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United States’ Return to UNESCO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2017

Sean D. Murphy
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Abstract

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Type
Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 97 , Issue 4 , October 2003 , pp. 977 - 979
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2003

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References

1 See Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Nov. 16,1945, pmbl., TIAS No. 1580, 4 UNTS 275, 276.

2 See Letter from U.S. Secretary of State George Schultz to UNESCO Director-General Amadou Mahtar M'Bow (Dec. 28,1983), reprintedin 23ILM 220 (1984) (containing also the response by Director-General M'Bow). Article 2(6) of the UNESCO Constitution expressly permits withdrawal by a member.

3 See U.S. Statement on UNESCO, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 30, 1983, at A4.

4 «U.S.DEP'TOFSTATE,U.S./UNESCO POLICY REVIEW REPORT (Feb. 27, 1984);U.S.DEP'TOFSTATE,THEACTIVITIES OF UNESCO SINCE U.S. WITHDRAWAL: A REPORT BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE, Pub. No. 9771 (April 1990) (providing a description of the reasons that the United States gave for its withdrawal); Bernard Gwertzman, U.S. Is Quitting UNESCO, Affirms Backingfor U.N., N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 30,1983, at Al; Michael Dobbs, U.S. Quits UNESCO; Move Seen as Blow to Controversial Agency, WASH. POST, Jan. 1,1985, at Al. For analyses of the withdrawal, see Michael J. Farley, Comment: Conflicts over Government Control of Information—The United States and UNESCO, 59 TUL. L. REV. 1071 (1985); Peri A. Hoffer, Upheaval in the UN System: The United States'Withdrawal from UNESCO, 12 BROOK.J. INT'LL. 161 (1986); Joel H. Rosenthal, The Withdrawal from UNESCO: International Organizations and the U.S. Role, CARNEGIE COUNCIL ON ETHICS AND INT'LAFF., CASE STUDYIN ETHICS AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NO. 10 (1990), at <http://www.cceia.org>.

5 SeeU.S. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE, UNESCO: IMPROVEMENTS IN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, NO. GAO/NSIAD- 93-159 (1993), at<http://www.gao.gov>.

6 See, e.g., Jay M. Vogelson, UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 30 INT'LLAW. 676 (1996) (American Bar Association's recommendation).

7 U.S. DEP't OF STATE, U.S. PARTICIPATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS (1995-2001), at <http://www.state.gov>.

8 See UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Records of the General Conference, 28th Sess., 1995, vol. 3, UNESCO Doc. No. 28/C Proceedings (1997), at <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001086/108623mo.pdf>; see atoU.S.DEP'TOFSTATE, U.S. PARTICIPATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS (1996), «/<http://www.state.gov>. Similarly, the State Department asserted in 1998 that “the United States has concluded that UNESCO has satisfactorily addressed the issues that led to U.S. wididrawal in December 1984,” but that “budgetary constraints continue to impede U.S. reentry.” U.S. DEP't OF STATE, U.S. PARTICIPATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS (1998), at <http://www.state.gov>.

9 Address to the United Nations General Assembly in New York City, 38 WEEKLY COMP. PRES. Doc. 1529 (Sept. 16, 2002).

10 White House Fact Sheet, United States Rejoins UNESCO (Sept. 12, 2002), at <http://www.whitehouse.gov>.

11 See Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003, Pub. L. No. 107-228, §407, 116 Stat. 1350, 1391.

12 See Report from the White House to Congress on United States Membership in the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (n.d.) (on file at GWU); see also U.S. Dep't of State Fact Sheet, The United States Rejoins UNESCO (Sept. 22, 2003), at <http://www.state.gov> (providing a summary of the reasons given in the report).

13 See EXECUTFVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE U.S., BUDGET OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, FlSCAI. YEAR2004,at216 (2003), at <http://w3.access.gpo.gov/usbudget/index.html>; seeato U.S.GENERALACCOUNTING OFFICE, STATUS OF REFORMS AND BUDGETS OF THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) 1, No. GAO-03-565R (Mar. 28, 2003), at <http://www.gao.gov>.

14 See Keith B. Richburg, U.S. Rejoining U.N. Agency After 19 Years, WASH. POST, Sept. 30, 2003, at A10.

15 White House Press Release on Remarks by First Lady Laura Bush to UNESCO Plenary Session (Sept. 29,2003), at <http://www.whitehouse.gov>; seeU.S. Dep't of State Fact Sheet, The United States Rejoins UNESCO.