¹ The question as to whether under-secretaries of state are a part of the ministry to which they are attached is discussed by Duguit, , Droit Constitutionnel, vol. II, pp. 494–495.Google Scholar Until 1906 they never attended the meetings of the council of ministers but in that year the ministry decided that henceforth they should attend. Apparently they have only a consultative voice in the deliberations. Constitutionally they are not responsible to the chambers, but Duguit remarks that those who have been vested by decree with determinate functions are in fact responsible. In practice they alway tender their resignations whenever the ministry to which they are attached resigns.