Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T22:11:22.521Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Competing for Liberty: The Republican Critique of Democracy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2012

NADIA URBINATI*
Affiliation:
Columbia University
*
Nadia Urbinati is Kyriakos Tsakopoulos Professor of Political Theory and Hellenic Studies, Columbia University, 7th Floor, International Affairs Building, 420 West 118th Street, New York, NY 10027 ([email protected]).

Abstract

Freedom as non-domination has acquired a leading status in political science. As a consequence of its success, neo-roman republicanism also has achieved great prominence as the political tradition that delivered it. Yet despite the fact that liberty in the Roman mode was forged not only in direct confrontation with monarchy but against democracy as well, the relationship of republicanism to democracy is the great absentee in the contemporary debate on non-domination. This article brings that relationship back into view in both historical and conceptual terms. It illustrates the misrepresentations of democracy in the Roman tradition and shows how these undergirded the theory of liberty as non-domination as a counter to political equality as a claim to taking part in imperium. In so doing it brings to the fore the “liberty side” of democratic citizenship as the equal rights of all citizens to exercise their political rights, in direct or indirect form.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ackerman, Bruce, and Anne Alstott, . 1999. The Stakeholding Society. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah 1965. On Revolution. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1978. The Life of the Mind. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1977. Politics. Trans. Rackham, H.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Atkins, E.M. 2005. “Cicero.” In The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought, eds. Rowe, C. and Schofield, M.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 477516.Google Scholar
Ayres, Philip. 1997. Classical Culture and the Idea of Rome in Eighteenth-century England Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Keith Michael. 1990. Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellamy, Richard. 2007. Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defense of the Constitutionality of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla. 2004. The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents, and Citizens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlin, Isaiah. [1958] 1992. “Two Concepts of Liberty.” In Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 118–72.Google Scholar
Bobbio, Norberto. [1954] 2005. “Della libertá dei moderni comparata a quella dei posteri.” In Politica e cultura. Turin, Italy: Einaudi, 132–62.Google Scholar
Bohman, James. 2007. Democracy across Borders: From Dêmos to Dêmoi. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohman, James. 2008. “Nondomination and Transnational Democracy.” In Republicanism and Political Theory, eds., Laborde, Cécile and Maynor, John. Oxford: Blackwell, 190218.Google Scholar
Cambiano, Giuseppe. 2000. Polis. Un modello per la cultura europea. Roma-Bari: Laterza.Google Scholar
Casassas, David. 2007. “Basic Income and the Republican Ideal: Rethinking Material Independence in Contemporary Societies.” Basic Income Studies 2 (2).Google Scholar
Cartledge, Paul. 2007. “Democracy, Origins of: Contribution to a Debate.” In Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, eds. Raaflaub, Kurt A., Ober, Josiah, and Wallace, Robert W.. Berkeley: University of California Press, 155–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1990. De Officiis. Trans. Miller, Walter. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2008a. On the Commonwealth. In On the Commonwealth and On the Laws, ed. Zetzel, James G.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1103.Google Scholar
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2008b. On the Laws. In On the Commonwealth and On the Laws, ed. Zetzel, James G.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 105–75.Google Scholar
Cohen, Joshua. 1997. “Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy.” In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, eds. Bohman, James and Rehg, William. Cambridge. MA: MIT Press, 6791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, Janet. 2000. From Ancient Greece to Christianity. Vol. 1 of A History of Political Thought. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Constant, Benjamin. [1819] 1998. “The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns.” In Political Writings, ed. Fontana, Biancamaria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 307–28.Google Scholar
Crawford, Michael. 1993. The Roman Republic. 2nd ed. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dagger, Richard. 1997. Civic Virtues: Rights, Citizenship, and Republican Liberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dagger, Richard. 2008. “Autonomy, Domination, and the Republican Challenge to Liberalism.” In Autonomy and the Challenges to Liberalism: New Essays, eds. Christman, John and Anderson, Joel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 177203.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
De Dijn, Anneline. 2008. French Political Thought from Montesquieu to Tocqueville: Liberty in a Leveled Society? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, John. [1927] 1991. The Public and Its Problems. Athens, OH: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Dionysius of Halicarnassus. 19371950. Roman Antiquities. 7 vols. Trans. by Cary, Earnest, on the basis of the version of Edward Spelman. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dunn, John. 2005. Democracy: A History. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.Google Scholar
Elster, Jon. 1997. “The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory.” In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, eds. Bohman, James and Rehg, William. Cambridge. MA: MIT Press, 334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finer, Samuel Edward. 1997. The History of Government from the Earliest Times. 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Furet, François. 1981. Interpreting the French Revolution. Trans. Forster, Elborg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garsten, Brian. 2006. Saving Persuasion: A Defense of Rhetoric and Judgment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerci, Luciano. 1979. Libertà degli antichi e libertà dei moderni. Naples, Italy: Guida.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 1996. Between Facts and Norms: Contribution to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Trans. Rehg, William. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. 1998. “Three Normative Models of Democracy.” In The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, eds. Cronin, Ciaran and De Greiff, Pablo. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 239–52.Google Scholar
Hansen, Mogens Herman. [1991] 1993. The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. Trans. Crook, J. A.. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hansen, Mogens Herman. 1996. “The Ancient Athenian and the Modern Liberal View of Liberty as a Democratic Ideal.” In, Demokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern, eds. Ober, Josiah and Hedrick, Charles. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1104.Google Scholar
Harrington, James. [1656] 1996. The Commonwealth of Oceana. In The Commonwealth of Oceana and a System of Politics, ed. Pocock, J.G.A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3266.Google Scholar
Hartog, François. 2000. “La Révolution française et l'Antiquité. Avenir d'une illusion ou cheminement d'un quiproquo?” In L'Antiquité grecque au XIX siècle. Un exemplum contesté? Préface de Pierre Vidal-Naquet, ed. Avlami, Chryssanthi. Paris: l'Harmattan, 3543.Google Scholar
Jainchill, Andrew. 2008. Reimagining Politics after the Terror: The Republican Origins of French Liberalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Andreas, and Katznelson, Ira. 2008. Liberal Beginnings: Making a Republic for the Moderns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Richard, S. 1997. Democracy and Elections. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelsen, Hans. [1945] 1999. General Theory of Law and State. Trans. Wedberg, Anders. Union, NJ: Lawbook Exchange.Google Scholar
Kraut, Richard. 2002. Aristotle: Political Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laborde, Cécile. 2010. “Republicanism and Global Justice: A Sketch,” European Journal of Political Theory 9 (1): 4869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laborde, Cécile, and Maynor, John. 2008. “The Republican Contribution to Contemporary Political Theory.” In Republican and Political Theory, eds. Laborde, Cécile and Maynor, John W.. Oxford: Blackwell, 130.Google Scholar
Livy, Titus. 1998. The Rise of Rome. Books 1–5. Trans. Luce, T.J.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lovett, Frank. 2010. A General Theory of Domination and Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot, Abbé de, . 1749. Observations sur les Grecs. Geneva: Par la Compagnie des libraires.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. 1997. Discourses on Livy. Trans. with an Introduction and Notes by Bondanella, Julia Conaway. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Manin, Bernard. 1997. The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markell, Patchen. 2008. “The Insufficiency of Non-domination.” Political Theory 36: 936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martí, José Louis, and Pettit, Philip. 2010. A Political Philosophy in Public Life: Civic Republicanism in Zapatero's Spain. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maynor, John. 2003. Republicanism in the Modern World. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
McCormick, John. 2011. Machiavellian Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millar, Fergus. 2002. The Roman Republic in Political Thought: The Menahem Stern Jerusalem Lectures. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Millar, Fergus. 2005. The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Miller, David. 2007. National Responsibility and Global Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milton, John. [1659–60] 1950. “The Ready and Easy Way to establish a Free Commonwealth and the Excellencies thereof Compared with the Inconveniences and Dangers of Re-admitting Kingship in the Nation” (1659–60). In Areopagitica and Other Prose Works, with an Introduction to the “Areopagitica” by Vaughan, C.E.. London: Dent, 162–86.Google Scholar
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de, . 1989. The Spirit of the Laws. Trans. Choler, Anne M., Miller, Basia Carolyn, and Stone, Harold Samuel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nicolet, Claude. 1980. The World of the Citizen in Late Republican Rome. Trans. Falla, P.F.. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ober, Josiah. 1989. Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology, and the Power of the People. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ober, Josiah. 2008. “The Original Meaning of ‘Democracy’: Capacity to Do Things, not Majority Rule.” Constellations 15 (1): 39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostwald, Martin. 1982. Autonomia: Its Genesis and Early History. Chico, CA: Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Palmer, Robert R. [1959] 1970. The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pateman, Carole. 1995. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pettit, Philip. 1997. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Pettit, Philip. 2000. “Democracy: Electoral and Contestatory.” In Nomos XLII: Designing Democratic Institutions, eds. Shapiro, Ian and Macedo, Stephen. New York: New York University Press, 105–46.Google Scholar
Pettit, Philip. 2001. A Theory of Freedom: From the Psychology to the Politics of Agency. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pettit, Philip. 2002. “Keeping Republican Freedom Simple: On a Difference with Quentin Skinner.” Political Theory, 30: 339–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettit, Philip. 2003. “Deliberative Democracy, the Discursive Dilemma, and Republican Theory.” In Debating Deliberative Democracy, eds. Fishkin, James S. and Laslett, Peter. Oxford: Blackwell, 138–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettit, Philip. 2004. “Depoliticizing Democracy.” Ratio Juris 17 (March): 5265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1988. “Are Freedom and Liberty Twins?Political Theory 16 (4): 523–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plato. 1992. Republic. Trans. Grube, G.M.A.. Indianapolis: Hackett.Google Scholar
Pocock, J. G. A. 1975. The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pocock, J. G. A. 1981. “Virtues, Rights, and Manners: A Model for Historians of Political Thought.” Political Theory 9: 353–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podoksik, Efraim. 2010. “One Concept of Liberty: Toward Writing the History of a Political Concept.” Journal of History of Ideas 71 (2): 219–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polybius. 1986. The Rise of the Roman Empire. Trans. Scott-Kilvert, Ian. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1999. “Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense.” In Democracy's Value, eds. Shapiro, Ian and Hacker-Cordón, Cassiano. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2355.Google Scholar
Raaflaub, Kurt A. 1983. “Democracy, Oligarchy, and the Concept of the ‘Free Citizen’ in Late Fifth- century Athens.” Political Theory 11: 517–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raaflaub, Kurt A.. 1996. “Equalities and Inequalities in Athenian Democracy.” In Dēmokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern, eds. Ober, Josiah and Hedrick, Charles. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 139–74.Google Scholar
Raaflaub, Kurt A. 2007. “The Breakthrough of Dēmocratia in Mid-Fifth-Century Athens.” In Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, eds. Raaflaub, Kurt A., Ober, Josiah, and Wallace, Robert W.. Berkeley: University of California Press, 105–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raauflaub, Kurt A., and Wallace, Rober W.. 2007. “‘People's Power’ and Egalitarian Trends in Archaic Greece.” In Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, eds. Raaflaub, Kurt A., Ober, Josiah, and Wallace, Robert W.. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawson, Elizabeth. 1969. The Spartan Tradition in European Thought. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Robbins, Caroline. 1969. Introduction to Two English Republican Tracts: Plato Redivivus by Henty Neville; An Essay upon the Constitution of the Roman Government by Walter Moyle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 359.Google Scholar
Rosanvallon, Pierre. 2008. Counter-democracy: Politics in an Age of Distrust. Trans. Goldhammer, Arthur. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 2004. On the Social Contract. In The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, ed. Gourevich, Victor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 39152.Google Scholar
Sandel, Michael.1995. Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 2009. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Scott, Jonathan. 1991. Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis 1677–1683. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, Jonathan. 1993. “The Rapture of Motion: James Harrington's Republicanism.” In Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain, eds. Phillipson, Nicholas and Skinner, Quentin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 139–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scullard, Howard Hayer. 1959. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68. 5th ed. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 1993. “The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty.” In Machiavelli and Republicanism, eds. Quentin Skinner, G. Bock, and Viroli, Maurizio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 293309.Google Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 1998. Liberty before Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 2002a. “Humanism, Scholasticism, and Popular Sovereignty” (revised version of an essay that originally appeared in 1980 with the title “The Origins of the Calvinist Theory of Revolution”). In Visions of Politics. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2: 245–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 2002b. “The Idea of Negative Liberty: Machiavellian and Modern Perspectives” (revised version of an essay that originally appeared in 1984 with the title “The Idea of Negative Liberty: Philosophical and Historical Perspectives”). In Visions of Politics. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2: 186212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 2002c. “A Third Concept of Liberty.” Proceedings of the British Academy 117: 237–68.Google Scholar
Skinner, Quentin. 2006. “Rethinking Political Liberty.History Workshop Journal 61:156–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slaughter, Steven. 2005. Liberty beyond Neo-Liberalism: A Republican Critique of Liberal Governance in a Globalizing Age. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitz, Jean-Fabien. 2005. Le Moment Républicain en France, Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass. R. 1988. “Beyond the Republican Revival.” Yale Law Journal 97 (8):1539–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Charles [1979] 1992. “What's Wrong with Negative Liberty?” In Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2:211–29.Google Scholar
Taylor, Lily Ross. 1949. Party Politics in the Age of Caesar. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbinati, Nadia. 2006. Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbinati, Nadia. 2010. “Unpolitical Democracy.” Political Theory 38: 6592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venturi, Franco. 1971. Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre. 1991. “The Individual within the City-State.” In Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays, ed. Zeitlin, Froma I.. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 318–33.Google Scholar
Viroli, Maurizio. 1990. “Machiavelli and the Republican Idea of Politics.” In Machiavelli and Republicanism, eds. Quentin Skinner, G. Bock, and Viroli, Maurizio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 181201.Google Scholar
Viroli, Maurizio. 2002. Republicanism, New York: Farrar, Strauss.Google Scholar
Waldemar, Hanasz. 2006. “Toward Global Political Citizenship?Social Philosophy and Politics 23: 282302.Google Scholar
White, Stuart. 2011. “The Republican Critique of Capitalism.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 14 (5): 561–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wirszubski, Ch. 1968. Libertas as a Political Idea at Rome during the Later Republic and Early Principate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wood, Neal. 1988. Cicero's Social and Political Thought. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Yunis, Harvey. 1996. Taming Democracy: Models of Political Rhetoric in Classical Athens. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.