. 12-13, 1952), p. 24 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Sept. 9, 1952).

106 Ibid., No. 606 (Oct. 10-13, 1953), p. 35 (after the NCNA, Peking, Oct. 10, 1953).

l07 Ibid., No. 796 (Apr. 28, 1954), p. 17 (after the NCNA, Sian, Apr. 25, 1954).

108 Ibid., No. 454 (Nov. 18, 1952), p. 17 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, Nov. 17, 1952).

109 Ibid., No. 843 (July 8, 1954), p. 26 (after the NCNA, Tihwa, July 3, 1954).

110 See footnote No. 108.

111 Current Background, No. 361 (Nov. 1, 1954), p. 2 (after the NCNA, Peking, Nov. 1, 1954).

112 Lattimore, op. cit., p. 106.

113 Izvestija, Oct. 1, 1950, p. 3.

114 Free China Review, (Taiwan) II, No. 5 (July, 1952), 37-38.

115 The SCMP, No. 858 (July 29, 1954), p. vi (after the Urumchi Sinkiang Jih Poo, June 18, 1954).