¹ The term mandate, as used in this article, refers not merely to the text of a mandate agreement, but usually to the mandated territory itself.

(a) Area of two principal islands, Savai'i and Upolu.

³ Complete subjugation of South-West Africa was delayed until July, 1915, by the Boer rebellion in South Africa.

⁴ The agreement provided that the three governments should pay £3,500,000 to the British Pacific Phosphate Company, which had acquired a valuable concession under the German régime. Great Britain and Australia were each to pay forty-two per cent of the sum and New Zealand sixteen per cent, while each country might purchase phosphates in the above proportions. So far, Great Britain has purchased practically none, while Australia and New Zealand, as permitted by the agreement, have thus been enabled to buy more than their proportionate share. British Commons Debates, vol. 130, cols. 1300–1307 (June 16, 1920)Google Scholar; Report on Administration of Nauru, 1931, pp. 22–25Google Scholar.

⁵ Australian Parl. Debates, p. 2189 (Nov. 10, 1932)Google Scholar.

⁶ General Griffiths, though a professional military man, has had the widest experience among the administrators of Dominion mandates, for he served as military administrator of New Guinea prior to 1921, and then as civil administrator of Nauru in 1921–27. Finally, in June, 1932, he was appointed acting administrator of New Guinea for a year. Permanent Mandates Commission, Minutes, XXII, pp. 56–58Google Scholar.

⁷ Ibid., XXII, p. 58; XIII, pp. 229, 230.

⁸ Ibid., III, pp. 294, 295.

⁹ Mr. Beasley, Australian minister in charge of Nauru in the Scullin government, stated, after this government resigned, that it was difficult to get unbiased information regarding conditions in Nauru. He mentioned particularly Administrator Newman's attempt, first to make Chief Detudamo head chief against the wishes of the other chiefs and, failing this, to depose all chiefs. Newman allowed only such information as he desired to reach Australia, and could dominate an investigator because the community was so small. Mr. C. W. C. Marr, minister in charge of Nauru in the Lyons government, announced in Parliament that Mr. Newman was not to be reappointed upon expiration of his five-year term in December, 1932. Australian Pad. Debates, pp. 2623–2625 (Nov. 22, 1932)Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Ibid., p. 2188 (Nov. 10, 1932).

¹¹ Members of the Fono of 1931 were appointed for one year only, so as to give those Samoans who did not at once coöperate with the administration another chance to nominate Faipules. In 1932, a new Fono was constituted by the same procedure as in 1931, except that the Faipules was appointed for three years. Report on Administration of Western Samoa, 1930–1931, pp. 3, 4Google Scholar; 1931–32, pp. 2, 3.

¹² Australian Parl. Debates, pp. 2188, 2189 (Nov. 10, 1932)Google Scholar.

¹³ Permanent Mandates Commission, Minutes, XX, pp. 57–59, 233Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Report on Administration of Western Samoa, 1929–1930, p. 14Google Scholar; 1930–31, p. 14; 1931–32, p. 9.

¹⁵ In 1930, the South-West African police force consisted of 274 Europeans and 214 natives. By 1932, the European force had been reduced by one third and the native by more than one half. Report on Administration of South-West Africa, 1930, p. 16Google Scholar; 1931, p. 12.

¹⁶ Samoa Police: 1929–30, European 50, native 30; 1931–32, European 22, native 38. Report on Administration of Western Samoa, 1929–1930, p. 19Google Scholar; 1931–32, p. 11.

¹⁷ Ibid., 1931–32, p. 18.

¹⁸ Australian Parl. Debates, p. 4249 (Sept. 11, 1924)Google Scholar; p. 1773 (Nov. 2, 1932).

¹⁹ Prior to retrenchments caused by the depression, there were, in 1929, fifteen departments in Western Samoa. Report on Administration of Western Samoa, 1929–1930, p. 24Google Scholar; 1931–32, p. 14.

²⁰ The unification of the Samoan public service with that of New Zealand was in accordance with the recommendations of the Verschaffelt Park Berendsen Public Service Report of 1928. Sir Thomas Wilford informed the Permanent Mandates Commission, on November 5, 1931, that budgetary conditions made it impossible to establish a special civil service for Western Samoa. Ibid., 1931–32, p. 3; Permanent Mandates Commission, Minutes, XXI, p. 147Google Scholar.

²¹ In 1929, a Nauruan was appointed head of the new department of Nauruan Affairs. Report on Administration of Nauru, 1929, p. 7Google Scholar.

²² Permanent Mandates Commission, Minutes, XXII, p. 46Google Scholar; Report on Administration of Nauru, 1932, pp. 9, 13Google Scholar.

²³ In 1930, the grant for native welfare was cut to £5,000, and since then it has been omitted. Report on Administration of New Guinea, 1930–1931, p. 60Google Scholar.

²⁴ Customs duties were increased in 1925–26 to compensate for the abolition of the business and income taxes on Europeans. The export tax on copra, though reduced during the prosperous year of 1928, became burdensome to the planters during the depression, as the price of copra fell. In 1931, they demanded the removal of this duty. Ibid., 1927–28, p. 42; Australian Parl. Debates, p. 4604 (July 29, 1931)Google Scholar.

^24a See note 22 supra.

²⁵ These duties were raised in 1931–32 as part of the attempt to make the territory self-supporting.

²⁶ £2 per matai, or head of a family, and £l,16s. per taulealea, or young man, in 1926.

²⁷ Prior to the depression, loans were made principally for settlement of Europeans and for water-boring. In 1930–31, the budget deficit covered by loan was £120,000 and in 1931–32, £242,000. At a meeting of the Permanent Mandates Commission in June, 1933, Professor Rappard noted that a large part of the advances made by South Africa to South-West Africa had to be used to meet interest charges on the territory's debt. Unless the situation should improve, he feared that the territory would soon be bankrupt. Mr. te Water, accredited representative of South Africa, replied that Mr. Rappard had not exaggerated the situation. Permanent Mandates Commission, Minutes, XXII, pp. 31, 369Google Scholar; XXIII, pp. 85, 86, 192; Report on Administration of South-West Africa, 1931, p. 14Google Scholar; 1932, pp. 13–15. See note 22 supra.

²⁸ The administration's custom of making the natives pay for branding irons retained by the administration has been another native grievance.

²⁹ The grant was cut to £5,000 in 1930–31 and omitted the following year. There was a decrease in expenditure for health, education, and agriculture in 1930–31, as compared with the previous year, and a further decrease in 1931–32. Report on Administration of New Guinea, 1930–1931, pp. 28, 32, 78, 82Google Scholar; 1931–32, pp. 30, 33, 81.

³⁰ Australian Parl. Debates, p. 1774 (Nov. 2, 1932)Google Scholar. In 1931–32, £59,365 were expended in New Guinea for health. Report on Administration of New Guinea, 1931–1932, p. 33Google Scholar.

³¹ Report on Administration of Western Samoa, 1931–1932, pp. 19, 25Google Scholar. Permanent Mandates Commission, Minutes, XXII, p. 78Google Scholar.

³² In 1931–32, £14,604 was spent on native education, as compared with £13,-123 the previous year. Total educational expenditure in 1931-32 was £132,973. Report on Administration of South-West Africa, 1931, pp. 12–21Google Scholar; 1932, pp. 13–15.

³³ Report on Administration of Nauru, 1931, p. 7Google Scholar; Report on Administration of New Guinea, 1930–1931, p. 23Google Scholar; Report on Administration of South-West Africa, 1931, pp. 67, 68Google Scholar; 1932, pp. 30, 31.

³⁴ At the 1932 session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, Mr. te Water, South African representative, expressed the regrets of his government that the depression prevented the sending of a South-West African official to the Commission that year. Permanent Mandates Commission, Minutes, XXII, p. 20Google Scholar.

³⁵ Ibid., XXII, pp. 23–25.