¹ Ford, , American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 15, pp. 96–104.Google Scholar The desirable historical introduction to this article is provided by my article on “Sociology before Comte,” in the American Journal of Sociology, September, 1917; and Dunning's, Political Theories from Rousseau to Spencer, pp. 345–7, 377–407.Google Scholar Much the best brief survey of modern sociological doctrines is to be found in Ross, , Foundations of Sociology, pp. 256–352.Google Scholar The most satisfactory history of sociological theory in English is L. M. Bristol, Social Adaptation.

² Small, , American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 15, p. 259.Google Scholar

³ New Republic, November 17, 1917, supplement, p. 3.

⁴ Ward, , Pure Sociology, p. 91.Google Scholar The Dewey library classification also gave sociology a generic and comprehensive significance which few sociologists have ever had the audacity to approve, but it helped to alarm the political scientists and economists.

⁵ Hobhouse, , The Sociological Review, I (1908), p. 8.Google Scholar This also is the position of Durkheim.

⁶ Small, article “Sociology,” in the new edition of the Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 25, p. 208.

⁷ Giddings, , Principles of Sociology, p. 8.Google Scholar

⁸ Cf. ibid., p. 37; Political Science Quarterly, December, 1909, pp. 571ff. Cf. also the various articles by Dean Roscoe Pound on sociological jurisprudence. See the complete bibliography of his writings in the Centennial History of the Harvard Law School.

⁹ Cf. Small, General Sociology; Beard, Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, ch. i.

¹⁰ Cf. Spencer, Social Statics, and Man Versus the State; Novicow, Les Luttes entre sociétés humaines; Le Bon, La Psychologie politique; Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to each Other.

¹¹ Kropotkin, Mutual Aid as a Factor in Evolution; Anarchism, Its Philosophy and Ideal.

¹² See their works and doctrines summarized in Coker's, Organismic Theories of the State, pp. 115ff.Google Scholar

¹³ Novicow maintained that the intellectual aristocracy was the real brain of the social organism, and Spencer opposed state activity.

¹⁴ De Greef, Introduction à la sociologie; Fouillée, La Science sociale contemporaine.

¹⁵ Gierke, Das deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht; Die Genossenschaftstheorie; Maitland, Gierke's Political Theories of the Middle Ages, introduction; Collected Papers, III, pp. 210ff.

¹⁶ For names, titles and contributions of the psychological sociologists, see section X below.

¹⁷ Ratzenhofer, Wesen und Zweck der Politik; Small, , General Sociology, pp. 226ff.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Though this work is regarded by many penetrating critics as the most notable American contribution to political theory, it is not analyzed in Professor Merriam's excellent survey of recent American political doctrines.

¹⁹ Gumplowicz, Der Rassenkampf; Grundriss der Sociologie; Oppenheimer, The State; Loria, The Economic Foundations of Society. Cf. Giddings, , “A Theory of History,” Political Science Quarterly, December, 1920, p. 507.Google Scholar

²⁰ Giddings, , The Responsible State, pp. 48ff.Google Scholar Cf. Inductive Sociology, pp. 210ff.

²¹ Ward, , Pure Sociology, p. 555.Google Scholar

²² Stein, , La Question sociale, pp. 122, 225ff, 269ff, 351Google Scholar; Philosophische Strömungen der Gegenwart, ch. xv.

²³ Hobhouse, , Democracy and Reaction, p. 207Google Scholar; Social Evolution and Political Theory, pp. 186ff; The Metaphysical Theory of the State.

²⁴ Durkheim, , De la Division du travail social (2nd ed., 1902)Google Scholar, preface; Le Suicide pp. 434ff.

²⁵ Cole, Self-Government in Industry, Social Theory, Guild-Socialism. Cf. Political Science Quarterly, December, 1920, pp. 665–69. On the subject of pluralistic theories see Coker, , American Political Science Review, May, 1921, pp. 186–213.Google Scholar

²⁶ Lowie, , Primitive Society, p. 185.Google Scholar

²⁷ Ibid., pp. 389–90.

²⁸ Ibid., pp. 390–96.

²⁹ Hume, , Essays Moral, Political and Literary, I, pp. 113–14Google Scholar; II, pp. 197ff., 204; Ferguson, A History of Civil Society.

³⁰ Giddings, , Principles of Sociology, p. 316Google Scholar; Hayes, , An Introduction to the Study of Sociology, pp. 538ff.Google Scholar

³¹ The most notable contribution to this point of view is Oppenheimer's The State; the most extreme view is to be found in Loria's Economic Foundations of Society.

³² Spencer, , Principles of Sociology, II, pp. 569ff.Google Scholar

³³ Bagehot, Physics and Politics.

³⁴ Giddings, Principles of Sociology, bk. iii.

³⁵ Oppenheimer, The State.

³⁶ Hobhouse, , Morals in Evolution (ed. 1915), pp. 42ff.Google Scholar

³⁷ See section X below.

³⁸ Perhaps the first comprehensive achievement of this sort which appeared in English was Professor Richmond Mayo-Smith's two books, Statistics and Sociology and Statistics and Economics.

³⁹ See especially Ripley, Races of Europe, chs. vi, xvii; Boas, Mind of Primitive Man, ch. i. For hold-overs of the old doctrine, see Demolins, Anglo-Saxon Superiority; McDougall, The Group Mind; Wells, Outline of History.

⁴⁰ A significant contribution to this subject which reviews much of the important literature is Tenney's Social Democracy and Population. See also Todd, Theories of Social Progress, chs. xvi–xx.

⁴¹ Giddings, , “A Provisional Distribution of the Population of the United States into Psychological Classes” in the Psychological Review, July, 1901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Cf. Sumner, , Folkways, pp. 40ffGoogle Scholar; Lichtenberger, , “The Social Significance of Mental Levels,” in Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. 15Google Scholar; McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy?

⁴² Giddings, Principles of Sociology, bk. ii, ch. i; Elements of Sociology, pp. 201–202.

⁴³ See especially the introduction to his Erdkünde. His significant doctrines have been translated by W. L. Gage as Ritter's Geographical Essays.

⁴⁴ His important contributions to this specific subject are Der Staat und sein Boden, and Politische Geographie.

⁴⁵ See his Nouvelle géographie universelle; La Terre et l'Homme.

⁴⁶ Semple, American History in Its Geographic Conditions; Influences of Geographic Environment.

⁴⁷ A comprehensive but ill-organized survey of this literature is contained in Koller's The Theory of Environment. A systematic treatment by Professor J. F. Thomas is under way.

⁴⁸ Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution.

⁴⁹ Commons, “A Sociological View of Sovereignty,” in American Journal of Sociology, Vols. 5–6. Loria, The Economic Foundations of Society. Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class; The Vested Interests.

⁵⁰ Gumplowicz, Outlines of Sociology; Oppenheimer, The State.

⁵¹ Ratzenhofer, Wesen und Zweck der Politik; Small, , General Sociology, pp. 193ff, 242Google Scholar; Bentley, The Process of Government.

⁵² Giddings, , “Sovereignty and Government,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 21Google Scholar; The Responsible State, pp. 36–48.

⁵³ Cf. Coker, loc. cit.

⁵⁴ Cf. Laski, Studies in the Problem of Sovereignty, ch. i; Figgis, Churches in the Modern State; Duguit, , Law in the Modern State; Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, pp. 284–95.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Ross, Social Control.

⁵⁶ Trotter, Instincts of the Herd; Wallas, The Great Society; Tarde, Les Transformations du pouvoir. The psychological factors in the state are classified in section X below.

⁵⁷ Bentley, , The Process of Government, pp. 305ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Ward, , The Psychic Factors of Civilization, pp. 311ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Giddings, Elements of Sociology, ch. xxiv.

⁶⁰ Cooley, , Social Organization, especially pts. i–iii.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Maciver, Community, a Sociological Study; Follett, The New State; Geddes, Cities in Evolution.

⁶² Cf. Hobhouse, Democracy and Reaction; Giddings, Democracy and Empire.

⁶³ Comte, , Principles of a Positive Polity, III, p. 326.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Spencer, , The Principles of Sociology, II, pp. 568ff.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Bagehot, Physics and Politics.

⁶⁶ Small, , General Sociology, pp. 193ff.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Tarde, , Les Transformations du pouvoir, pp. 212–13.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Ross, , Social Control, p. 79.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ For the most elaborate formal treatment of the type, structure and persistence of social groups, which Professors Small and Ellwood have well called “social geometry,” see Simmel, Soziologie, Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung.

⁷⁰ Cf. De Greef, La Constituante et le régime representatif; Durkheim, De la Division du travail social (2nd ed.), preface; Le Suicide, pp. 434ff.; Wallas, Human Nature in Politics; The Great Society; McDougall, The Group Mind; Cooley, Social Organization.

⁷¹ See the works of Gumplowicz, Oppenheimer, Ratzenhofer, Small and Bentley referred to above; also Ward, , “The Sociology of Political Parties,” American Journal of Sociology, January, 1908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷² See especially, Le Bon, The Crowd.

⁷³ Wallas, Human Nature in Politics.

⁷⁴ Giddings, , The Responsible State, pp. 18ff.Google Scholar; American Journal of Sociology, March, 1920, pp. 539ff.

⁷⁵ Michels, Political Parties; a Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Political Parties.

⁷⁶ For example, Tarde, Giddings and Ludwig Stein.

⁷⁷ Durkheim, De la Division du travail social (2nd ed.), preface.

⁷⁸ Cole, Social Theory; Guild Socialism.

⁷⁹ For example, R. M. Maciver and M. P. Follett. Both of these writers, of course, make common interest rather than geographical proximity the real test of community. For the most thorough sociological discussion of the distinction between society, state and community see Tönnies, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft.

⁸⁰ Geddes, Cities in Evolution; Geddes and Branford, The Coming Polity; Brun, Le Régionalisme.

⁸¹ Vaccaro, , Les Bases sociologiques du droit et de l'état, pp. 472ff.Google Scholar

⁸² Cf. Stein, Philosophische Strömungen der Gegenwart, ch. xv.

⁸³ Cf. Trotter, Instincts of the Herd; Ross, Social Psychology; and, above all, Sumner, Folkways.

⁸⁴ Giddings, , Inductive Sociology, pp. 225ffGoogle Scholar; Ross, , Social Control, pp. 411ff.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Giddings, , “Pluralistic Behavior,” American Journal of Sociology, January and March, 1920.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Hobhouse, Liberalism, especially ch. ii.

⁸⁷ Giddings, , Principles of Sociology, pp. 418–19Google Scholar; The Responsible State, pp. 59–68; Hobhouse, , Social Evolution and Political Theory, pp. 196–200Google Scholar; Cooley, Social Organization, pp. 46–48.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Giddings, , Principles of Sociology, p. 418.Google Scholar This doctrine is, of course, destructive of that theory of natural rights which has flourished in the chambers of the United States Supreme Court.

⁸⁹ Giddings, , The Responsible State, p. 65.Google Scholar Graham Wallas has also emphasized this point of view in Our Social Heritage, Ch. viii.

⁹⁰ Cf. Pound, , “A Theory of Social Interests,” Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. 15, (1920).Google Scholar

⁹¹ Professor A. J. Todd has produced a comprehensive compilation of the various notions of social progress. See his Theories of Social Progress. Professor A. A. Tenney has been working for some time on a plan to present an objective estimate and measurement of progress. Gumplowicz and Le Bou differ from most sociologists in denying that there is any definitive verifiable progress.

⁹² Spencer, First Principles, pt. ii; The Study of Sociology; Novicow, Lea Luttes entre sociétés humaines; Sumner, , “The Absurd Attempt to Make the World Over,” War and Other Essays, pp. 195–210Google Scholar; Gumplowicz, , Outlines of Sociology, p. 207.Google Scholar While a believer in spontaneous development, Gumplowicz inclined to the view of cycles rather than progress in history.

⁹³ Ward, , Pure Sociology, pp. 463ff., 551, 573–75Google Scholar; Hobhouse, Development and Purpose; Social Evolution and Political Theory, ch. vii; Wallas, Our Social Heritage.

⁹⁴ Spencer, Social Statics; Man versus the State; Principles of Ethics, pt. iv; Study of Sociology, pp. 270–71.

⁹⁵ Novicow, , Les Luttes entre sociétés humaines, pp. 277, 335, 341, 355, 494, 604.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Gumplowicz, , Socialphilosophie im Umriss, pp. 77–90.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other.

⁹⁸ Mallock, Aristocracy and Evolution; The Limits of Socialism; Le Bon, La Psychologie politique; Le Play, L'Organisation de la famille; La Constitution essentielle de l'humanité.

⁹⁹ Ward, , Dynamic Sociology, II, pp. 212–50Google Scholar; Outlines of Sociology, pp. 187–89; Psychic Factors of Civilization, pp. 309–12; Pure Sociology, pp. 568–69. Cf. Dealey, , “Eudemics, a Science of National Welfare,” Publications of the American Sociological Society, Vol. 15, 1920.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Hobhouse, Social Evolution and Political Theory, chs. viii–ix; Stein, , La Question sociale, pp. 122, 267ff., 281ff., 314Google Scholar; Schäffle, , Bau und Leben des socialen Körpers, II, pp. 427ff.Google Scholar; The Quintessence of Socialism; Duprat, , Morals; a Treatise on the Psycho-Sociological Basis of Ethics, pp. 204ff., 256ff., 274ff.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Giddings, , Principles of Sociology, p. 353.Google Scholar In later years and especially since the World War, Professor Giddings has moved further forwards a eulogy of state-activity.

¹⁰² Cooley, , Social Organization, p. 403.Google Scholar Cf. Ross, , Principles of Sociology, p. 624.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Ward, , Glimpses of the Cosmos, II, pp. 168–71.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Durkheim, De la Division du travail social (2nd ed.), preface.

¹⁰⁵ See Laski, Authority in the Modern State, ch. v, for a good review of administrative syndicalism.

¹⁰⁶ Novicow, , Les Luttes entre sociétés humaines, pp. 125ff., 239ff., 345.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Gumplowicz, Der Rassenkampf; Das Osterreichische Staatsrecht.

¹⁰⁸ De Greef, Structure generale des sociétés. Cf. Political Science Quarterly, Sept. 1910, pp. 505–8; and American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 10, pp. 64.

¹⁰⁹ Cf. Commons, Races and Immigrants in America; Ross, The Old World in the New; Fairchild, Immigration.

¹¹⁰ Tarde, , Les Transformations du pouvoir, p. 175.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ Gumplowicz, , Outlines of Sociology, pp. 150–53.Google Scholar

¹¹² Giddings, Democracy and Empire, especially chs. i, xvii.

¹¹³ Novieow, La Critique du Darwinism social; Nicolai, The Biology of War

¹¹⁴ Cf. Hobhouse, , Morals in Evolution, p. 68Google Scholar; Question of War and Peace. Sumner, War and Other Essays.

¹¹⁵ Novicow, La Fédération de l'Europe.

¹¹⁶ Giddings, , “The Basis of an Enduring Peace,” in The Publications of the American Association for International Conciliation, April, 1917, No. 113, pp. 16–17.Google Scholar For a thorough discussion of the relation of cultural homogeneity and likemindedness to any effective internationalism see Tenney, , “Theories of Social Organization and the Problem of International Peace,” Political Science Quarterly, March, 1915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹¹⁷ Vaccaro, , Les Bases sociologiques du droit et de l'état, pp. 473ff.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Cf. Lippmann, Preface to Politics; Ross, Social Control.

¹¹⁹ Giddings, , “Social Self-Control,” in Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4 (1909)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “Pluralistic Behavior,” in American Journal of Sociology, January and March, 1920.

¹²⁰ Sumner, Folkways.

¹²¹ Giddings, , Inductive Sociology, pp. 91ff.Google Scholar

¹²² Tarde, Social Laws; Les Transformations du Pouvoir.

¹²³ Durkheim, Les Règles de la méthode sociologique; The Elementary Forms of Religious Life; Le Bon, The Crowd; Sighele, Psychologie des sectes.

¹²⁴ Trotter, Instincts of the Herd.

¹²⁵ Ross, Social Control, chs. xiii–xv; Social Psychology, ch. ii; Sidis, The Psychology of Suggestion; Davenport, Primitive Traits in Religious Revivals; Wallas, Human Nature in Politics.

¹²⁶ McDougall, Social Psychology; The Group Mind.

¹²⁷ Sutherland, The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct.

¹²⁸ Kidd, Social Evolution.

¹²⁹ Fouillée, L'Evolutionisme des idées-forces, especially introduction.

¹³⁰ In addition to the works of these authors which have been mentioned above, see Galton, Hereditary Genius; Inquiries into the Human Faculties; Mumford, “The Origins of Leadership,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 12.

¹³¹ See their works as cited above.

¹³² Ward, , Dynamic Sociology, II, ch. xiv.Google Scholar

¹³³ Ellwood, Sociology in Its Psychological Aspects. For the best guide to the literature of this subject see Howard's Syllabus of Social Psychology.

¹³⁴ Cf. Giddings, Principles of Sociology, bk. ii, ch. i; Small, , General Sociology, pp. 193ff.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Cf. Lippmann's review of McDougall's Group Mind in the New Republic, December 15, 1920.

¹³⁶ Giddings, , “Concepts and Methods of Sociology,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 10Google Scholar; “A Theory of Social Causation,” Publications of the American Economic Association, third series, V, No. 2; Article “Sociology,” in New International Encyclopedia; American Journal of Psychology, July, 1913, pp. 360–77; Ibid., April, 1918, pp. 159–81; Psychoanalytic Review, January, 1921, pp. 22–37.

¹³⁷ Small, , American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 15, pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ Probably Althusius will, sooner or later, be regarded as the real “founder” of sociology.

¹³⁹ Political Science, II, p. 365. Cited by Merriam, , American Political Ideas, p. 155.Google Scholar Small wonder that Professor Burgess was not succeeded by the author of Social Reform and the Constitution.

¹⁴⁰ Those who care to follow further a more detailed consideration of the contributions of leading sociologists to political theory will find articles in the American Journal of Sociology, September, 1917, July and September, 1919, September, 1921, to July, 1922; the Journal of Race Development, April, 1919; the Philosophical Review, May, 1919; the Political Science Quarterly, June, 1920; the American Journal of Psychology, October, 1920; the Encyclopedia Americana (1920) Vol. 25, pp. 166–86; the Journal of International Relations, October, 1921; and the English Sociological Review, 1921–2.