1 Stanford v. Kentucky 1989, 492 U.S. 361, 402-404 (1989) (discussing the proportionality of punishment).

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4 Dines Bhugra, Religion and Mental Health, in Psychiatry and Religion: Context, Consensus, and Controversies 1-3 (1996).

5 See Julie M. Fenster, Mavericks, Miracles, and Medicine 190 (2003).

6 Id.

7 Id. at 192.

8 Id. at 190.

9 Id. at 192.

10 Phrenology.com, Phrenological Map, http://www.phrenology.com/phrenology.jpg (last visited July 2, 2007).

11 Fenster, supra note 7, at 192.

12 Id.

13 Id. at 191-192.

14 Id. at 197.

15 Mary Gibson, Born To Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology, 19 (2002).

16 Id. at 20.

17 Id. at 11.

18 Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, 124 (1st ed. 1981).

19 Gibson, supra note 15, at 23.

20 Id.

21 Id. at 27.

22 See id. at 26.

23 See id. at 210-241.

24 Crimeculture.com, Victorian Detective Fiction, http://www.crimeculture.com/Contents/VictorianCrime.html (last visited July 2, 2007) (reprinted with permission).

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28 Id. at 1102.

29 Antonia Damasio, supra note 25, at 8.

30 Id. at 1104 (reprinted with permission).

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35 R.B. Chronister & S.G.P. Hardy, The Limbic System, in Fundamental Neuroscience, 443, 444 (Duane E. Haines, M.D., ed. 1997).

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39 This image depicts inner structures of the human brain, including the limbic system. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Understanding the Brain—Towards a New Learning Science, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/50/26/15355602.gif (last visited July 2, 2007) (reprinted with permission).

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48 Novelline, supra note 47, at 603.

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54 Peter Maas, Underboss 185-86 (HarperCollins Publishers 1997).

55 Id.

56 Richard E. Vatz & Lee S. Weinberg, Getting Away With Murder: Vincent Gigante and Exculpatory Psychiatry, USA Today Magazine, Mar. 2004, at 26, 27.

57 Id. at 27.

58 Id. at 27-28.

59 Andy Newman, Gigante Says He Was Crazy … Like a Fox, N.Y. Times, Apr. 8, 2003, at D1.

60 Brickford Y. Brown, et al., Are We Out of the Gray Area Yet? Recent Developments in the Use of PET and SPECT Scans to Prove Causation and Injury in Toxic Tort Litigation, http://www.morankikerbrown.com/CM/Articles/Articles67.asp.

61 Personal communication with Dr. Brodie as well as a letter written to the Judge in this case, written by Dr. Brodie and furnished to the authors.

62 Newman, supra note 59.

63 Id. Testimony Before Texas State House of Representatives Committee on Criminal Jurisprudence Re: HB 614, Michael Welner, April 8,2003, available at http://www.forensicpanel.com/aboutus/pressroom/2003_04_08_texastestimony2.htm.

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66 This information derives from Dr. Edersheim's clinical practice.

67 The case that follows was described to the authors by one of their colleagues, derived from their colleague's clinical experience.

68 This image, taken during the course of Dr. Price's clinical practice, depicts an axial brain MRI scan demonstrating selective atrophy of the frontal lobes.

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80 Id.

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83 Id. This image, taken during the course of Dr. Price's clinical practice, depicts an axial brain MRI scan demonstrating left frontal lobe damage in GK. By convention, the left brain appears on the examiners right. The axial plane is the view from the patient's feet upward into the brain.

84 See Mark Williams, Man who Started Fire Had Had A Lobotomy, South Coast Today, Jun. 6, 1996, available at http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/07-96/07-06-96/a03wn022.htm.

85 This image, taken during the course of Dr. Price's clinical practice, depicts an axial brain CAT scan demonstrating bilateral frontal lobe trauma. CAT scans are generally limited to axial orientation only. MRI scans can image in any orientation: axial, coronal, or sagittal.

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97 This information derives from Dr. Edersheim's clinical practice.

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101 Id.

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109 The case that follows was described to the authors by one of their colleagues, derived from their colleague's clinical experience.

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114 Kiehl, K.A. et al., Limbic Abnormalities in Affective Processing by Criminal Psychopaths as Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 50 Biological Psychiatry 677, 677 (2001).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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118 Symposium, Will brain imaging be [sic] lie detector test of the future?, Harv. U. Gazette, Feb. 8-14, 2007 at 1.

119 Id.

120 See, e.g., George W. Maschke & Gino J. Scalabrini, The Lie Behind The Lie Detector, Chapter 4 (4th digital edition), available at http://antipolygraph.org/pubs.shtml.

121 Id.

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131 Id. at 322.

132 Id. at 329.

133 Id. at 329-30.

134 A. Raine, et al., Brain Abnormalities in Murderers Indicated by Positron Emission Tomography, supra note 116, at 496.

135 Id.

136 Id.

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