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State Constitutional Law in 1948–49*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 September 2013
Extract
The ever-increasing volume of litigation in state courts has made it necessary to exclude this year all decisions of courts other than those of last resort. In addition, with respect to subjects such as “police power” and “equal protection,” where classification or analysis of the decisions would require space out of all proportion to their importance, only a listing of the subjects involved in the case is attempted. The cases fall generally into the pattern used last year.
I. GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
1. Special Constitutional Provisions. The effective date of a new constitutional amendment was the subject of two decisions this year. In one, the amendment extending the term of office of county attorneys from two to four years was approved at a general election in which county attorneys were elected. The court held that the officers elected then were elected for the longer term, even though the amendment by its own terms did not become operative until the January following the election. This was so, even though the required local notice of the amendment omitted the effective date, since full state-wide notice was published by the secretary of state. The other case holds that the amendment becomes effective on the date of the canvass of votes rather than on the date of the election. Here, too, there were irregularities in the published notice in that it was not published in all counties on the same days and minor inconsistencies appeared in the printed versions. The court held that the purpose of notice had been substantially served.
- Type
- Public Law
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © American Political Science Association 1949
Footnotes
*
The author is indebted to Miss Eva Zimbler, research assistant in political science, for assistance in the preparation of this manuscript.
References
1 Snow v. Keddington, 195 P (2nd) 234 (Utah, May, 1948).
2 Opinion of the Justices, 36 So (2nd) 499 (Ala., July, 1948). See contra, Manning v. Davis, 201 P (2nd) 113 (Kan., Dec., 1948).
3 See also Keenan v. Price, 195 P (2nd) 662 (Idaho, June, 1948). Hotard v. City of New Orleans, 35 So (2nd) 752 (La., Mar., 1948).
4 Keenan v. Price, supra.
5 To the same effect, Revels v. De Goyler, 33 So (2nd) 719 (Fla., Jan., 1948).
6 Kernan v. Holm, 34 N.W. (2nd) 327 (Minn., Oct., 1948). See also Romans v. Aten, 35 N.W. (2nd) 701 (Mich., Feb., 1948).
7 Co. Commrs v. Sup. of Elections, 63 A (2nd) 735 (Md., Jan., 1949).
8 Opinion of the Justices, 60 A (2nd) 903 (Maine, Mar., 1948).
9 McFadden v. Jordan, 196 P (2nd) 787 (Cal., Aug., 1948). On calling a constitutional convention, see People v. Alger, 35 N.W. (2nd) 669 (Mich., Jan., 1949).
10 Nickles v. Co. Bd. of Ed., 48 SE (2nd) 546 (Ga., June, 1948).
11 Manning v. Upshaw, 49 SE (2nd) 874 (Ga., Oct., 1948); Bergman v. Dutton, 48 SE (2nd) 101 (Ga., May, 1948).
12 Walker Electrical Co. v. Walton, 46 SE (2nd) 184 (Ga., Jan., 1948). But failure to include the caption of the bill in the published notice is not a fatal defect.
Mikell v. School Dist., 58 A (2nd) 339 (Pa., Apr., 1948).
13 People ex rel. Barrett v. Anderson, 76 NE (2nd) 773 (Ill., Dec., 1947). See also Opinion of the Justices, 36 So (2nd) 480 (Ala., July, 1948). Compare Nolan v. Newport, 57 A (2nd) 730 (R.I., Mar., 1948), where the court disavowed its power to change the words in a statute and then interprets “may” as “shall.”
14 See State ex rel. Hamblen v. Yelle, 185 P (2nd) 723 (Wash., 1947), discussed in Sherwood, Foster H., “State Constitutional Law in 1947–48,” in this Review, Vol. 42, p. 698 (1948)Google Scholar.
15 State ex rel. Robinson v. Fluent, 191 P (2nd) 241 (Wash., Mar., 1948).
16 Knight v. Bd. of Admin., 196 P (2nd) 547 (Cal., Aug., 1948).
17 Scroggie v. Bates, 48 SE (2nd) 634 (S.C., July, 1948). In Romano v. Aten, 35 NW (2nd) 701 (Mich., Feb., 1948), the court held that a constitutional amendment authorizing such an increase might be put into operation at once for the legislature which established the increase, in spite of such a constitutional inhibition.
18 Manning v. Sims, 213 SW (2nd) 577 (Ky., Aug., 1948).
19 Thomas v. Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 197 P (2nd) 477 (Utah, July, 1948). See also Loomis v. Keehn, 80 NE (2nd) 368 (Ill., June, 1948).
20 State v. Sims, 48 SE (2nd) 13 (W. Va., Mar., 1948); State v. Sims, 46 SE (2nd) 81 (W. Va., Dec., 1947).
21 State v. Sims, 46 SE (2nd) 90 (W. Va., Nov., 1947).
22 State ex rel. Kresge Co. v. Howard, 203 SW (2nd) 247 (Mo., Feb., 1948).
23 Opinion of the Justices, 36 So (2nd) 480 (Ala., July, 1948). See also State v. Southern Pine Co., 38 So (2nd) 442 (Miss., Jan., 1949).
24 Los Angeles Co. v. So. Cal. Tel. Co., 196 P (2nd) 773 (Cal., Aug., 1948).
25 Almond v. Gilmer, 51 SE (2nd) 272 (Va., Jan., 1949).
26 Loomis v. Keehn, 80 NE (2nd) 368 (Ill., June, 1948).
27 Wilson v. Crews, 34 So (2nd) 114 (Fla., Feb., 1948).
28 Barrows v. Garvey, 193 P (2nd) 913 (Ariz., May, 1948).
29 Cornett v. Clements, 216 SW (2nd) 417 (Ky., Jan., 1949).
30 Frank v. Juvenile & Dom. Rel. Ct., 58 A (2nd) 601 (N.J., Apr., 1948). See also Ex Parte Coone, 195 P (2nd) 149 (Ariz., June, 1948); Dunham v. Stetzberg, 201 P (2nd) 1000 (N.M., Feb., 1949).
31 In re Conner, 207 SW (2nd) 492 (Mo., Jan., 1948). See also Indianapolis Co-op v. Bottema, 79 NE (2nd) 409 (Ind., May, 1948).
32 In re Warner's Estate, 35 So (2nd) 296 (Fla., May, 1948). See also In re Crutcher's Estate, 194 P (2nd) 964 (Wash., June, 1948); Montgomery v. Ala. Pwr. Co., 34 So (2nd) 573 (Ala., Feb., 1948).
33 State v. Garnetts, 63 A (2nd) 777 (R.I., Feb., 1949).
34 Holman v. Warren, 196 P (2nd) 562 (Cal., Aug., 1948).
35 State ex rel. Kresge Co. v. Howard, 208 SW (2nd) 247 (Mo., Feb., 1948).
36 Jefferson Lake Sulphur Co. v. State, 34 So (2nd) 331 (La., Dec., 1947).
37 Ocean Beach Ferry Corp. v. Village of Ocean Beach, 80 NE (2nd) 137 (N.Y., June, 1948); Mariposa Co. v. Merced Irr. Dist., 196 P (2nd) 920 (Cal., Aug., 1948). See also City of Bethany v. Dist. Ct., 191 P (2nd) 187 (Okla., Mar., 1948).
38 Henry v. Parrish, 211 SW (2nd) 418 (Ky., Mar., 1948).
39 Houck v. Minton, 212 SW (2nd) 891 (Tenn., July, 1948); Colyer v. Somerset, 208 SW (2nd) 976 (Ky., Mar., 1948); Robert v. Norfolk, 49 SE (2nd) 697 (Va., Oct., 1948); Duffcon v. Cresskill, 58A (2nd) 104 (N.J., Apr., 1948).
40 Owens v. Green, 81 NE (2nd) 149 (Ill., May, 1948); Loomis v. Keehn, 80 NE (2nd) 368 (Ill., June, 1948).
41 Thompson v. State, 47 SE (2nd) 54 (Ga., Mar., 1948).
42 State v. Shahadi, 61 A (2nd) 299 (N.J., Sept., 1948). In State ex rel. Normandy Fire Prot. Dist. v. Smith, 216 SW (2nd) 440 (Mo., Dec., 1948), the delegation of power to incorporate fire districts to circuit courts was upheld. So also with respect to the power to order the inclusion of benefited properties in assessment districts, In re Bowdoin St., 35 NW (2nd) 571 (Iowa, Jan, 1949).
43 Local 170 v. Gadola, 34 NW (2nd) 71 (Mich., Sept., 1948). But see In re Donaghy, 83 NE (2nd) 560 (Ill., Jan., 1949). In 1947, Indiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, Florida, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin passed similar compulsory arbitration acts.
44 Richardson v. Neuner, 194 P (2nd) 989 (Ore., June, 1948).
45 State v. Southern Pine Co., 38 So (2nd) 442 (Miss., Jan., 1949).
46 Sabbe v. Wayne Co., 33 NW (2nd) 921 (Mich., Oct., 1948).
47 Howell v. Howell, 208 SW (2nd) 22 Ark., Jan., 1948).
48 Ala. St. Milk Bd. v. Graham, 33 So (2nd) 11 (Ala., Dec., 1947).
49 Salway v. Alger, 32 NW (2nd) 505 (Mich., May, 1948).
50 Packer Inst. v. University, 81 NE (2nd) 80 (N.Y., July, 1948). To the same effect with respect to a zoning ordinance, Duffcon v. Creskill, 58 A (2nd) 104 (N.J., Apr., 1948); and a licensing ordinance, Mayor, etc., of Hoboken v. Bauer, 59 A (2nd) 809 (N.J., June, 1948).
51 Renne v. Trade Comm., 192 P (2nd) 563 (Utah, Apr., 1948).
52 Moffett v. Hudspeth, 198 P (2nd) 153 (Kan., Oct., 1948).
53 Pharr v. Nashville, etc., Ry., 208 SW (2nd) 1013 (Tenn., Feb., 1948).
54 Brumhorst v. Beckman, 35 NW (2nd) 719 (Minn., Feb., 1949).
55 King v. Bd. of Regents, 200 P (2nd) 221 (Nev., Nov., 1948). But see contra, Black v. Liquor C. Comm., 35 NW (2nd) 269 (Mich., Dec., 1948)
56 Trico Elec. Co. v. Ralston, 196 P (2nd) 470 (Ariz., July, 1948).
57 Beck v. Comm., 33 So (2nd) 594 (Fla., Jan., 1948).
58 Ethington v. Wright, 189 P (2nd) 209 (Ariz., Jan., 1948).
59 State v. Burch, 80 NE (2nd) 295 (Ind., June, 1948).
60 Phillips v. West, 213 SW (2nd) 3 (Tenn., July, 1948).
61 Swank v. Tyndall, 78 NE (2nd) 535 (Ind., Apr. 1948); Ex parte Sanders, 215 SW (2nd) 325 (Tex., Nov., 1948).
62 Salway v. Alger, 32 NW (2nd) 505 (Mich., May, 1948). Compare notice requirements in zoning orders, Louisville, etc. Comm. v. Ogden, 210 SW (2nd) 771 (Ky., May, 1948), and to suspend pension rights, McFeely v. Bd. of Commrs., 62 A (2nd) 686 (N.J., Dec., 1948).
63 O'Meara v. Union Oil Co., 33 So (2nd) 507 (La., Dec., 1947). Compare Duncan v. Gobler, 215 SW (2nd) 155 (Tex., Nov., 1948).
64 In re Wright, 46 SE (2nd) 696 (N.C., Mar., 1948).
65 Allan v. Dirant, 57 A (2nd) 668 (N.J., Mar., 1948).
66 Compare Granforte v. Bd. of Comm., 58 A (2nd) 902 (Md., May, 1948); and State ex rel. Schlick v. Zoning Bd., 35 NW (2nd) 312 (Wis., Dec., 1948).
67 McCord v. Southern Ry. Co., 213 SW (2nd) 184 (Tenn., May, 1948). See also Sayway v. Anger, 32 NW (2nd) 505 (Mich., May, 1948); McCord v. Nashville, etc., Ry., 213 SW (2nd) 196 (Tenn., May, 1948). Compare Int. Sanit. Comm. v. Weekawken Tp., 63 A (2nd) 528 (N.J., Jan., 1949).
68 Hunt v. Norton, 198 P (2nd) 124 (Ariz., Sept., 1948).
69 Pharr v. Nashville, etc. Ry., 208 SW (2nd) 1013 (Tenn., Feb., 1948).
70 State v. Albritton, 37 So (2nd) 640 (Ala., Dec., 1948). But see Sadlock v. Bd. of Ed., 58 A (2nd) 218 (N.J., Apr., 1948).
71 Marshall v. City of Mobile, 35 So (2nd) 553 (Ala., May, 1948); and see Gene Autry Prod. v. Ind. Comm. 195 (2nd) 143 (Ariz., June, 1948); In re Buffelen Lumber & Mfg. Co., 201 P (2nd) 194 (Wash., Dec., 1948); St. Onge v. City of Concord, 63 A (2nd) 221 (N.H., Jan., 1949).
72 Southern Bell T. & T. Co. v. Pub. Serv. Comm., 49 SE (2nd) 38 (Ga., July, 1948).
73 Sandstrom v. Cal. Horse Rac Bd., 189 P (2nd) 17 (Cal, Feb., 1948).
74 Beard-Laney Inc. v. Darby, 49 SE (2nd) 564 (S.C., Sept., 1948).
75 Common, ex rel. Chidsey v. Mallen, 63 A (2nd) 49 (Pa., Jan., 1949).
76 Bd. of Ed. v. Bd. of Tax Appeals, 80 NE (2nd) 156 (Ohio, June, 1948). Likewise the exemption of property of the state university works no unconstitutional hardship on a local government which may be required to furnish protective services without cost, Lucking v. People, 31 NW (2nd) 707 (Mich., Apr., 1948).
77 Div. of Conservation v. Bd. of Tax Appeals, 77 NE (2nd) 242 (Ohio, Jan., 1948).
78 State v. Allred, 195 P (2nd) 163 (Ariz., June, 1948). But such an exemption cannot be extended to the wife's share of community property without constitutional authorization, Dillard v. N.M. State Tax Comm., 201 P (2nd) 345 (N.M., Jan., 1949).
79 Byrd v. Lawrimore, 47 SE (2nd) 728 (S.C., May, 1948).
80 Roseville Pottery v. Co. Bd. of Rev., 77 NE (2nd) 608 (Ohio, Feb., 1948).
81 Newton v. City of Tuscaloosa, 36 So (2nd) 487 (Ala., June, 1948).
82 Hooton v. Carson, 209 SW (2nd) 273 (Tenn., Feb., 1948). See also Shapero v. St. Dept. of Rev., 33 NW (2nd) 729 (Mich., Sept., 1948), upholding an intangibles tax on stock representing property taxed as such.
83 Brackman v. Kruse, 199 P (2nd) 971 (Mont., Nov., 1948).
84 Dickinson v. Porter, 31 NW (2nd) 110 (Iowa, Feb., 1948).
85 In Leighton v. Abell, 31 NW (2nd) 646 (Minn., Mar., 1948), some of the unforeseen difficulties in requiring general legislation for municipalities are illustrated. This decision holds that under such limitation cities may not adopt new charters, but may only amend existing ones. Compare Mahood v. City & County of Denver, 195 P (2nd) 379 (Colo., June, 1948).
86 People v. Spaid, 82 NE (2nd) 435 (Ill., Nov., 1948). See for the same result respecting a zoning plan, Benner v. Tribbitt, 57 A (2nd) 346 (Md., Feb., 1948).
87 Phillips v. West, 213 SW (2nd) 3 (Tenn., July, 1948). See also State v. Kiburz, 208 SW (2nd) 285 (Mo., Dec., 1947). Contra, City of Henderson v. Thorny, 212 SW (2nd) 303 (Ky., June, 1948).
88 Shillito v. City of Spartanburg, 51 SE (2nd) 95 (8.C., Dec., 1948).
89 Knoxtenn Theatres v. Dance, 208 SW (2nd) 536 (Tenn., Jan., 1948). The Tennessee constitution also prohibits general or special laws for the benefit of individuals, a prohibition that is only analogous to the one under consideration here. See also Troutman v. Crippen, 212 SW (2nd) 33 (Tenn., May 1937, published June, 1948).
90 Crewse v. Beller, 212 SW (2nd) 39 (Tenn., May, 1948).
91 City of Miami Beach v. Crandon, 35 So (2nd) 285 (Fla., May, 1948). But see Cobb v. Burress, 209 SW (2nd) 694 (Ark., Mar., 1948); People v. Deatherage, 81 NE (2nd) 581 (III, Sept., 1948); City of Corsicana v. Willmann, 216 SW (2nd) 175 (Tex., Jan., 1949).
92 Kahl v. Cons. Gas & Elec. Co., 60 A (2nd) 754 (Md., July, 1948). On the power of courts over zoning ordinances, see Lockard v. City of Los Angeles, 202 P (2nd) 38 (Cal., Feb., 1949).
93 Edwards v. Town of Ponchatoula, 34 So (2nd) 394 (La., Jan., 1948).
94 City of St. Louis v. Cavanough, 207 SW (2nd) 449 (Mo., Jan., 1948). See also Opinion of the Justices, 79 NE (2nd) 889 (Mass., June, 1948), holding that the state may forbid municipalities from continuing in the business of selling cemetery monuments; and Town of Bridgie v. Co. of Koochiching, 35 NW (2nd) 537 (Minn., Jan., 1949), holding that towns may be dissolved under general authorization of the state.
95 People ex rel. Nelson v. Jackson-Highland Bldg., 81 NE (2nd) 578 (Ill., Sept., 1948); Somers v. Patton, 78 NE (2nd) 313 (Ill., Mar., 1948).
96 Marshall v. Rose, 49 SE (2nd) 720 (S.C., Sept., 1948). Compare State v. Bartling, 31 NW (2nd) 422 (Neb., Mar., 1948).
97 Morgan v. Bd. of Sup., 192 P (2nd) 236 (Ariz., Apr., 1948); Almond v. Bilmer, 49 SE (2nd) 431 (Va., Sept., 1948).
98 Morgan v. Bd. of Supp., supra.
99 Gentzler v. Smith, 31 NW (2nd) 668 (Mich., Apr., 1948).
100 Compare Almond v. Bilmer, 49 SE (2nd) 431 (Va., Sept., 1948), with State v. City of Datona Beach, 34 So (2nd) 309 (Fla., Feb., 1948); Boney v. Bd. of Trustees, 48 SE (2nd) 56 (N.C., June, 1948); and Campter v. Sanderlin, 208 SW (2nd) 16 (Ark., Jan., 1948).
101 Cremer v. Peoria Hous. Auth., 78 NE (2nd) 276 (111., Mar., 1948); John Hancock Mut. Life Ins., Co. v. Ford Motor Co., 33 NW (2nd) 763 (Mich., Sept., 1948); Opinion to the Governor, 63 A (2nd) 724 (R.I., Jan., 1949).
102 State ex rel. Martin v. Giessel, 31 NW (2nd) 626 (Wis., Mar., 1948).
103 Lowell v. City of Boston, 79 NE (2nd) 713 (Mass., Apr., 1948).
104 See note 70 supra.
105 Morris v. Peters, 46 SE (2nd) 729 (Ga., Feb., 1948).
106 Vaughn v. Boone, 62 A (2nd) 351 (Md., Oct., 1948).
107 Dem. Farmer Labor St. Cent. Comm. v. Benson, 33 NW (2nd) 831 (Minn., Sept., 1948).
108 States' Rights Dem. Party v. St. Bd. of Elections, 49 SE (2nd) 379 (S.C., Sept., 1948). The board attempted to limit the valid signatures to those of persons who had not voted in any party primary that year. This was held to be beyond its power under the law and constitution.
109 People v. Parker, 192 P (2nd) 417 (Colo., Mar., 1948).
110 State v. Martin, 189 P (2nd) 637 (Wash., Feb., 1948).
111 In Case v. Morrison, 197 P (2nd) 621 (Colo., Sept., 1948), the signature of a woman who used her husband's initials preceded by “Mrs.,” and who had no street address so that she gave only the town of her residence, was held to be a valid signature on an initiative petition.
112 Farris v. Goss, 60 A (2nd) 908 (Me., July, 1948).
113 Harrison v. Laveen, 196 P (2nd) 456, 457 (Ariz., July, 1948), reversing Porter v. Hall, 271 P411 (1928).
114 See ahio State ex rel. Owens v. Chaplin, 47 SE (2nd) 12 (N.C., Apr., 1948).
115 Thomas v. Croebl, 212 SW (2nd) 625 (Tex., June, 1948).
116 Frink v. State ex. rel. Turk, 35 So (2nd) 10 (Fla., Apr., 1948).
117 Schneider v. Lansdale, 61 A (2nd) 671 (Md., Oct., 1948).
118 State ex rel. Robinett v. Jarrett, 196 P (2nd) 849 (Okla., June, 1948). But in Miles v. Bd. of Sup., 33 So (2nd) 819 (Miss., Feb., 1948), a local option election was forbidden solely because the board determined the sufficiency of the petition without an open hearing.
119 Pearson v. Taylor, 32 So (2nd) 826 (Fla., Dec., 1947); People v. Deatherage, 81 NE (2nd) 581 (111., Sept., 1948).
120 City of New Orleans v. Hood, 32 So (2nd) 899 (La., Nov., 1947).
121 Robert v. City of Norfolk, 49 SE (2nd) 697 (Va., Oct., 1948).
122 Evans v. Lepore, 59 A (2nd) 385 (N.Y., May, 1948).
123 City of Chicago v. Terminiello, 79 NE (2nd) 39 (III., Mar., 1948). Reversed, 69 S. Ct. 894 (1949). Terminiello is one of the followers of Gerald L. K. Smith.
124 Cole v. State, 216 SW (2nd) 402 (Ark., Jan., 1949). The case had been remanded by the U.S. Supreme Court for rulings on the constitutional issues, 333 U.S. 196, 68 S. Ct. 514 (1948). The act in question is identical with the Texas statute involved in Sanford v. Hill, 316 U.S. 647, 62 S. Ct., 1292 (1941). Compare Saia v. People, 334 U.S., 558 (1949).
125 Ex parte Hunn, 207 SW (2nd) 468 (Mo., Jan., 1948). See contra, Int. Broth, v. Publix Cab. Co., 202 P (2nd) 154 (Colo., Jan., 1949).
126 Northwestern Pac. R. Co. v. Lumber & Sawmill Workers' Union etc., 189 P (2nd) 277 (Cal., Feb., 1948).
127 Alabama Cartage Co. v. International Brotherhood, 34 So (2nd) 576 (Ala., Mar., 1948).
128 Wilbank v. Chester, etc., Union, 60 A (2nd) 21 (Pa., July, 1948); Nashville Corp. v. United Steelworkers, 215 SW (2nd) 818 (Tenn., Oct., 1948).
129 Empire Storage & Ice Co. v. Gileoney, 210 SW (2nd) 55 (Mo., Mar., 1948).
130 Montgomery Ward & Co. v. United, etc. Emp., 79 NE (2nd) 46 (111., Mar., 1948).
131 State v. Evjue, 33 NW (2nd) 305 (Wis., July, 1948).
132 Kennedy v. Item Co., 34 So (2nd) 886 (La., Feb., 1948); Barwick v. Wind, 48 SE (2nd) 523 (Ga., June 1948).
133 Hall v. Commonwealth, 49 SE (2nd) 369 (Va., Sept. 1948); Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc. v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. 79 NE (2nd) 433 (N.Y., Apr., 1948).
134 Sadlock v. Bd. of Education, 58A (2nd) 218 (N. Y., Apr., 1948); Mosier v. Barron Co. Bd. of Health, 215 SW (2nd) 967 (Ky., Dec., 1948).
135 Housing Authority of Gallatin County v. Church of God, 81 NE (2nd) 500 (Ill., Sept., 1948).
136 State v. Massey, 51 SE (2nd) 179 (N.C., Jan., 1949); Harden v. State, 216 SW (2nd) 708 (Tenn., Jan., 1949).
137 Thomas v. Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 197 P (2nd) 477 (Utah, July, 1948).
138 Gronlund v. Salt Lake City, 194 P (2nd) 464 (Utah, June, 1948). A similar charge invalidated the state Sunday closing law in Broadbent v. Gibson, 105 Utah 53, 140 P (2nd) 939 (1943).
139 State v. Glidden 46 SE (2nd) 860 (N.C., Mar., 1948).
140 Lowe v. Hagerle Bros., 33 NW (2nd) 598 (Minn., July, 1948).
141 George Benz Sons v. Ericson, 34 NW (2nd) 725 (Minn., July, 1948).
142 State v. Speller, 47 SE (2nd) 537 (N.C., May, 1948).
143 Newman v. City of Newport, 57 A (2nd) 173 (R.I., Jan., 1948).
144 Dufour v. Maize, 56 A (2nd) 675 (Pa., Jan., 1948).
145 Wallace v. Lewollen, 210 SW (2nd) 684 (Tenn., May, 1948). See also Bd. of Co. Commrs. v. Robb, 199 P (2nd) 530 (Kan. Nov., 1948).
146 McKenna v. Roberts Co., 32 NW (2nd) 687 (S.D., June, 1948).
147 Villyard v. Regents of University, 50 SE (2nd) 313 (Ga., Nov., 1948).
148 Warner Bros. Pictures v. Brodel, 192 P (2nd) 949 (Cal., May, 1948).
149 Elam v. Bruenger, 193 P (2nd) 225 (Kan., May, 1948); Wenke v. Ziebarth Const. Co., 202 P (2nd) 384 (Idaho, Feb., 1949).
150 People v. Nicholson, 82 NE (2nd) 656 (Ill., Nov., 1948).
151 State v. Griffin, 79 NE (2nd) 537 (Ind., May, 1948).
152 Delaware & Hudson Co. v. Boston R. Hold Co., 81 NE (2nd) 553 (Mass., Oct., 1948).
153 Atkinson v. City of Denver, 195 P (2nd) 977 (Colo., June, 1948).
154 Greenway Homes v. Borough of River Edge, 60 A (2nd) 811 (N.J., Aug., 1948).
155 Smith v. City of Miami, 34 So. (2nd) 544 (Fla., Mar., 1948); Harrell v. Scheleman, 36 So (2nd) 431 (Fla., June, 1948). See also Atkinson v. Sapperstein, 60 A (2nd) 737 (Md., July, 1948); Leeman v. Vocelka, 32 NW (2nd) 274 (Neb., May, 1948); Doller v. Reid, 214 SW (2nd) 584 (Ky., Oct., 1948); State v. Saia, 33 So (2nd) 665 (La., Jan., 1948); Mutchal, v. City of Kalamazoo, 35 NW (2nd) 245 (Mich., Dec., 1948); Ludwig v. Harston, 197 P (2nd) 252 (Wyo., Aug. 1948); Harry D. Kantor & Son v. Stone, 34 So. (2nd) 492 (Miss., Mar., 1948); Hay v. Leonard, 46 SE (2nd) 653 (S.C., Feb., 1948); Anderson v. State, 213 SW (2nd) 615 (Ark., Oct., 1948); Dodgen v. Depuglio, 209 SW (2nd) 588 (Tex., Mar., 1948); La. Wholesale Dist. Assoc, v. Rosenzweig, 36 So. (2nd) 403 (La., June, 1948).
156 Greaves v. Houlton Water Co., 59 A (2nd) 217 (Me., May, 1948); John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Haworth, 191 P (2nd) 359 (Idaho, Mar., 1948). See also Hamilton v. Adkins, 35 So (2nd) 183 (Ala., Apr., 1948), and Dickinson v. Porter, 35 NW (2nd) 66 (Iowa, Dec., 1948).
157 Peel v. Dummit, 214 SW (2nd) 605 (Ky., Oct., 1948). See also City of Springfield v. Stevens, 216 SW (2nd) 450 (Mo., Jan., 1949); Price v. Ry. Exp. Co., 78 NE (2nd) 13 (Mass., Mar., 1948).
158 City of Shreveport v. Conrad, 33 So (2nd) 503 (La., Dec., 1947). To the same effect, see State v. Trahan, 36 So. (2nd) 652 (La., Feb., 1948), which reaches a conclusion substantially contrary to Gronlund v. Salt Lake City above.
159 Benner v. Tribbitt, 57 A (2nd) 346 (Md., Feb., 1948). The local governments involved had no zoning power, so cases were decided individually.
160 People v. Thillens, 79 NE (2nd) 609 (Ill., May, 1948). Community currency exchanges not operated on contract with employers but performing the service for the general public remain subject to the tax. Compare Snyder v. Lincoln, 35 NW (2nd) 483 (Neb., Dec., 1948).
161 Herz Drivurself Stations v. Siggens, 58 A (2nd) 464 (Pa., Mar., 1948).
162 Opinion of the Justices, 79 N E (2nd) 883 (Mass., Apr., 1948).
163 Safeway Stores v. Botti, 60 A (2nd) 318 (N.J., July, 1948).
164 Mascari v. Int. Broth., 209 SW (2nd) 756 (Tenn., Feb., 1948). This statute does not affect the union's right to picket ft plant employing non-union labor.
165 Blum v. Engelman, 57 A (2nd) 421 (Md., Feb., 1948); Hill v. Kusy, 35 NW (2nd) 594 (Neb., Jan., 1949).
166 Davis v. Beller, 207 SW (2nd) 343 (Term., Jan., 1948).
167 Weill v. State ex rel Gaillard, 34 So (2nd) 132 (Ala., Jan., 1948).
168 Thayer v. Mich. Dept. of Agric. 35 NW (2nd) 360 (Mich., Jan., 1949).
169 Nickols v. North Kansas City, 214 SW (2nd) 710 (Mo., Nov., 1948).
170 Clough v. North Central Gas Co., 34 NW (2nd) 862 (Neb., Nov., 1948).
171 City of Decatur v. Robinson, 36 So. (2nd) 673 (Ala., June, 1948).
172 City of Louisville v. Sebree, 214 SW (2nd) 248 (Ky., Aug., 1948).
173 City of Akron v. P.U.C., 78 NE (2nd) 890 (Ohio, Apr., 1948).
174 McSorley v. Fitzgerald, 59 A (2nd) 142 (Pa., May, 1948). But see contra, respecting public housing, opinion to the Governor, 63 A (2nd) 724 (R.I., Jan.,, 1949).
175 City of Decatur v. Robinson, 36 So. (2nd) 673, 684 (Ala., June, 1948). See also Du Page Co. v. Henderson, 83 NE (2nd) 720 (Ill., Jan., 1949).
176 People v. Den Uyl, 31 NW (2nd) 699 (Mich., Apr., 1948). The witness had been sentenced for fleeing the state to avoid testifying.
177 State v. Pelosi, 199 P (2nd) 125 (Ariz., Nov., 1948). On the scope of a search permitted on a warrant, see Peters v. State, 215 SW (2nd) 822 (Tenn., Dec., 1948). See also Ex parte City of Mobile, 38 So. (2nd) 330 (Ala., Jan., 1949).
178 Lobaugh v. State, 82 NE (2nd) 247 (Ind., Nov., 1948).
179 People v. Thomlison, 81 NE (2nd) 434 (111., Sept., 1948).
180 Commonwealth v. Turner, 58 A (2nd) 61 (Pa., Mar., 1948). See also Oaks v. Hudspeth, 198 P (2nd) 168 (Kan., Oct., 1948); Cox v. Hudspeth, 198 P (2nd) 177 (Kan., Oct., 1948). Contra, Hale v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596 (1948).
181 McGrew v. Comm., 215 SW (2nd) 996 (Ky., Dec., 1948).
182 Hall Motor Freight v. Montgomery, 212 SW (2nd) 748 (Mo., June, 1948).
183 State v. Miller, 208 SW (2nd) 194 (Mo., Feb., 1948).
184 State v. Grieco, 195 P (2nd) 183 (Ore., June, 1948).
185 Winston v. Comm., 49 SE (2nd) 611 (Va., Oct., 1948); Parsons v. State, 38 So (2nd) 209 (Ala., Dec., 1948). However, such objections must be promptly made, People v. Quicksail, 33 NW (2nd) 904 (Mich., Oct., 1948).
186 State ex rel. Sawyer v. Warden, 60 A (2nd) 196 (Md., May, 1948).
187 Gibbons v. Hudspeth, 199 P (2nd) 173 (Kan., Nov., 1948); State ex rel. Eyer v. Warden 59 A (2nd) 745 (Md., May, 1948); People v. Fleisher, 34 NW (2nd) 15 (Mich., Oct., 1948); People v. Deese, 83 NE (2nd) 707 (111., Jan., 1949).
188 People v. Syer, 81 NE (2nd) 186 (111., May, 1948).
189 Howell v. Commonwealth, 46 SE (2nd) 37 (Va., Jan., 1948).
190 People v. Schoos, 78 NE (2nd) 245 (Ill., Mar., 1948). Legislative efforts to control the contents of charges to the jury were disregarded in Simmons v. State, 36 So (2nd) 207 (Fla., June, 1948). See also Petition of Bryant, 35 NW (2nd) 371 (Mich., Jan., 1949).
191 Glickman v. State, 60 A (2nd) 216 (Md., May, 1948). See also Oepple v. State, 59 A (2nd) 509 (Md., May, 1948); State v. Fitch, 2C0 P (2nd) 991 (Nev., Dec., 1948).
192 State v. Dickens, 191 P (2nd) 364, 368 (Ida., Mar., 1948).
193 Commonwealth v. Johnson, 59 A (2nd) 128 (Pa., May, 1948).
194 Ex parte McCoy, 194 P (2nd) 531 (Cal., June, 1948).
195 In re Taylor, 49 SE (2nd) 749 (N.C., Oct., 1948).
196 Stonebreaker v. Smyth, 46 SE (2nd) 406 (Va., Mar., 1948). Compare Wade v. Mayo, 334 U.S. 672 (1948); Uneges v. Pa., 69 S. Ct. 184 (1948).
197 People v. Ross, 79 NE (2nd) 495 (111., May, 1948); Comm. v. Burke, 63 A (2nd) 77 (Pa., Jan., 1949). Compare Bute v. 111., 333 U.S. 640 (1948).
198 Landon v. Warden, Maryland House of Correction, 61 A (2nd) 562 (Md., Oct., 1948); State ex rel. Eyer v. Warden, 59 A (2nd) 745 (Md., May, 1948).
199 People v. Wilson, 78 NE (2nd) 514 (Ill., Mar., 1948); Chandler v. State, 83 NE (2nd) 189 (Ind., Jan., 1949). See also People v. Dixon, 81 NE (2nd) 257 (Ill., May, 1948), which held a licensed attorney unnecessary in a rape proceeding.
200 Odom v. State, 37 So. (2nd) 300 (Miss., Nov., 1948).
201 Penn v. Smyth, 49 SE (2nd) 600 (Va., Oct., 1948). And see, as to the power of counsel to enter stipulations, People v. Walker, 201 P (2nd) 6 (Cal., Dec., 1948). See also People v. Hobbs, 79 NE (2nd) 202 (Ill., Mar., 1948), which states that evidence dehors the record on the appointment of counsel cannot be considered in a proceeding in error. See also Rogers v. Youngblood, 78 NE (2nd) 663 (Ind., Apr., 1948), stating that confinement in prison preventing the prisoner from conducting as his own attorney a replevin action for possession of his property does not deprive him of due process.
202 State v. Holt, 194 P (2nd) 651 (Mont., May, 1948).
203 Fry v. Hudspeth, 197 P (2nd) 945 (Kans., Oct., 1948).
204 Cummings v. Lainson, 33 NW (2nd) 395 (La., Aug., 1948).
205 Smyth v. Goodwin, 51 SE (2nd) 231 (Va., Jan., 1949).
206 People v. Dixon, 81 NE (2nd) 257 (111., May, 1948).
207 Ex parte Trombley, 193 P (2nd) 734 (Cal., May, 1948).
208 State v. Vallery, 34 So (2nd) 329 (La., Feb., 1948).
209 People v. Hughes, 33 NW (2nd) 86 (Mich., June, 1948).
210 In re Wretlind, 33 NW (2nd) 161 (Minn., May, 1948). But see contra, Goodwin v. Sup. Ct., 201 P (2nd) 124 (Ariz., Dec., 1948).
211 For example, the amendment of a zoning ordinance, De Latour v. Morrison, 34 So (2nd) 783 (La., Feb., 1948); or motions made in the course of a trial, Bindley v. Metrop. Life Ins. Co., 213 SW (2nd) 387 (Mo., Sept. 1948); Vichosky v. Boucher, 60 A (2nd) 381 (Pa., July, 1948). But compare Morse v. Eighth Dist. Ct., 195 P (2nd) 199 (Nev., June, 1948).
212 Kroll v. Nevada Ind. Corp., 191 P (2nd) 889 (Nev., Apr., 1948); In re Rogers' Estate, 190 P (2nd) 857 (Kan., Mar., 1948); Henderson v. Shell Oil Co., 208 SW (2nd) 863 (Tex., Mar., 1948). But see In re certain monies, 59 A (2nd) 154 (Pa., May, 1948), where notice was said to be unnecessary.
213 Greenwold v. McCarthy, 83 NE (2nd) 491 (Ill., Jan., 1949); State v. Blevins, 48 SE (2nd) 174 (W. Va., Mar., 1948). See also McElroy v. McElroy, 198 P (2nd) 683 (Cal., Oct., 1948); City of Lakeland v. Chase Nat. Co., 32 So. (2nd) 833 (Fla., Dec., 1947); Thompson v. Dist., 193 P (2nd) 811 (Mont., June, 1948).
214 Wein v. Crockett, 195 P (2nd) 222 (Utah, June, 1948). See also Grace et al. v. Proctor & Gamble Co., 57 A (2nd) 619 (N.H., Mar., 1948).
215 Gillioz v. Kincannon, 214 SW (2nd) 212 (Ark., Oct., 1948).
216 Baird-Gatzmer Corp v. Henry Clay Coal Min. Co., 50 SE (2nd) 673 (W. Va., Nov., 1948).
217 Graham v. Lee, 37 So (2nd) 735 (Miss., Dec., 1948).
218 North v. Town Real Estate Corp., 60 A (2nd) 665 (Md., July, 1948).
219 Addison v. Fleenor, 196 P (2nd) 991 (Wyo., Aug., 1948).
220 State v. Costner, 33 NW (2nd) 35 (Minn., June, 1948). Compare Danziger v. Shoob, 48 SE (2nd) 92 (Ga., May, 1948); Wolford v. Wolford, 200 P (2nd) 988 (Nev., Dec., 1948); Collector of Revenue v. Parcels of Land, 212 SW (2nd) 746 (Mo., July, 1948).
221 In re Bryant, 38 So (2nd) 245 (La., Dec., 1948). So also with respect to taxation, Modern Barber Coll. v. Emp. Stab. Comm. 192 P (2nd) 916 (Cal., Apr., 1948).
222 State ex rel. Hurd v. Davis, 82 NE (2nd) 82 (Ind., Nov., 1948).
223 McGrath v. Lynch, 80 NE (2nd) 475 (Mass., July, 1948). See also Bartlebaugh v. Pa., 82 NE (2nd) 853 (Ohio, Dec., 1948).
224 Heron v. Gaylor, 201 P (2nd) 366 (N.M., Dec., 1948); Curry v. Maynard, 83 NE (2nd) 782 (Ind., Feb., 1949).
225 Rotwein v. Gersten, 36 So (2nd) 419 (Fla., July, 1948). See also Taylor v. Keefe, 56 A (2nd) 768 (Conn., Nov., 1947); Hansen v. Isaac, 33 NW (2nd) 561 (S.D., Aug., 1948).
226 Breimhorst v. Beckman, 35 NW (2nd) 719 (Minn., Feb., 1949).
227 Stepp v. State, 33 So (2nd) 307 (Miss., Jan., 1948); and with respect to the revocations of a liquor license, see Pason v. City of Shakopee, 32 NW (2nd) 603 (Minn., May, 1948).
228 Cohen v. State, 37 So (2nd) 700 (Fla., Sept., 1948). See also O'Connor v. City of Moscow, 202 P (2nd) 401 (Idaho, Jan., 1949).
229 Boone Co. Bd. v. Myhre, 32 NW (2nd) 262 (Neb., May, 1948).
230 Mascari v. Int. Broth., 209 SW (2nd) 756, and 215 SW (2nd) 799 (Tenn., Apr., 1948).
231 Loveridge v. Loveridge, 198 P (2nd) 444 (N.M., Sept., 1948).
232 Stone v. State, 34 So (2nd) 305 (Fla., Mar., 1948). Likewise the issue of constitutionality must be determined before the merit of the case to minimize litigation costs, Werner v. Mil. Solvay Coke Co., 31 NW (2nd) 605 (Wis., Mar., 1948).
233 Sanitation Dist. v. City of Louisville, 213 SW (2nd) 995 (Ky., Oct., 1948).
234 Michigan, etc., Bd. v. Enterprise Foundry Co., 32 NW (2nd) 515 (Mich., May, 1948). But see Masich v. U.S. Smelting & Ref. Co., 191 P (2nd) 612 (Utah, Mar., 1948).
235 City of Decatur v. Robinson, 36 So (2nd) 673 (Ala., June, 1948). Compare Christenson v. Wikan, 35 NW (2nd) 329 (Wis., Dec., 1948), concerning easements as property rights; and Elkins-Sawyers Co. v. Moniteau Co., 209 SW (2nd) 127 (Mo., Mar., 1948), on the public use of court records bound at private expense.
236 Anselino v. Cox, 60 A (2nd) 767 (Conn., July, 1948).
237 Angelle v. State, 34 So (2nd) 321 (La., Jan., 1948).
238 State v. Stabb, 79 NE (2nd) 392 (Ind., May, 1948).
239 Capital Transit v. Bosley, 62 A (2nd) 267 (Md., Nov., 1948).
240 Grosso v. Bd. of Adj., 61 A (2nd) 167 (N.J., Sept., 1948). See regarding zoning. City of St. Louis v. Friedman, 216 SW (2nd) 475 (Mo., Jan., 1949); O‘Connor v. City of Moscow, 202 P (2nd) 401 (Idaho, Jan., 1949).
241 Cleveland v. City of Detroit, 33 NW (2nd) 747 (Mich., Sept., 1948).
242 Bradley v. City Council, 46 SE (2nd) 291 (S.C., Feb., 1948). See also on the right to sue, Adams v. City of Macon, 50 SE (2nd) 598 (Ga., Nov., 1948).
243 Petty v. Clark, 192 P (2nd) 589 (Utah, Apr., 1948); Swanson v. Flynn, 31 NW (2nd) 320 (N.D., Feb., 1948).
244 Land v. Cooper, 34 So (2nd) 313 (Ala., Feb., 1948). But a right to defend in condemnation proceedings survives death, Louisville & Nash. R. Co. v. Mayhew, 211 SW (2nd) 675 (Ky., May, 1948).
245 In re Kohrs' Estate, 199 P (2nd) 857 (Mont., Nov., 1948); In re Bass' Estate, 190 P (2nd) 800 (Okla., Mar., 1948). See also Salmon v. Denhart Elevators, 30 NW (2nd) 644 (S.D., Jan., 1948); in re Stadfeld's Estate, 58 A (2nd) 478 (Pa., Apr., 1948).
246 New Orphans' Asylum v. Bd. of Tax App., 80 NE (2nd) 761 (Ohio, July, 1948).
247 State v. Perham, 191 P (2nd) 689 (Wash., Mar., 1948); Schaffner v. Stand. Boiler & Plate Iron Co., 83 NE (2nd) 192 (Ohio, Dec., 1948).
248 Skalitsky v. Cons. Badger Co-op., 31 NW (2nd) 153 (Wis., Feb., 1948); but not a right included in a license, Geo. Benz Sons v. Ericson, 34 NW (2nd) 725 (Minn., July, 1948). See also Bond Bros. v. Sewer Dist., 211 SW (2nd) 867 (Ky., Feb., 1948).
249 Geordano v. Dumont, 61 A (2nd) 245 (N.J., Sept., 1948). See also Beeman v. Bd. of Pharm., 35 NW (2nd) 354 (Mich., Jan., 1949).
250 Brown v. Gambrel, 213 SW (2nd) 931 (Mo., Sept., 1948); City of Richmond Hts. v. Richmond Hts., etc., Ass'n., 213 SW (2nd) 479 (Mo., July, 1948).
251 Lower Merion Twp. v. Frankel, 57 A (2nd) 900 (Pa., Mar., 1948). See also North-west Merchants Terminal v. O'Rourke, 60 A (2nd) 743 (Md., July, 1948); State ex rel George v. Hull, 199 P (2nd) 832 (Wyo., Nov., 1948); Trans-Oceanic Oil Corp. v. City of Santa Barbara, 199 P (2nd) 148 (Cal., June, 1948).
252 Wyoming Twp v. Herweyer, 33 NW (2nd) 93 (Mich., June, 1948).
253 Zilky v. Carter, 81 NE (2nd) 597 (Ind., Oct., 1948).
254 Baccus v. Banks, 192 P (2nd) 683 (Okla., Jan., 1948); Baccus v. Pankratz, 194 P (2nd) 880 (Okla., June, 1948).
255 City of Mobile v. Merchants Nat'l Bank, 33 So (2nd) 457 (Ala., Jan., 1948).
256 Clarke v. Ireland, 199 P (2nd) 965 (Mont., Nov., 1948).
257 Brown v. Highland, 30 NW (2nd) 798 (Mich., Feb., 1948).
258 Crawford v. Sadler, 34 So (2nd) 38 (Fla., Feb., 1948). See also People v. Deatherage, 81 NE (2nd) 581 (Ill., Sept., 1948).
259 Halek v. City of St. Paul, 35 NW (2nd) 705 (Minn., Jan., 1949).
260 Court Square Bldg. v. City of New York, 83 NE (2nd) 843 (N.Y., Jan., 1949).
261 Roberts Tobacco Co. v. Dept. of Rev., 34 NW (2nd) 54 (Mich., Oct., 1948).
262 In re Arch Hurley Cons. Dist., 191 P (2nd) 338 (N.M., Jan., 1948).
263 Carey v. Morton, 79 NE (2nd; 442 (N.Y., Apr., 1948).
264 Price v. Ry. Exp. Agency, 78 NE (2nd) 13 (Mass., Mar., 1948).
265 Ariz. Corp. Comm. v. Tucson, etc., Co., 189 P (2nd) 907 (Ariz., Feb., 1948).
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