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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 January 2017
The area officially declared in the twenties to be occupied by the northern minority nationalities comprises about half of the territory of the Soviet Union. Its southern boundary extends all the way from Kandalaksha through Kozhva, Tobol'sk, and Yeniseisk to Sovetskaya Gavan'. According to the census of 1926, its sparse population totaled some 645,000, of whom only 56 percent, or 366,000, were northern nomads. Administratively the northern territory excluding the Kola Peninsula, Kamchatka and some other regions, is divided at present into the Yakut and Komi Autonomous Republics and into the following seven national okrugs: the Nenets, Yamal-Nenets, Khanty-Mansi, Taimyr, Evenki, Chukchi, and Koryak.
1 The Saami (Lopari), Nentsy, Khanty (Ostyaks), Mansi (Voguls), Kety (Yeniseisk Ostyaks), Evenki, Eveny, Yakuts, Oduly (Yukagirs), Eteli (Chuvantsy), Luoravetlany (Chukchi), Eskimos, Nymylany (Koryaks), Unangany (Aleuts), Itelmeny (Kamchadals), Nivkhi (Gilyaks), Nani (Gol'ds), and others.
2 I am omitting the Komi-Paermyak National Okrug, which is not considered as typically northern in Soviet economic practice.
3 Kursy politupravlenija dlja komcmdnogo sostava Glavsevmorputi. Materialy k temam—ekonomgeograftja krainego severa (Moscow—Leningrad, 1940), p. 17. This work was published for official use only.
4 Ibid, p. 59. Figures of the Main Administration of the Northern Sea Route.
5 Baranskij, N. N., Ekonomičeskaja geografika SSSR (Moscow, 1936), p. 402.Google Scholar
6 Ibid., 10th ed. (Moscow, 1949), p. 244.
7 My italics.
8 Luckij, S. L., Geografičeskie očerki russkoj taigi (Moscow, 1947), p. 102.Google Scholar
9 Ibid., p. 102. My italics.
10 “Zasedanija Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR. V Sovete Nacional'nostej. Reč' deputata S. Z. Borisova. Njurbinskij izbiratel'nyj okrug, Jakutskaja ASSR,“ Pravda, No. 170 (11642), July 19, 1950.
11 Much the same applies to the hunting of sea animals along the coasts of the White Sea and the Barents Sea.
12 Kursy politupravlenija, op. cit., p. 27. A centner equals 110.23 ‘D- avoirdupois.
13 Kurskij, V. I., Ryby v prirode i khozjajstve čeloveka (Moscow, 1949), p. 120.Google Scholar
14 The northern nationalities were obliged to pay the “jasak” (taxes) in fur, and for this reason received the name “jasašnye.“
15 See Jadrincev, N. M., Siabir’ kak kolonija, 2nd ed. (St. Petersburg, 1892), p. 335.Google Scholar
16 Istorija SSSR, II, Rossija v 19-m veke, ed. by Prof. M. V. Nečkina (Moscow, 1940), 666.
17 Soviet citizens receive little fur from these state stations. The largest and best part of the fur is exported, providing a source of foreign currency.
18 As calculated by the Northern Sector of the State Planning Committee of the R.S.F.S.R.
19 On this subject see Severnoe olenevodstvo, ed. by P. S. Žigunov, head of the Administration for the Regions of the Far North, of the R.S.F.S.R. Ministry of Agriculture, and Prof. F. A. Terent'ev (Moscow, 1948).
20 The “gnus” is a type of small midge, which attacks in swarms during the summer months, driving both humans and animals to exhaustion.
21 A case in point was the crash of an airplane on the Leningrad-Arkhangel'sk line several years before the war. During the landing the instruments were broken, so that the pilot could not make his location known. After several days in the woods, he was rescued by some passing hunters.
22 Up to 1940, there was a law in the USSR providing for free education and scholarships for all students in colleges and universities. Up to 1920, there was a law providing that the only requirement for admission to a university was a minimum age limit of seventeen years. Later, this law was repealed, and short-term educational institutions were established to prepare physical laborers for higher education.
23 A shaman is a priest, an intermediary in dealings with spirits. After the Revolution, the shamans, like all representatives of “cults,” were subjected to persecution.
24 Taracouzio, T. A., Soviets in the Arctic (New York, 1938), p. 293 Google Scholar. My italics.
25 An untended group of reindeer, upon meeting wild deer, will go with them into the tundra.
26 Kursy politupravlenija, op. cit., p. 28.
27 Even in 1950, the last year of the post-war Five Year Plan, despite a number of special measures, the number of representatives of the native nationalities was less than one-third of the total of 1,362 teachers in the Yamal-Nenets and Khanty- Mansi Okrugs. See “Intelligencija Obskogo severa,” Izvestija, No. 218 (10367), September 13, 1950
28 M. N. Timofejev-Tereškin, Yakuty na voine, improvisations, tr. from the Yakut by A. Ol'khon, with an introduction by M. K. Azadovskij (Yakutsk, 1943).
29 Ol'khon, Anatoli, Severnoe sijanie, translations from Yakut, poets (Irkutsk, 1947).Google Scholar
30 Timofejev-Tereškin, M. N., Skazan'ja o vožjakh, authorized translation from the Yakut by Ol'khon, A. (Irkutsk, 1947).Google Scholar
31 Sovetskaja ètnografija, published by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, No. 3 (1948), p. 207.
32 On this subject see Arktin, Giorgi, “Voprosy Arktiki i severnogo morskogo pud posle vtoroj mirovoj voiny,” Bor'ba, Nos. 9–10 (Munich, 1949).Google Scholar
33 This is admitted officially: “The Patriotic War prevented the rapid development of agriculture and cattle-breeding in the far north.” “Na Taimyre,” Izvestija, No. 66 (69906), March 20, 1949.
34 V. Britvin, “V Krasnom Čume na ostrove Kolguev,” Kul'turno-prosvetitel'naja rabota, No. 11 (1947).
35 “Na Taimyre,” Izvestija, No. 141 (9981), June 17, 1949.
36 “Kolkhoz na beregu Karskogo morja,” Pravda, No. 173 (11280), June 22, 1949.
37 Capital of the Taimyr National Okrug.
38 “Otovsjudu,” Izvestija, No. 274 (9804), November 19, 1948.
38 “Otovsjudu,” Pravda, No. 19 (11126), January 19, 1949.
40 Dolgikh, B. O., “Kolkhoz imeni Kirova Taimyrskogo nacional'nogo okruga,“ Sovetskaja ètnografija, No. 4 (Moscow, 1949), p. 84.Google Scholar
41 Ibid., p. 83.
42 “Kolkhoz na beregu Karskogo morja,” op. cit. Faktorija: appointed place at which the northern nationalities sell their furs and buy food and other necessities.
43 “Zasedanija Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR, reč deputata Šurova, F. P.,“ Izvestija, No. 126 (9966), May 31, 1949.Google Scholar
44 “V Khanty-Mansiikom nacional'nom okruge,” Izvestija, No. 71 (9601), March 25, 1948.
45 “Dokhody olenevodov,” Izvestija, No. 11 (9851), January 14, 1949.
46 “V Korjakskom nacional'nom okruge,” Izvestija, No. 99 (9829), April 27, 1948.
47 The signing of the Stockholm Appeal.
48 “Dlja žitelej severa,” Pravda, No. 224 (11696), August 12, 1950.
49 “Naučnaja èkspedicija v tundru Zapoljar'ja,” Izvestija, No. 65 (9595), March 18, 1948.
50 “Kolkhoz na beregu Karskogo morja,” op. cit.
51 “Podpisyvajutsja narody Krainego Severa,” Izvestija, No. 179 (10328), July 29, 1950.
52 “Kolkhoz na beregu Karskogo morja,” op. cit.
53 “Intelligencija Obskogo severa,” op. cit.
54 “At the Tyumen’ Oblast Party school, Khanty, Mansi and Nentsy have successfully completed the year's program.” Ibid.
55 “Školy narodnostej Krainego Severa,” Pravda, No. 219 (10960), August 6, 1948.
56 “Twenty-seven thousand children have been placed in boarding schools organized in the North with public funds.” Zasedanija Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, third session, February 20–25, 1047, stenographic report, published by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1947), p. 282.
57 The role of this type of educational institution can be judged from the fact that in 1950 about 200 Khanty and Mansi were studying in one Khanty-Mansi pedagogical school alone. “Intelligencija Obskogo severa,” op. cit.
58 “Pedagogi dlja škol Krainego Severa,” Fravda, No. 270 (11011), September 26, 1948.
69 “V universitetakh i institutakh strany,” Izvestija, No. 210 (10050), September 6, 1949.
60 “Pedagogi sovetskogo severa,” Ogonëk, No. 31 (July, 1950).
61 “Otovsjudu,” Izvestija, No. 198 (10038), August 23, 1949.
62 “Pedagogi dlja škol Krainego Severa,” op. cit.
63 There are about 300 agitation stations in operation on the Chukchi peninsula alone. “Na dal'nem severe,” Pravda, No. 25 (11497), January 25, 1950.
64 “Školy narodnostej Krainego Severa,” op. cit.
65 “Dlja škol Evenkov,” Izvestija, No. 185 (9715), August 6, 1948.
66 Ibid.
67 Ibid.
68 “Otovsjudu,” Izvestija, No. 277 (9807), November 23, 1948.
69 “Lektors Čukotki,” Pravda, No. 318 (11425), November 14, 1949.
70 “Naučnaja èkspedicija na Čukotki,” Izvestija, No. 190 (9720), August 12, 1948. My italics.
71 M. Budarin, “Kul'tbazy Obskogo severa,” Izvestija, No. 284 (10124), December 2, 1949. My italics.