¹ For most of the factual data in this paper the writer is indebted to the excellent report dated Oct. 27, 1953, of Senator Mike Mansfield to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The report is a study made on a personal visit of Senator Mansfield and Francis R. Valeo to Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia in September last, checked and supplemented in Paris. A similar report to the Foreign Relations Committee was made by Senator H. Alexander Smith and Dr. Francis Wilcox under date of Jan. 24, 1954.

² These do not include the economic aid under the Economic Co-operation Pacts of 1951 with each of the three states.

³ Garner, J. W., “Questions of International Law in the Spanish Civil War,” this Journal, Vol. 31 (1937), pp. 66–73 Google Scholar. See also the learned discussion in Briggs, Law of Nations (1938), pp. 743–749.

⁴ The Act of Oct. 26, 1951 (Battle Act), authorized the control or embargo of exports of arms, ammunition, implements of war, atomic energy materials, petroleum, transportation materials, etc., to any nation threatening the security of the United States, including Communist countries. See also the Act of June 15, 1917, as amended.

⁵ 63 Stat. 714; this Journal, Supp., Vol. 44 (1950), p. 29.

⁶ See ibid., p. 69, and Vol. 45 (1951), p. 73.

⁷ Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 2447 (Department of State Publication 5119).