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Perestroika and International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

John Quigley
John Quigley*
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
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Extract

Soviet positions on international law and organizations are changing sharply under the influence of the policy of perestroika (restructuring) introduced by General Secretary M. S. Gorbachev. This development was brought to the attention of the American Society of International Law at its Annual Meeting in April 1988 by the noted Soviet international lawyer, G. I. Tunkin.

Type
Notes and Comments
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 82 , Issue 4 , October 1988 , pp. 788 - 797
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1988

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References

1 Tunkin, Address at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, Washington, D.C. (Apr. 21, 1988). The references cited hereinafter are based on a tape recording of the Address.

2 Gorbachev, Real’nost’ i garantii bezopasnogo mira (Reality and Guarantees of a Secure World), Pravda, Sept. 17, 1987, at 1, col. 1, 2, col. 3. Translations from Russian-language sources are the author’s.

3 Gorbachev, Oktiabr’ i perestroika: revoliutsiia prodohhaetsia (October and Perestroika: The Revolution Continues), Izvestiia, Nov. 3, 1987, at 2, col. 1, 4, col. 3 (report to joint session of Central Committee of CPSU, Supreme Soviet of USSR, Supreme Soviet of RSFSR, 70th anniversary of October revolution).

4 Kulski, The Soviet Interpretation of International Law, 49 AJIL 518, 518–23 (1955).

5 Quigley, The New Soviet Approach to International Law, 7 Harv. Int’l L J. 1, 2–4 (1965).

6 Hazard, Pashukanis Is No Traitor, 51 AJIL 385, 387 (1957).

7 Quigley, supra note 5, at 8.

8 Chiu, Communist China’s Attitude Toward International Law, 60 AJIL 245, 245–46 (1966).

9 Tunkin, Co-Existence and International Law, 95 Recueil Des Cours 1 (1958 III); Hazard, Soviet Socialism as a Public Order System, 53 ASIL Proc. 30, 33–34 (1959).

10 Quigley, supra note 5, at 4–5.

11 K. Grzybowski, Soviet Public International Law: Doctrines and Diplomatic Practice 10–22 (1970).

12 McWhinney, Changing International Law Method and Objectives in the Era of the Soviet-Western Détente, 59 AJIL 1, 3 (1965); E. McWhinney, The International Law of Détente 27 (1978) [hereinafter E. McWhinney, Détente].

13 Programma i Ustav Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soiuza (Program and Charter of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) 101 (1964) (adopted at 22d Party Congress, 1961) [hereinafter Program]. This concept of peaceful coexistence is attributed to the Cold War by Evgenii Primakov, Director of the Institute of International Relations. In the Same Boat, New Times, No. 42, 1987, at 14, 15 (interview of Primakov).

14 1 Kurs Mezhdunarodnogo Prava (Course in International Law) 31 (F. I. Kozhevnikov et al. eds. 1967).

15 E. McWhinney, Détente, supra note 12, at 1–5, 23.

16 McWhinney, “Peaceful Co-Existence” and Soviet-Western International Law, 56 AJIL 951, 954 (1962); E. McWhinney, Détente, supra note 12, at 7.

17 GA Res. 2625, 25 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 28) at 121, UN Doc. A/8028 (1971); E. McWhinney, Détente, supra note 12, at 23; Hazard, Codifying Peaceful Co-Existence, 55 AJIL 109 (1961); Hazard, Co-Existence Codification Reconsidered, 57 AJIL 88 (1963); Hazard, New Personalities to Create New Law, 58 AJIL 952 (1964); Hazard, Co-Existence Law Bows Out, 59 AJIL 59 (1965); Freeman, Some Aspects of Soviet Influence on International Law, 62 AJIL 710, 715 (1968).

18 Crane, Soviet Attitude Toward International Space Law, 56 AJIL 685 (1962). Quigley, supra note 5, at 14.

19 Kozhevnikov (ed.), supra note 14, at 83–84.

20 Gorbachev, supra note 3, at 2, col. 1.

21 Vereshchetin & Miullerson, Novae myshlenie i meihdunarodnoe pravo (The New Thinking and International Law), Sovetskoe Gosudarstvo I Pravo (Soviet State and Law), No. 3, 1988, at 3, 5.

22 M. S. Gorbachev, Perestroika i novoe myshlenie dlia nashei strany i dlia vsego mira (Reconstruction and the New Thinking for Our Country and for the Whole World) 150 (1987); Program, supra note 13, at 101; Programma Kommunistkheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soiuza: Novaia redaktsiia, priniata XXVII s’ezdom KPSS (Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union: New Edition, adopted by the XXVII Congress of the CPSU), Pravda, Mar. 7, 1986, at 3,7.

23 M. S. Gorbachev, supra note 22, at 150.

24 Lenin, Socialism and War (1915), in The Lenin Anthology 183, 185–86 (R. Tucker ed. 1975).

25 M. S. Gorbachev, supra note 22, at 147; Hazard, supra note 6, at 388.

26 Program, supra note 13, at 99.

27 Gorbachev, supra note 3, at 4, col. 4.

28 Id.

29 Id.

30 id.

31 Id. at 5, col. 1.

32 Id. at 4, col. 4.

33 Id. at 5, col. 2.

34 M. S. Gorbachev, A Time for Peace 26 (1985).

35 Soveshchanie v Prage (Meeting in Prague), Pravda, Apr. 13, 1988, at 4, col. 4 (speech of Dobrynin at meeting of Communist parties).

36 Id. at 4, col. 5.

37 Id.

38 M. S. Gorbachev, supra note 22, at 5.

39 Lebahn, Political and Economic Effects of Perestroiha on the Soviet Union and its Relations to Eastern Europe and the West, 39 Aussenpolitik 107, 107–11 (1988).

40 Grzybowski, Soviet Theory of International Law for the Seventies, 77 AJIL 862 (1983).

41 M. S. Gorbachev, supra note 34, at 32.

42 M. S. Gorbachev, supra note 22, at 186.

43 M. S. Gorbachev, supra note 34, at 67. See also id. at 87 (“There is no fatal inevitability of confrontation between the two countries”).

44 Vereshchetin & Miullerson, supra note 21, at 5.

45 V. A. Medvedev, paraphrased in Velikii oktiabr’i sovremennyi mir (Great October and the Contemporary World), Izvestiia, Dec. 10, 1987, at 5, col. 6.

46 Vereshchetin & Miullerson, supra note 21, at 3.

47 Gorbachev, supra note 2, at 2, col. 1. See also Vereshchetin & Miullerson, supra note 21, at 7.

48 Gorbachev, supra note 2, at 2, col. 1.

49 Id. at 2, col. 2.

50 Id. at 2, col. 4.

51 GA Res 41/92 (Dec. 4, 1986). Vote: 102-2-46 (France and the United States in the negative).

52 Letter to the Secretary-General from the Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs and Deputy Head of the delegation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the forty-first session of the General Assembly, Nov. 24, 1986, UN Doc. A/C.6/41/5 (1986) (emphasis in original).

53 Zile, A Soviet Contribution to International Adjudication: Professor Krylov’s Jurisprudential Legacy, 58 AJIL 359, 364–66 (1964).

54 Gorbachev, supra note 2, at 2, col. 3.

55 See, e.g., M. L. Entin, Mezhdunarodnye sudebnye Uchrezhdeniia (International Judicial Institutions) (1984), reviewed in 82 AJIL 396 (1988) (by Richard Szawlowski).

56 Tran, Breaking into the Bank, South, May 1988, at 13.

57 International Law 61–62 (G. I. Tunkin ed. 1986).

58 Quigley, supra note 5, at 15–16.

59 Gorbachev, supra note 2, at 2, col. 4.

60 Vereshchetin & Miullerson, supra note 21, at 7; Malinin, Kontseptsiia vseob'emliushchei sistemy mezhdunarodnoi bezopasnosti i mezhdunarodnoe pravo (The Concept of a Comprehensive System of International Security and International Law), Pravovedenie, No. 4, 1987, at 16, 21.

61 Malinin, supra note 60, at 24.

62 Treaty on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles, Dec. 8, 1987, United States-USSR, S. Treaty Doc. No. 11, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988), Dep’t St. Bull., No. 2131, February 1988, at 24.

63 Dep’t St. Bull., No. 2123, June 1987, at 13 (news conference of Secretary of State Shultz, Apr. 15, 1987); id., No. 2131, February 1988, at 6 (address by General Secretary Gorbachev), and at 20 (address by President Reagan).

64 Sovereignty and International Duties of Socialist Countries, Pravda, Sept. 25, 1968, reprinted in 7 ILM 1323 (1968) (trans. N.Y. Times, Sept. 27, 1968).

65 John C. Whitehead, Deputy Secretary of State, U.S.Soviet Relations, Dep’t St. Bull., NO. 2122, May 1987, at 43.

66 Michael H. Armacost, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, U.S. Soviet Relations: Testing Gorbachev’s “New Thinking,” Dep’t St. Bull., No. 2126, September 1987, at 36, 38. See, to same effect, Weeks, The Reagan Détente, Global Affairs, No. 2, 1988, at 89.