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Kao Hwa Shipping Co. v. China Steel Corp.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 February 2017
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- Type
- International Decisions
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- Copyright
- Copyright © American Society of International Law 1993
References
1 28 U.S.C. §§1330, 1602–1611 (1988).
2 Id. §1605(a)(2).
3 Id. §1605(a)(1).
4 816 F.Supp. 910, 913 (citing Triad Energy Corp. v. McNell, 110 F.R.D. 382, 385 (S.D.N.Y. 1986); Leab v. Streit, 584 F.Supp. 748, 760–61 (S.D.N.Y. 1984); 11 Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure §2862 (1973)).
5 Id. (citing Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 434 (1989), summarized in 83 AJIL 565 (1989); Fielding v. Commonwealth of Australia, 775 F.Supp. 66, 69 (E.D.N.Y. 1991)).
6 The definition of “foreign state” under the FSIA includes an “agency or instrumentality of a foreign state.” 28 U.S.C. §1603(a).
7 Id. §1605(a)(l).
8 816 F.Supp. at 916. The Metallurgical Coke Breeze was sold by CSC to Sparine in Taiwan where the shipment originated. The district court had reason to doubt that CSC was the shipper. Id. n.8.
9 H.R. Rep. No. 1487, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (1976), 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6604, 6617.
10 816 F.Supp. at 916 (citing Joseph v. Office of Consulate Gen. of Nigeria, 830 F.2d 1018, 1022 (9th Cir. 1987)).
11 Id. (citing Colonial Bank v. Compagnie Generale Maritime et Financiere, 645 F.Supp. 1457, 1461 (S.D.N.Y. 1986)).
12 Id. at 917 (citing Practical Concepts, Inc. v. Republic of Bolivia, 811 F.2d 1543, 1547 (D.C. Cir. 1987); Frolova v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 761 F.2d 370, 378 (7th Cir. 1985), summarized in 79 AJIL 1057 (1985); Carl Marks & Co. v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 665 F.Supp. 323, 330–31 (S.D.N.Y. 1987), summarized in 82 AJIL 129 (1988), aff’d, 841 F.2d 26 (2d Cir. 1988)).
13 Id. at 916’17 (citing Joseph, 830 F.2d at 1022; Frolova, 761 F.2d at 377; Colonial Bank, 645 F.Supp. at 1461–62).
14 See, e.g., Joseph, 830 F.2d at 1023; Maritime Int’l Nominees Establishment v. Republic of Guinea, 693 F.2d 1094, 1103–04 (D.C. Cir. 1982). But see Marlowe v. Argentine Naval Comm’n, 604 F.Supp. 703, 708 (D.D.C. 1985); Resources Dynamic Ltd. v. General Peoples Comm., 593 F.Supp. 572, 575 (N.D. Ga. 1984).
15 Ohntrup v. Firearms Center Inc., 516 F.Supp. 1281, 1285 (E.D. Pa. 1981).
16 28 U.S.C. §1605(a)(2).
17 816 F.Supp. at 918 (citing Weltover, Inc. v. Republic of Argentina, 941 F.2d 145, 151–53 (2d Cir. 1991), aff’d, 112 S.Ct. 2160 (1992), summarized in 85 AJIL 560 (1991), 86 AJIL 820 (1992)).
18 743 F.2d 672 (9th Cir. 1984).