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The Power of Recognition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

Clarence A. Berdahl
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Extract

“Theoretically,” says Hall, “a politically organized community enters of right into the family of states and must be treated in accordance with law, as soon as it is able to show that it possesses the marks of a state.”

Type
Research Article
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 14 , Issue 4 , October 1920 , pp. 519 - 539
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1920

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References

1 Hall, International Law (6th ed.), 82.

2 Moore’s Digest of International Law, I, 72.

3 Lawrence, Principles of International Law (6th ed.), 83–89.

4 Lawrence, Principles of International Law (6th ed.), 88.

5 Hall, op. cit., 83; Moore’s Digest, I, 73.

6 See Hall, op. cit., 87–88; Lawrence, op. cit., 89–90.

7 Constitution, Art. II , Sec. 2, cl. 2.

8 Ibid., Sec. 3.

9 Jefferson’s Writings (Ford ed.), VI, 217.

10 Ibid., 224.

11 Colombia, 1822; Empire of Brazil, 1824; Central American Federation, 1824; Costa Rica, 1851; Nicaragua, 1849; Greater Republic of Central America, 1896; Panama, 1903. Sen. Doc. No. 40, 54th Cong., 2d sess., 2, 4, 5, 11, 12; For. Bel.1903, LXXXIII.

12 See Sen. Doc. No. 56, 54th Cong., 2d sess., 20.

13 Attorney-General Cushing, 7 Op. Atty-Gen., 209.

l4 Corwin, The President’s Control of Foreign Relations, 46; cf. Moore’s Digest, V, 15–19.

15 Venezuela, 1835; New Granada, 1835; Uruguay, 1836; Guatemala, 1844; Dominican Republic, 1866. See Sen. Doc. No. 40, op. cit., 6, 7, 11, 13.

16 Other instances are those of Peru, 1826; Peru-Bolivian Confederation, 1838; Bolivia, 1848; Honduras, 1853; Haiti, 1862. Sen. Doc. No. 40, op. cit., 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13.

17 Crandall, Treaties: Their Making and Enforcement (2d ed.), 75–76.

18 Ecuador, 1838; Salvador, 1849. Paraguay, 1852; Orange Free State, 1871. See Sen. Doc. No. 40, op. cit., 5, 6, 7, 8, 12.

19 Sen. Doc. No. 40, op. cit., 2–3, 4, 14.

20 N. Y. Times Current Hist. Mag., VI, 293.

21 Sen. Doc. No. 40, op. cit., 8–9.

22 Text of declaration in Supplement to this Journal, III, 5–6.

23 Official Bulletin, U. S., Sept. 3, 1918.Google Scholar

24 Ibid., Jan. 30, 1919;.Pol. Sci. Quar., XXXIV, Supp., 70 (Sept., 1919).

25 N. Y. Times Current Hist. Mag., IX, 492 (Mar., 1919). Secretary Lansing supplemented this statement on Feb. 17th with a message to Dr. Trumbitch, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia and head of the Serbian delegation to the Peace Congress, saying that the United States had decided to recognize “the Union of the Serb, Croat, and Slovene peoples.” Ibid., X, 222 (May, 1919).

26 Pol. Sci. Quar., XXXIV, Supp., 128 (Sept., 1919).

27 See statement of Secretary Colby in Times, N. Y., Apr. 25, 1920.Google Scholar

28 Cf. Corwin, The President’s Control of Foreign Relations, 71. It should be remarked that the President might appoint a minister to a foreign state during arecess of the Senate, and thus accord recognition without the consent of the Senate even by this method. The necessity for a later confirmation of the appointment would not operate as a delay of recognition, nor would a refusal to confirm amount to a withdrawal of recognition—it would merely require an appointment agreeable to the Senate.

29 Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, I, 494.

30 Annals of Congress, 12th Cong., I, 335.

31 Ibid., 428; Am. State Papers, For. Eel. I l l , 538. Italics throughout are the author’s.

32 Writings of James Monroe, VI, 31.

33 Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, IV, 71.

34 Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, IV, 28.

35 Richardson, Messages and Papers, II , 13.

36 Annals of Congress, 15th Cong., 1st sess., I, 401–404, 406–408.

37 Ibid., 15th Cong., 1st sess., II , 1468.

38 Ibid., 1500.

39 Annals of Congress, 15th Cong., 1st sess., II , 1474–1500.

40 Ibid., 1616, 1618. For criticism of this proposition, see Sen. Doc. No. 56, 54th Cong., 2d sess., 32–33.

41 Corwin, The President’s Control of Foreign Relations, 76.

42 Annals of Congress, 15th Cong., 1st sess., II , 1589.

43 Annals of Congress, 15th Cong., 1st sess., II , 1569–1570.

44 Ibid., 1646, 1652, 1655.

45 Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, IV, 204–207.

46 Annals of Congress, 16th Cong., 1st sess., II, 2223, 2229–2230

47 Ibid., 2d sess., 1071, 1077.

48 Ibid., 1081, 1091, 1092.

49 Ibid., 17th Cong., 1st sess., I, 854, 982.

50 Annals of Congress, 17th Cong., 1st sess., II, 825, 828.

51 Richardson, op. cit., II, 116–118.

52 Annals of Congress, 17th Cong., 1st sess., II , 1320, 1382, 1403.

53 Ibid., II, App., 2603–2604.

54 Reeves, American Diplomacy under Tyler and Polk, 78.

55 Congressional Debates, XII, Pt. II (24th Cong., 1st sess.), 1847–1848.

56 Ibid., 1848, 1928.

57 Ibid., Pt. IV, 4621. For the report of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, see Journal of the House of Representatives, 24th Cong., 1st sess., 1218.

58 Richardson, op. cit., III , 266–267.

59 Congressional Debates, XIII, Pt. I, 1013.

60 Ibid., Pt. II, 1880–1882.

61 Congressional Debates, XIII, Pt. II, 2060–2061.

62 Ibid., 2064.

63 Sen. Doc. No. 56, 54th Cong., 2d sess., 43.

64 Richardson, op. cit., III , 281; Reeves, op. cit., 79.

65 Congressional Globe, XXXIV, Pt. II (38th Cong., 1st sess.), 1408.

66 Congressional Globe, XXXIV, Pt. III , 2475.

67 Ibid., XXXV, Pt. I (38th Cong., 2nd sess.), 48.

68 Ibid., XXXV, Pt. I, 49.

69 Ibid., 65, 67.

70 A concurrent resolution recognizing a state of war in Cuba and offering Spain the good offices of the United States for the recognition of Cuban independence, passed the Senate Feb. 28, 1896, by a vote of 64 to 6, and the House April 6th by a vote of 246 to 27. It was ignored, however, by President Cleveland. See Latané, America as a World Power.

71 In Sen. Doc. No. 56, 54th Cong., 2d sess

72 Benton, International Law and Diplomacy of the Spanish-American War, 98.

73 See speech of Senator Spooner, Congressional Eecord, 55th Cong., 2d sess., App. 290.

74 Corwin, op. cit., 80–81; Benton, op. cit., 99.

75 S. Res. 34. Congressional Record, 66th Cong., 1st sess., 154.

76 See text of resolution in N. Y. Times, Dec. 4, 1919.

77 See his letter to Senator Fall, Dec. 8, 1919. Ibid., Dec. 9, 1919.

78 3 Wheat., 610, 643.

79 Rose v. Himely, 4 Cranch, 241, 272 (1808) ; Gelston v. Hoyt, 3 Wheat., 246, 324 (1818); Foster v. Neilson, 2 Pet., 253, 307 (1829); Jones v. United States, 137 U. S., 202, 212 (1890).

80 2 Wheeler’s Criminal Cases, 543, cited in Sen. Doc. No. 56, op. cit., 24.

81 13 Pet., 415, 420; cf. Prize Cases, 2 Black, 635, 670 (1862).

82 Kennett v. Chambers, 14 How., 38, 46, 50–51 (1852); United States v. Trumbull, 48 Fed. Rep., 99, 104 (1891) ; The Stata, 56 Fed. Rep. 505, 510 (1893).

83 Willoughby, On the Constitution, I, 462; cf. Corwin, op. cit., 82.