Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-xtvcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-22T14:18:03.499Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The New Darwinian Naturalism in Political Theory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 1995

Larry Arnhart
Larry Arnhart*
Affiliation:
Northern Illinois University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

There has been a resurgence of Darwinian naturalism in political theory, as manifested in the recent work of political scientists such as Roger Masters, Robert McShea, and James Q. Wilson. They belong to an intellectual tradition that includes not only Charles Darwin but also Aristotle and David Hume. Although most political scientists believe Darwinian social theory has been refuted, their objections rest on three false dichotomies: facts versus values, nature versus freedom, and nature versus nurture. Rejecting these dichotomies would allow the social sciences to be linked to the natural sciences through Darwinian biology.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Political Science Review , Volume 89 , Issue 2 , June 1995 , pp. 389 - 400
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, Richard. 1987. The Biology of Moral Systems. Hawthorne, NY: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Allen, E. et al. , 1978. “Sociobiology—Another Biological Determinism.” In The Sociobiology Debate, ed. Caplan, Arthur L.. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. 1948. Summa Theologica. 3 vols. Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. New York: Benziger Brothers.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1978. The Life of the Mind. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1984. The Complete Works of Aristotle. Ed. Barnes, Jonathan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Arnhart, Larry. 1981. Aristotle on Political Reasoning: A Commentary on the “Rhetoric.” DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Arnhart, Larry. 1988. “Aristotle's Biopolitics: A Defense of Biological Teleology against Biological Nihilism.” Politics and the Life Sciences 6:173–229.10.1017/S0730938400003233CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnhart, Larry. 1990. “Aristotle, Chimpanzees, and Other Political Animals.” Social Science Information 29:479–559.10.1177/053901890029003003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnhart, Larry. 1992. “Feminism, Primatology, and Ethical Naturalism.” Politics and the Life Sdences 11:157–78.10.1017/S0730938400015100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnhart, Larry. 1994a. “The Darwinian Biology of Aristotle's Political Animals.” American Journal of Political Science 38:464–85.10.2307/2111413CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnhart, Larry. 1994b. “A Sociobiological Defense of Aristotle's Sexual Politics.” International Political Science Review 15:69–95.10.1177/019251219401500405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Augustine. 1950. The City of God. Trans. Dods, Marcus. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Augustine. 1964. On Free Choice of the Will. Trans. Benjamin, Anna S. and Hackstaff, L. H.. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Barkow, Jerome H., Cosmides, Leda, and Tooby, John, eds. 1992. The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barratt, Alfred. 1869. Physical Ethics; or, The Science of Action. London: Williams & Norgate.Google Scholar
Bazerman, Charles. 1993. “Intertextual Self-Fashioning: Gould and Lewontin's Representations of the Literature.” In Understanding Scientific Prose, ed. Selzer, Jack. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary S. 1981. A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary S. 1991. “Family.” In The World of Economics, ed. Eatwell, John, Milgate, Murray, and Newman, Peter. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Berns, Laurence. 1994. “Aristotle and Adam Smith on Justice: Cooperation between Ancients and Moderns?” Review of Metaphysics 48:71–90.Google Scholar
Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique. 1991. “Human Behavioural Ecology.” In Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, 3d ed., ed. Krebs, J. R. and Davies, N. B.. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Borgia, Gerald. 1994. “The Scandals of San Marco.” Quarterly Review of Biology 69:373–75.10.1086/418652CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchard, Thomas J., Lykken, David T., McGue, Matthew, Segal, Nancy L., and Tellegen, Auke. 1990. “Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.” Science 250:223–28.10.1126/science.2218526CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bower, Bruce. 1988a. “Alcoholism's Elusive Genes.” Science News, 30 July, pp. 74–75.10.2307/3972839CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bower, Bruce. 1988b. “Intoxicating Habits.” Science News, 6 August, pp. 88–89.10.2307/3972814CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brauth, Steven, Hall, William S., and Dooling, Robert J., eds. 1991. Plasticity of Development. Cambridge: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/5415.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brecht, Arnold. 1959. Political Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400878550CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckle, Stephen. 1991. Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Byrne, Richard W., and Whiten, Andrew, eds. 1988. Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Capaldi, Nicholas. 1966. “Hume's Rejection of ‘Ought’ as a Moral Category.” Journal of Philosophy 63:126–37.10.2307/2023901CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldi, Nicholas. 1989. Hume's Place in Moral Philosophy. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Chambers, Robert. 1844. Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. London: John Churchill.Google Scholar
Chandler, John. 1991. “Ethical Philosophy.” In The Sociobiological Imagination, ed. Maxwell, Mary. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Charney, Davida. 1993. “A Study in Rhetorical Reading: How Evolutionists Read ‘The Spandrels of San Marco’.” In Understanding Scientific Prose, ed. Selzer, Jack. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1931. De finibus honorum et malorum. Trans. Rackham, H.. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Corning, Peter. 1983. The Synergism Hypothesis. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Crook, J. H. 1989. “Socioecological Paradigms, Evolution, and History: Perspectives for the 1999s.” In Comparative Socioecology: The Behavioural Ecology of Humans and Other Animals, ed. Standen, V. and Foley, R. A.. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Daly, Martin, and Wilson, Margo. 1988. Homicide. Hawthorne, NY: de Gruyter.Google ScholarPubMed
Damasio, Antonio R. 1994. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam's Sons.Google Scholar
Damasio, Hanna, Grabowski, Thomas, Frank, Randall, Galaburda, Albert, and Damasio, Antonio R.. 1994. “The Return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the Brain from the Skull of a Famous Patient.” Science 264:1102–5.10.1126/science.8178168CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darwin, Charles. 1936. The Origin of Species and the Descent of Man. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Darwin, Charles. 1987. Charles Darwin's Notebooks, 1836–1844. Ed. Barrett, Paul H., Gautrey, Peter J., Herbert, Sandra, Kohn, David, and Smith, Sydney. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Degler, Carl. 1991. In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dunbar, Robin. 1988. Primate Social Systems. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.10.1007/978-1-4684-6694-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eccles, John C. 1989. Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus. 1989. Human Ethology. New York: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Emlen, Stephen T., and Wrege, Peter H.. 1994. “Gender, Status and Family Fortunes in the White-fronted Bee-Eater.” Nature 367:129–32.10.1038/367129a0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fingarette, Herbert. 1988a. Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fingarette, Herbert. 1988b. “Alcoholism: The Mythical Disease.” Public Interest 91:3–22.Google Scholar
Fox, Robin. 1989. The Search for Society: Quest for a Biosocial Science and Morality. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Frank, Robert H. 1988. Passions within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Goodall, Jane. 1986. The Chimpanzees of Gombe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Deborah M. 1992. “Phenotypic Plasticity.” In Keywords in Evolutionary Biology, ed. Keller, Evelyn Fox and Lloyd, Elisabeth A.. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen Jay, and Lewontin, Richard. 1979. ‘The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm—A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 205:581–98.Google Scholar
Grant, Ruth, 1987. John Locke's Liberalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226306919.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. 1964. “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1–52.10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harcourt, Alexander H., and de Waal, Frans, eds. 1992. Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hausfater, Glenn, and Hrdy, Sarah B., eds. 1984. Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives. Hawthorne, NY: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hume, David. 1888. A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Hume, David. 1902. Enquiries Concerning the Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Hume, David. 1985. Essays. Ed. Miller, Eugene F.. Indianapolis: Liberty Classics.Google Scholar
Huxley, Thomas H. 1871. “Mr. Darwin's Critics.” Contemporary Review 18:443–76.Google Scholar
Huxley, Thomas H. 1894. Evolution and Ethics. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Barry L. 1994. “Serotonin, Motor Activity and Depression-related Disorders.” American Scientist 82:456–63.Google Scholar
Jeffrey, C. Ray. 1994. “The Brain, the Law, and the Medicalization of Crime.” In The Neurotransmitter Revolution: Serotonin, Social Behavior, and the Law, ed. Masters, Roger D. and McGuire, Michael T.. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Gary R. 1995. “The Evolutionary Origins of Government and Politics.” In Human Nature and Politics, ed. Losco, Joseph and Somit, Albert. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Kagan, Jerome. 1994. Galen's Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Kandel, Eric R. 1991. “Cellular Mechanisms of Learning and the Biological Basis of Individuality.” In Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed., ed. Kandel, Eric R., Schwartz, James H., and Jessell, Thomas M.. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Kandel, Eric R., and Jessell, Thomas. 1991. “Early Experience and the Fine Tuning of Synaptic Connections.” In Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed., ed. Kandel, Eric R., Schwartz, James H., and Jessell, Thomas M.. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1956. Critique of Practical Reason. Trans. Beck, Lewis W.. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1959. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. Trans. Beck, Lewis W.. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1965. Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Smith, Norman Kemp. New York: St. Martin's.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1970. Kant's Political Writings. Trans. Nisbet, H. B.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1983. “Speculative Beginning of Human History.” In “Perpetual Peace” and Other Essays, Trans. Humphrey, Ted. Indianapolis: Hackett.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1987. Critique of Judgment. Trans. Pluhar, Werner S.. Indianapolis: Hackett.Google Scholar
Kitcher, Philip. 1985. Vaulting Ambition: Sociobiology and the Quest for Human Nature. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kitcher, Philip. 1990. “Developmental Decomposition and the Future of Human Behavioral Ecology.” Philosophy of Science 57:96–117.10.1086/289533CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaw, Spencer. 1993. Without Sin: The Life and Death of the Oneida Community. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Kramer, Peter D. 1993. Listening to Prozac. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R., and Davies, N. B.. 1993. An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Lack, David. 1957. Evolutionary Theory and Christian Belief. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Lancaster, Jane. 1994. “Human Sexuality, Life Histories, and Evolutionary Ecology.” In Sexuality across the Life Course, ed. Rossi, Alice S.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lennox, James G. 1992. “Teleology.” In Keywords in Evolutionary Biology, ed. Keller, Evelyn Fox and Lloyd, Elisabeth A.. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lennox, James G. 1993. “Darwin Was a Teleologist.” Biology and Philosophy 8:409–21.10.1007/BF00857687CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewontin, Richard. 1992. “Genotype and Phenotype.” In Keywords in Evolutionary Biology, ed. Keller, Evelyn Fox and Lloyd, Elisabeth A.. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lincoln, Abraham. 1953. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. 8 vols. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Locke, John. 1959. Essay Concerning Human Understanding. 2 vols. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. 1980. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. 2d ed. New York: Basic Books.10.1007/978-1-4615-8579-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGrew, W. C. 1992. Chimpanzee Material Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511565519CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McShea, Robert J. 1978. “Human Nature Theory and Political Philosophy.” American Journal of Political Science 22:656–79.10.2307/2110466CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McShea, Robert J. 1990. Morality and Human Nature: A New Route to Ethical Theory. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Madsen, Douglas. 1985. “A Biological Property Relating to Power-Seeking in Humans.” American Political Science Review 79:448–57.10.2307/1956659CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, Douglas. 1986. “Power Seekers Are Different: Further Biochemical Evidence.” American Political Science Review 80:261–69.10.2307/1957094CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane J., ed. 1990. Beyond Self-Interest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Martin, Marie A. 1991. “Hutcheson and Hume on Explaining the Nature of Morality: Why It Is Mistaken To Suppose Hume Ever Raised the ‘Is-Ought’ Question.” History of Philosophy Quarterly 8:277–89.Google Scholar
Maryanski, Alexandra, and Turner, Jonathan H.. 1992. The Social Cage: Human Nature and the Evolution of Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Masters, Roger D. 1989a. The Nature of Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Masters, Roger D. 1989b. “Obligation and the New Naturalism.” Biology and Philosophy 4:17–32.10.1007/BF00144037CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, Roger D. 1990. “Evolutionary Biology and Political Theory.” American Political Science Review 84:195–210.10.2307/1963637CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, Roger D. 1992. “Toward a More Coherent Theory of Justice.” In The Sense of Justice: Biological Foundations of Law, ed. Masters, Roger D. and Gruter, Margaret. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Masters, Roger D. 1993. Beyond Relativism: Science and Human Values. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Masters, Roger D. 1994a. “Why Study Serotonin, Social Behavior, and the Law?” In The Neurotransmitter Revolution: Serotonin, Social Behavior, and the Law, ed. Masters, Roger D. and McGuire, Michael T.. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Masters, Roger D. 1994b. “Conclusions for Public Policy: Early Intervention, Special Education, and the Law.” In The Neurotransmitter Revolution: Serotonin, Social Behavior, and the Law, ed. Masters, Roger D. and McGuire, Michael T.. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Masters, Roger D. 1994c. “Primate Politics and Political Theory.” In Primate Politics, ed. Schubert, Glendon and Masters, Roger D.. Lanham: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Masters, Roger D., and Gruter, Margaret, eds. 1992. The Sense of Justice: Biological Foundations of Law. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Mary, ed. 1991. The Sociobiological Imagination. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. 1956. On Liberty. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Mivart, St. George Jackson. 1871. “Darwin's Descent of Man.” Quarterly Review 131:47–90. In Darwin and His Critics, ed. David Hull. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mivart, St. George Jackson. 1893. “Evolution in Professor Huxley.” Popular Science Monthly 44:319–33.Google Scholar
Morris, Henry. 1985. Scientific Creationism. 2d ed. Cajon, El, CA: Master Books.Google Scholar
Mulhern, J. J. 1972. “Mia monon pantachou kata physin he arete.” Phronesis 17:260–68.10.1163/156852872X00088CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muncy, Raymond L. 1974. Sex and Marriage in Utopian Communities: Nineteenth-Century America. Baltimore: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Oyama, Susan. 1985. The Ontogeny of Information. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Passingham, R. E. 1993. The Frontal Lobes and Voluntary Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pelikan, Jaroslav. 1993. Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter with Hellenism. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Plomin, Robert, and Bergeman, C. S.. 1991. “The Nature of Nurture: Genetic Influence on ‘Environmental’ Measures.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:373–86.10.1017/S0140525X00070278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plomin, Robert, DeFries, J. C., and McClearn, G. E.. 1990. Behavioral Genetics. 2d ed. New York: W. H. Freeman.Google ScholarPubMed
Plomin, Robert, Owen, Michael J., and McGuffin, Peter. 1994. “The Genetic Basis of Complex Human Behaviors.” Science 264:1733–39.10.1126/science.8209254CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raleigh, Michael J., and McGuire, Michael T.. 1994. “Serotonin, Aggression, and Violence in Vervet Monkeys.” In The Neurotransmitter Revolution: Serotonin, Social Behavior, and the Law, eds. Masters, Roger D. and McGuire, Michael T.. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Real, Leslie, ed. 1994. Behavioral Mechanisms in Evolutionary Ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ruse, Michael. 1986. Taking Darwin Seriously. New York: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Scarr, Sandra. 1992. “Developmental Theories for the 1990s: Development and Individual Differences.” Child Development 63:1–19.10.2307/1130897CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schubert, Glendon, and Masters, Roger D.. 1991. Primate Politics. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Scrimshaw, Susan C. 1984. “Infanticide in Human Populations.” In Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives, ed. Hausfater, Glenn and Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine.Google Scholar
Seyfarth, Robert M., and Cheney, Dorothy L.. 1994. “The Evolution of Social Cognition in Primates.” In Behavioral Mechanisms in Evolutionary Ecology, ed. Real, Leslie A.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shepher, Joseph, and Tiger, Lionel. 1975. Women in the Kibbutz. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Simpson, Peter. 1986. “Autonomous Morality and the Idea of the Noble.” Interpretation 14:353–70.Google Scholar
Smith, Eric Alden, and Winterhaider, Bruce, eds. 1992. Evolutionary Biology and Human Behavior. New York: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sober, Elliott. 1993. Philosophy of Biology. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Spiro, Melford E. 1979. Gender and Culture: Kibbutz Women Revisited. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Stent, Gunther S. 1978. Introduction to Morality as a Biological Phenomenon, ed. Stent, Gunther S.. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tiger, Lionel. 1992. The Pursuit of Pleasure. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Tork, Istvan. 1990. “Anatomy of the Serotonergic System.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 600:9–34.10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16870.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trivers, Robert. 1971. “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism.” Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57.10.1086/406755CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, Robert. 1985. Social Evolution. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.Google Scholar
Virkkunen, Matti, Nuutila, A., Goodwin, F. K., and Linnoila, M.. 1987. “Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolite Levels in Male Arsonists.” Archives of General Psychiatry 44:241–47.10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800150053007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virkkunen, Matti, DeJong, Judith, Bartko, John, Goodwin, Frederick K., Linnoila, Markku. 1989. “Relationship of Psychobiological Variables to Recidivism in Violent Offenders and Impulsive Fire Setters: A Follow-up Study.” Archives of General Psychiatry 46:600–603.10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810070026003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voland, E. 1988. “Differential Infant and Child Mortality in Evolutionary Perspective: Data from the Late 17th to 19th Century Ostfriesland (Germany).” In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective, ed. Betzig, L. L., Borgerhoff Mulder, M., and Turke, Paul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Voland, E. 1989. “Differential Parental Investment: Some Ideas on the Contact Area of European Social History and Evolutionary Biology.” In Comparative Socioecology: The Behavioural Ecology of Humans and Other Mammals, ed. Standen, V. and Foley, R. A.. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
de Waal, Frans. 1992. “The Chimpanzee's Sense of Social Regularity and Its Relation to the Human Sense of Justice.” In The Sense of Justice: Biological Foundations of Law, ed. Masters, Roger D. and Gruter, Margaret. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Willhoite, Fred. 1976. “Primates and Political Authority: A Biobehavioral Perspective.” American Political Science Review 70:1110–26.10.2307/1959377CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, George C. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, George C. 1989. “A Sociobiological Expansion of Evolution and Ethics.” In Evolution and Ethics, ed. Paradis, James and Williams, George C.. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, George C. 1993. “Mother Nature Is a Wicked Old Witch.” In Evolutionary Ethics, ed. Nitecki, Matthew and Nitecki, Doris. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, David Sloan. 1983. “The Group Selection Controversy: History and Current Status.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14:159–87.10.1146/annurev.es.14.110183.001111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, David Sloan. 1994. “Adaptive Genetic Variation and Human Evolutionary Psychology.” Ethology and Sociobiology 15:219–35.10.1016/0162-3095(94)90015-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, David Sloan, and Sober, Elliott. 1989. “Reviving the Superorganism.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 136:337–56.10.1016/S0022-5193(89)80169-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, Edward O. 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Edward O. 1978. On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, James Q. 1991. On Character. Washington: AEI Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, James Q. 1993a. The Moral Sense. New York: Free Press.10.2307/2938952CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, James Q. 1993b. “The Moral Sense.” American Political Science Review 87:1–11.10.2307/2938952CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, James Q. 1993c. “The Family-Values Debate.” Commentary 95:24–31.Google Scholar
Wilson, James Q. 1994a. “On Abortion.” Commentary 97:21–29.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, James Q. 1994b. “Abortion Facts and Feelings II—An Exchange.” First Things 43:39–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, James Q., and Herrnstein, Richard. 1985. Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Wrangham, Richard W., McGrew, W. C., de Waal, Frans, and Heltne, Paul G., eds. 1994. Chimpanzee Cultures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Robert. 1994. The Moral Animal: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Yuwiler, Arthur, Brammer, Gary L., and Yuwiler, K. C.. 1994. “The Basics of Serotonin Neurochemistry.” In The Neurotransmitter Revolution: Serotonin, Social Behavior, and the Law, ed. Masters, Roger D. and McGuire, Michael T.. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Zhang, Boshu. 1994. Marxism and Human Sociobiology: The Perspective of Economic Reforms in China. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.