A resolution of the present citizenship status of women as nationals of the United States presents certain difficulties, which arise mainly from three differing phases of our national policy: (1) the operation of the common law as decisive of this question until March 2, 1907; (2) the enactment of March 2, 1907, in part declaratory, and in part in derogation, of the pre-existing law as it applied to the citizenship of women; (3) the Cable Act of September 22, 1922, inaugurating a distinct policy unknown to the common law, and the amendments made thereto by Acts of Congress of July 3, 1930, and March 3, 1931.

There are times when, as I look at the regulations of the countries of the world affecting immigrants, I see in my mind’s eye the building up of walled-in countries, much like the wall-encircled towns of the medieval period. I see the doors that lead to them closing more and more against the stranger. The development of international interests in our economic world seems to have sagged. In a sense, we are reverting to that stage in our history when our concern centered solely around each of ourselves, nor took into account the needs of others.

Under a special agreement signed December 17, 1930, the United States agreed to arbitrate (pursuant to the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes signed at The Hague, October 18, 1907) with the Government of Sweden the questions:

First, Whether the Government of the United States of America detained the Swedish motorship Kronprins Gustaf Adolf between June 23, 1917, and July 12, 1918, and the Swedish motorship Pacific between July 1, 1917, and July 19, 1918, in contravention of the Swedish-American treaties of April 3, 1783 and July 4, 1827.

The problem of the withdrawal of the mandates system from a territory subject to a League of Nations mandate under Article 22 of the Covenant has aroused considerable academic controversy for a decade. Not until quite recently, however, did the problem receive a comprehensive investigation and solution by official organs of the League of Nations. The present article has the purpose of setting forth the pertinent facts of this investigation, and the general principles adopted as a result thereof, governing termination of mandates.

Federation in Central America. The organization of an international court in Central America was greatly facilitated by the fact that since their independence began the five Central American states have had a tradition of solidarity. This tradition has persisted in spite of frequent dissensions, and it has been expressed in numerous attempts at federation. Under the Spanish régime, the Vice-royalty of Guatemala included in its five provinces the territory of what is now the five states. It was this dependency which declared its independence in 1821. Two years later the Republic of the United States of Central America was formed, and it continued for some years. Later attempts at union were made in 1835, 1842, 1847, 1852, 1889, and 1895, all of them more or less abortive, as was the latest attempt in 1921. Unanimous agreement of the five states was always difficult to achieve; distances were great and communications difficult; and no pressing need made union imperative. Yet the attempts at federation were renewed from time to time, over a period of a century. They had the effect of encouraging cooperation in many fields, and led to the efforts in 1902, 1907 and 1921 to create a judicial agency for the handling of disputes between the five states.