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Raznochintsy: The Development of the Word and of the Concept

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2019

Christopher Becker
Christopher Becker*
Affiliation:
Yale University
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Extract

Works that deal with Russian social history in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries use the word raznochinets, raznochintsy in several different meanings, which are seldom sharply defined. As a historiographic concept it was given wide circulation by Mikhailovsky and by the populist historians of the intelligentsia who followed his usage, and by Marxist social historians, notably by Lenin. Their usage, however, often obscured the precise meanings the term had had in earlier tsarist legal and educational usage.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Slavic and East European Review , Volume 18 , Issue 1 , February 1959 , pp. 63 - 74
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 1959

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References

1 The laws to be discussed all originated in the Senate or were rephrased by its chancellery; cf. their respective headings in Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoj Imperii, (Spb. 1830- 1884), hereinafter cited as P. S. Z.

2 V. O. Kljuchevskij, Istorija soslovii v Rossii (3rd ed.; Petrograd, 1918), p. 98.

3 The index to the P. S. Z. does not list no. 3501 under raznochintsy and lists two previous laws (v. notes 4 and 5); these, however, have the term only in the title, where it was doubtless put by the nineteenth-century editors (v. their Predislovie, P. S. Z., I, xxvii).

4 P. S. Z. 1706, of 1699.

5 P. S. Z. 1723, of 1699.

6 P. S. Z. 9267, of 1746.

7 This was the intent of the “Charter of the Nobility” (P. S. Z. 16187), granted in 1785.

8 Rashin, A. G., Naselenie Rossii za 100 let (1811-1913 gg.) (Moscow, 1956)Google Scholar, table 89, p. 126.

9 Vernadskij, G. V.. Ocherk istorii prava russkago gosudarstva XVIII-XIX vv. (Period imperii) (Prague, 1924), p. 110 Google Scholar.

10 Entsiklopedicheskij slovar', Brockhaus-Efron (pub.), (Spb. 1890-1904), article razno- chintsy.

11 To read into the word raznochintsy as it appears in the 1755 charter the meaning it had in estate law as “persons standing outside the estate system” is impermissible in view of the inclusion of serfs implied by the usage, which permits only of the meaning of “nonnoble.” This error, however, is committed by S. V. Rozhdestvensky in his excellent Ocherkipo istorii sistem narodnago prosveshchenija v Rossii v XVIII-XIX vekakh (Spb. 1912), I, 201, 203f., where he follows M. Vladimirsky-Budanov, Gosudarstvo i narodnoe obrazovanie v Rossii XVIII v. (Yaroslavl', 1874), p. 323.

12 In an unpublished report cited in I. Aleshintsev, Istorija gimnazicheskago obrazovanija v Rossii (XVIII i XIX vek) (Spb. 1912), p. 24: “Our noble youth, and even the raznochintsy … ”

13 Sbornik rasporjazhenii po Ministerstvu Narodnago Prosveshchenija, (Spb. 1861-1907), Vol. I, No. 396. This ruling may throw some light on the makeup of the group labelled raznochintsy in official figures on the class composition of Russian schools under Nicholas I.

14 The two relevant articles, which originally appeared in the March and April volumes of Otechestvennye zapiski for 1874, are given under the title cited, as parts III and IV, in N. K. Mikhailovskii, Sockinenija, (Spb. 1896), II, columns 600-676.

15 Ibid., 623.

16 Ibid., 647.

17 Ibid., 649.

18 Ibid., 674.

19 See especially his treatment of the 1860's in Ovsianiko-Kulikovskij's Istorija russkoj literatari XIX veka (Moscow, 1910-11).

20 Ivanov Razumnik, Istorija russkoj obshchestvennoj mysli (Spb. 1914), II, 14.

21 S. Ja. Elpat'evskij, in Russkoe Bogatstvo, 1905, No. 3, p. 70; A. N. Potresov, Etjudy o russkoj intelligentsii, p. 90. Both definitions are cited in V. I. Orlov, Studencheskoe dvizhenie Moskovskogo universiteta v XIX stoletii (Moscow, 1934), p. 128.

22 V. I. Lenin, Sochinenija (4th ed., 1948), XX, 223-30; all citations from pp. 223-24.

23 Orlov, op. cit., p. 129, nl. The reference to Pokrovsky is to p. 120 of the 1928 edition of his Russkaja istorija v samom szhatom ocherke; see also note 25 below on Pokrovsky's usage.

24 Orlov, op. cit., p. 129.

25 M. N. Pokrovsky, htoricheskaja nauka i bor'ba klassov (Moscow-Leningrad, 1933), I, 306, stresses the class makeup of the three periods against the advocates of a revolutionary movement “above classes,” who, like Orlov and Ivanov Razumnik, were presenting the old theory of a “classless intelligentsia” in disguise.

26 Bazanov, V., Iz literaturnoj polemiki 60-kh godov (Petrozavodsk, 1941), p. 12 Google Scholar.

27 B. P. Koz'min (ed.), I. M. Krasnoperov, Zapiski raznochintsa (Moscow-Leningrad, 1929), Predislovie, p. 6 (standard Leninist definition). The title was the work of the editors.

28 Nechaeva, V. S., V. G. Belinskij. Nachalo zMzjiennogo puti i literaturnoj dejatel'nosti, 1811- 1830 (Akademija Nauk, 1949).Google Scholar

29 Poljakov, M., Studencheskie gody Belinskogo, in Literaturnoe Nasledstvo, LVI, 303–436 Google Scholar; 356f, 417ff.

30 V. P. Leikina-Svirskaja, “Formirovanie raznochinskoj intelligentsi iv Rossii v 40-kh godakh XIX v.,” Istorija SSSR, 1958, No. 1, pp. 83-104.