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Origins of the Theory of Territorial Waters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

Percy Thomas Fenn Jr.
Percy Thomas Fenn Jr.*
Affiliation:
Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.
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Extract

To discover the origins in legal theory of the modern principle of territorial waters it is necessary to go back to the theory of the Glossators. There one finds stated for the first time in terms of law some of the elements which made the development of this principle possible.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 20 , Issue 3 , July 1926 , pp. 465 - 482
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1926

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References

1 For this doctrine see article, “Justinian and the Freedom of the Sea,” by the present writer, this JOURNAL, Vol. 19, No. 4, p. 716.

2 D.43.8.3.

3 Bartolus de Saxoferrato, Tractatus de Fluminibus, Bononiae, 1576, p. 54.

4 Gierke, Otto, Political Theories of the Middle Age, transl. by Maitland, E. W.,Cambridge ,1922, passim. Google Scholar

5 For the acts, treaties, capitularies, and so forth, which form the evidence referred to in the above summary, see the following citations. They are taken from the Monumenta Germanica Historica (M.G.H.).For grants of fishery rights: Mühlbacher, Die Urkunden Pippins, Karlmanns und Karls des Grossen, M.G.H., Diplomatum Karolinorum, Hanover, 1908, torn, i, p. 161. Die Urkunden Otto des II, M.G.H., Diplomatum, Hanover, 1888-1893, torn. II, i, p. 120.Die Urkunden Otto des III, ib., p. 554. Also, p. 615. Also, p. 655.5. Also, p. 707.Die Urkunden Heinrichs II und Arduins, M.G.H., Diplomata, Hanover, 1900-1903, torn,iii, p. 662.Constitutiones et Acta publico, Imperatorum el Regum, M.G.H., Legum Sectio IV, Hanoveraeet Lipsiae, 1910, torn, viii, pars prior, p. 185.Breslau, Die Urkunden Konrads II, M.G.H., Diplomata, torn, iv, Hanover und Leipzig,1909, p. 71-72.For the use of the sea as a boundary:Mühlbacher, op. cit., p. 346. Boretius, Capitularia Regum Francorum, M.G.H., Legum Sectic II, Hanoverae, 1883,torn, i, p. 122. Also, p. 128. Die Urkunden Otto des III, op. cit., p. 603. Die Urkunden Heinrichs II und Arduins, op. cit, p. 226. Breslau, op. cit, p. 299-300.

6 For a detailed discussion of the Roman law on this point reference must be made to the present writer's article in this JOURNAL, cited above.

7 Those holding the position taken by the lawyers under Justinian.

8 Strabo, Geography, xiv, I, 26; iii, I, 6-9; iii, II, 6-8; ii, V, 33. Plutarch's Lives, Dryden's transl. revised by A. H. Clough, 5 vols., London, 1859, Poplicola, in i, 214; Livy, ii, 9, 30; Ulpian, in D.50.16.17.1; BÖckh, Die StaatshaUung der Athener, 2d ed., 4 vols., Berlin, 1851, vol. i, p. 414 (and see p. 145). See also Maynz, Cours de Droit Romain, 4th ed., 3 vols., Bruxelles, 1876, vol. i, p, 145, and Halicarnassensis, D., Operum volumen quintum, curavit lo. lac. Reiske, Lipsiae, 1774-1777, vol. v, De Lysia ludicum, p. 522.

9 ’ As early as the time of St. Chrysostom, Bishop of Milan, this practice was general, sibihis Hexaemeron, ed. by R. 0. Gilbert, Lipsiae, 1840, bk. v, sec. 27, p. 116: Spatia maris See vindieant iure mancipii, pisciumque iura sicut vemacvlorum conditione sibi servitii subiecta commemorant. Iste, inquit, sinus maris mens est; ille alterius. Dividunt sibi potentes.

10-11 Corpus luris Civilis, ed. by Gothofredus, D.., 3 vols.,Amstelodami,1663. See the title Justiniani Edicta, item, Novellae Constitutiones Imperatoris Leonis Augusti, in vol. ii.Novels 56, 102, 103, 104.Google Scholar

12 It will be readily apparent that the feudal period is of critical importance. The weight of the classic Roman law as enshrined in the law books of Justinian was thrown against any appropriation of the sea in spite of the existence of some practice to the contrary. The Glossators, though flourishing in the age of feudalism, confined themselves so closely to their texts that they failed to bring this law into touch with the customs of their time. It is the practice of the feudal period, crystallizing and intensifying as it did the customs of the past, which contributed the chief elements which later jurists were to combine into a theory which paved the way for the modern principle of the territoriality of the waters adjacent to a state.

13 An excellent definition of feudalism is to be found in Maitland F. W. , Constitutional History of England, Cambridge, 1908, p. 143.

14 On this see Carlyle, A. J., History of Mediaeval Political Theory in the West, 4 vols., New York. Vol. iii, 1916, p. 21.

15 a Ibid., p. 19.

16 Carlyle, op. tit., p. 41 and note. Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Age, transl. by F. W. Maitland, Cambridge, 1922, passim.

17 Carlyle, op. cit., p. 45.

18 See note 17. Cf. Wilson, G. W., International Law, 8th ed., New York, 1922, p. 47: Sovereignty is that “supreme political power beyond and above which there is no political power.”

19 The sources of feudal law which contribute to the topic in hand are as follows: As ius, custom, customary law, feudal custom: Consuetudines feudorum, or the Libri Feudorum, 2.99, 2.102, 2.1, 2.101, 2.1.5. To be found in Gothofredus' ed. of the Corpus Juris, at the back of vol. II. Appointment of an Admiral to punish offenses committed at sea: Afflictis, Matthaei de, Commentarius super tres libros Feudorum (title page missing), Francofurti? 1598? See index under Regalia, and Amiratus, for discussion Definition of the Regalia: Baldus Ubaldi, Usus Feudorum Commentaria, Lugduni, 1585, p. 85.1.2. Origin of the Regalia: Amicangelo, I., Quaestiones Feudales, Neapoli, 1653. Contains his Tractatus de Regalibus Officiis, here cited, p. 3.3. Law of royal grants in public waters: Arumaeus, D., Discussionum Academicorum, De lure Publice, 5 vols., Jenae, 1621, vol. iii, p. 603. De Isernea, A., In Usus Feudorum Commentaria, Lugduni, 1579, p. 305.72. Gudelinus, P., Opera Omnia, Antverpiae, 1685. Consult index under Pisces, Regalia, and derivatives. Alvarottus, I., De Feudis, Francofurti, p. 339.7. For a further study of the feudal law, the following commentators should be noted: Afflictis, M. de, Sanctiones, et Comtitutiones Novissima Praelectio, 2 vols., Venetiis, 1562. Allgemeines Juristisckes Oraculum, 12 vols, and 6 Bande, Leipzig, 1747. Brussio, A., Principia Juris Feudalis, Edinburgi, 1713. Cragii, Thomasii, Jus Feudale, 3d ed., Edinburgi, 1732. Herve, Theorie des Matieres feodales et censuelles, 8 vols., Paris, 1788. Rosenthal, Hen. a, Tractatus et Synopsis totius Juris Feudalis, 2 vols., Francofurti et Lipsiae, 1721. Senckenberg, H. C. F. von, Corpus Iuris Feudalis Germaniei, Halle im Magdeburgischen, 1772. T., L., Collection de Jurisprudence sur les Matibres Feodales et les Droits Seigneuriaux, nouvelle ed., 2 vols., Avignon, 1773.

20 For citation, see preceding note 19. P. 85.1.2.

21 Biographie Universelle, ancienne et moderne, Paris, 1811 and after. Article, Baldus

22 That is, no pronouncement is to be found in the actual text of the feudal law; commentators after Baldus are not included. Commentators before Baldus are not important here for they do not depart from the text of the law.

23 See note 19, Afflictis.

24 Baldus, who has already been cited for his position in the feudal law, was Bartolus' favorite pupil

25 The dates given are those of Savigny. For the life of Bartolus, see his Geschichte, vol. vi, cap. 53; Figgis, J. N., “Bartolus and the Development of European Political Ideas,” in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. xix, or in the appendix to his book, The Divine Bight of Kings, 2d ed., Cambridge, 1914; Woolf, C. H. S., Bartolus of Sassoferrato, Cambridge, 1913, Introduction. The latter book contains a detailed study of Bartolus' political theories, with copious citations from his, works.

26 In the work of Bartolus is the beginning of international law. This is evident in his two works, De Captivis et Postliminio, vi. 237, and De Represaliis, x. 117. See on this Figgis, op. cit., Transactions, vol. xix, pp. 156, 159.

27 Omnium luris Commentaria, ed. by P. Mangrelia, 10 vols., Venetiis, 1602. Ad decimum lb. Codicis, De Classicis, Additio, Alix. Quidem Habent. Vol. viii, p. 33. (C.11.13.)

28 Gemma legalium seu Compendium aureum, Venetiis, 1602. See under Mare.

29 Opera, ed. by P. C. Brederodius, 10 vols., Basileae, 1589. In Primam Digesti Veteris Partem Commentaria, ad lib. quintum Digest., De Iudiciis, lex IX, vol. i,.p. 492. In the Venetian ed. of 1602, vol. i, p. 151.

30 Tyberiadis, Tractatus de Fluminibus, Bononiae, 1576, p. 53.1. 4th ed., Coloniae Agrippinae, 1660, pp. 305-6.

31 The fullest and most exact treatment is to be found in Caepolla, B., Tractatus de Servitutibus, 4th ed., Coloniae Agrippinae, 1660, pp. 305-6.

32 For the further development of this theory see: Baldus, Commentaria In primam Digesti Veteris partem, Lugduni, 1585. Ad lib. primum Digest, p. 48.3. (D.1.8.1.) Commentaria in VII-VIII-IX-X-XI Codicis Libros, Lugduni, 1585. Ad lib. mi. Codicis. p. 54.6. (G.7.44.1.) Commentaria in quartum et quintum Codicis lib., Lugduni, 1585. Adlibr. quarium Codicis. p. 113.18. (C. 4.33.4(3).) Commentaria in primam Digesti Veteris partem, Lugduni, 1585. Ad lib. primum Digest, p. 29.6. (D.l.4.3.) lb., p. 51. (D.l.8.2.) Commentaria in Sextum Cod. Lib., Lugduni, 1585. p. 178.13. (0.6.36.7(6).) Caepolla, B., De Servitutibus rusticorum praediorum, in the Tractatus Illustrium, Venetiis, 1584, vol. VI., Pt. ii. De Servitutibus, etc., 4th ed., Coloniae Agrippinae, 1660. Alteserra, A. D., Expositio in Institutionum Iustiniani, Tolosae, 1664. Gregorius, P., Syntagma Iuris Universi, 2 vols., Lugduni, 1587. Pasquier, d'E., L'Interpretation des Institutes de Justinian, Paris, 1847. Rebufifus, I., Lectura super tribus ultimis libris Codicis, Augustae Taurinorum, 1591. Garsia, I., De Expensis et Molierationibus, in the Tractatus Illustrium, op. cit., vol. XVII. Ansalis, A. de, De Commercio et Marcatura Discursus Legates, Romae, 1689. Ponte, P. de, De Potestate Proregia, Neapoli, 1611. Carpanus, H., Rerum Omnium et Vocem Memorabilius, 2 vols., Mediolani, 1588. Vinnius, A., In quatuor Libros Institutionum, ed. by Heineccius, Lugduni, 1726. Fortescue, Sir John, Governance of England, ed. by C. Plummer, Oxford, 1885

33 1550-1608.

34 Libri duo, Amstelodami, 1661.

35 Gentilis, op. cit., p. 32.

86 Gentilis, op. cit., p. 33.

37 De lure Belli, libri tres, ed. by T. E. Holland, Oxonii, 1877, vol. iii, c. 17, p. 369.

38 Hispanicae Advocationis, op. cit., p. 37.

39 For the expression of Gentilis' theory in the field of Roman jurisprudence, see Klockius' C, Tractatus Juridico-Politiat-Polemico-Historicus de Aerario, Libri duo, Norimbergaei 1671, pp. 754.16 and 938.1 (vols, paged consecutively). Other jurists including the sea within the meaning of territorium are: Decianus, T., Responsorum, 3 vols., Venetiis, 1579. Caponus, J., Controversarium Forensium, Coloniae Allobrogum, 1732. (Probably) Pacianus, F., Consilia, Augusta* Vindelicorum, 1605. Vinnius, op. cit., notes the presence of this and opposed theories on p. 143.

40 Bodinus, I., De Republica, libri sex, Francofurti, 1622, p. 267.

41 Les Six Litres de la Republique de I. Bodin, Paris, 1576, p. 215.

42 Commentarius ad Institutiones, Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1672, p. 541.4.

43 Moore, S. A. , History and Law of the Foreshore, 3d ed., London, 1888. “The case of Atty v. Sir John Constable occurred in 17 Elizabeth, A. D. 1575. The defendant was charged with taking ‘wreck of the sea’ in Holderness,” p. 224.Google Scholar

44 According to Savigny, he died before 1230. Geschichte des Romischen Rechts in Mittelalter,6 vols, 2d ed., Heidelberg, 1834 and after, vol. v, p. 8.

45 It is regretted that lack of space has prevented a full consideration of the position of Baldus. Full citations from his works were given under his name as a partial remedy for this omission.